Dispersants Bibliography
Total Records Found: 1944
Baker, J.M.; Crapp, G.B. 1974. Toxicity tests for predicting the ecological effects of oil and emulsifier pollution on littoral communities. Ecological Aspects of Toxicity Testing of Oils and Dispersants, New York: Wiley. pp. 23-40. ISBN: 0470071907.
Abstract
The paper describes tests made in an attempt to bridge the gap between laboratory and field studies on the relative toxicity of oils and emulsifiers, and the effects of these on communities in saltmarshes and rocky shores. Tests were carried out on the relative toxicities of oils by using saltmarsh turves housed in greenhouses; it was found that little additional information was obtained by this method than by easier methods used previously. Tests were carried out in the field to investigate the effect of oil spillage on a saltmarsh community by treating 8 plots in each of 3 different saltmarsh communities with varying amounts of Kuwait crude. The results of these field tests corresponded well with observations following actual oil spillages. Laboratory tests on the toxicity of the emulsifier BP 1002 were carried out by exposing animals to various concentrations in sea water for one hour, then rinsing them in sea water in which they were left to recover. Relating the results to effects of pollution in the field proved difficult, but enough information was collected to show that these results were reflected in the field mortalities. Factors affecting the accuracy of short-and long-term predictions of ecological effects of the use of emulsifiers are discussed, and following this, some ecological predictions are made, based on the results of tests in the laboratory using the new emulsifier, BP 1100, and taking into account correlations between the laboratory and field toxicities of BP 1002, and the factors described above
© CSA, 1975The paper describes tests made in an attempt to bridge the gap between laboratory and field studies on the relative toxicity of oils and emulsifiers, and the effects of these on communities in saltmarshes and rocky shores. Tests were carried out on the relative toxicities of oils by using saltmarsh turves housed in greenhouses; it was found that little additional information was obtained by this method than by easier methods used previously. Tests were carried out in the field to investigate the effect of oil spillage on a saltmarsh community by treating 8 plots in each of 3 different saltmarsh communities with varying amounts of Kuwait crude. The results of these field tests corresponded well with observations following actual oil spillages. Laboratory tests on the toxicity of the emulsifier BP 1002 were carried out by exposing animals to various concentrations in sea water for one hour, then rinsing them in sea water in which they were left to recover. Relating the results to effects of pollution in the field proved difficult, but enough information was collected to show that these results were reflected in the field mortalities. Factors affecting the accuracy of short-and long-term predictions of ecological effects of the use of emulsifiers are discussed, and following this, some ecological predictions are made, based on the results of tests in the laboratory using the new emulsifier, BP 1100, and taking into account correlations between the laboratory and field toxicities of BP 1002, and the factors described above
Baker, J.M.; Crothers, J.H.; Little, D.I.; Oldham, J.H.; Wilson, C.M. 1984. Comparison of the fate and ecological effects of dispersed and nondispersed oil in a variety of intertidal habitats. Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants: Research, Experience and Recommendations. A Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, West Palm Beach, Florida, October 12-13, 1982, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 239-279. ISBN: 0803104006.
Abstract
Field experiments were carried out to compare the littoral fate and ecological effects of chemically dispersed oil and nondispersed oil. The basic experimental design was a series of treatments applied to marked plots on rocky shores, a salt marsh, an intertidal sea-grass bed, and sand and mud flats. The treatments included a variety of oils and the dispersants BP 1100 WD, BP 1100X, Corexit® 8667, and Corexit 7664, applied directly to the intertidal plots. Results from treatments on intertidal rock suggested that oil deposition or oil deposition followed by dispersant cleaning had a greater effect than dispersant cleaning alone on limpets (Patella spp.) and small winkles (Littorina spp.). On the salt marsh, oil or oil followed by dispersant cleaning significantly reduced the density of the perennial grass Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard and the annual plant Salicornia spp. Dispersant alone had relatively little effect on the vegetation. On the sea-grass bed, although variability was high, all treatments reduced the percentage cover of the sea-grass Zostera noltii Hornem. Sediment hydrocarbon analysis indicated little long-term retention of applied oil (whether dispersant treated or not) in the salt marsh mud and in muddy sand on a waterlogged intertidal flat. However, in the sea-grass bed sediments and in the fine sands on freely draining intertidal flats, dispersant-treated oil was, in some cases, retained at greater concentrations than untreated oil. The results are discussed with reference to the rocky shore Exposure Scale of Ballantine, to the shoreline Vulnerability Index of Gundlach and Hayes, and to factors such as the behavior of the water table, particle size, and depth of disturbance of sediments
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalField experiments were carried out to compare the littoral fate and ecological effects of chemically dispersed oil and nondispersed oil. The basic experimental design was a series of treatments applied to marked plots on rocky shores, a salt marsh, an intertidal sea-grass bed, and sand and mud flats. The treatments included a variety of oils and the dispersants BP 1100 WD, BP 1100X, Corexit® 8667, and Corexit 7664, applied directly to the intertidal plots. Results from treatments on intertidal rock suggested that oil deposition or oil deposition followed by dispersant cleaning had a greater effect than dispersant cleaning alone on limpets (Patella spp.) and small winkles (Littorina spp.). On the salt marsh, oil or oil followed by dispersant cleaning significantly reduced the density of the perennial grass Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard and the annual plant Salicornia spp. Dispersant alone had relatively little effect on the vegetation. On the sea-grass bed, although variability was high, all treatments reduced the percentage cover of the sea-grass Zostera noltii Hornem. Sediment hydrocarbon analysis indicated little long-term retention of applied oil (whether dispersant treated or not) in the salt marsh mud and in muddy sand on a waterlogged intertidal flat. However, in the sea-grass bed sediments and in the fine sands on freely draining intertidal flats, dispersant-treated oil was, in some cases, retained at greater concentrations than untreated oil. The results are discussed with reference to the rocky shore Exposure Scale of Ballantine, to the shoreline Vulnerability Index of Gundlach and Hayes, and to factors such as the behavior of the water table, particle size, and depth of disturbance of sediments
Baklien Å.; Lange R.; Reiersen L.O. 1986. A comparison between the physiological effects in fish exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of a dispersant and dispersed oil. Marine Environmental Research, 19 (1): 1-11. ISSN: 0141-1136. doi:10.1016/0141-1136(86)90036-X.
Abstract
The acute and sublethal effects of a dispersant and crude oil on anisomotic and isosmotic regulation in flounder have been tested. Flounder were exposed to different concentrations of Corexit 9527 and crude oil by use of a biotest system. Fourteen days' exposure to 20 ppm of Corexit 9527, alone or in a 1:1 mixture with crude oil, had no effect on the blood parameters. On the other hand, 96 hours' exposure to 80 ppm of the same compounds led to 50% mortality and significant effects on the blood parameters in surviving fish. The comparability between effects obtained in fish exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of toxicants, respectively, is discussed
Reprinted from <a href=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01411136>Marine Environmental Research</a>, Volume 19, Å. Baklien, R. Lange, L.O. Reiersen, Copyright 1986, with permission from ElsevierThe acute and sublethal effects of a dispersant and crude oil on anisomotic and isosmotic regulation in flounder have been tested. Flounder were exposed to different concentrations of Corexit 9527 and crude oil by use of a biotest system. Fourteen days' exposure to 20 ppm of Corexit 9527, alone or in a 1:1 mixture with crude oil, had no effect on the blood parameters. On the other hand, 96 hours' exposure to 80 ppm of the same compounds led to 50% mortality and significant effects on the blood parameters in surviving fish. The comparability between effects obtained in fish exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of toxicants, respectively, is discussed
Baldini, I.; Cugurra, F. 1974. Ichthyotoxic effects of some anti-pollution products. Water Research, 8 (5): 323-324. ISSN: 0043-1354. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(74)90096-7.
Abstract
Research was conducted using 14 dispersants to determine toxicity to Carassius auratus in both freshwater and saltwater experiments. The least toxic of the dispersants were Esso Corexit 8666 and 7664, followed by Finasol OSR/2 and SC
Research was conducted using 14 dispersants to determine toxicity to Carassius auratus in both freshwater and saltwater experiments. The least toxic of the dispersants were Esso Corexit 8666 and 7664, followed by Finasol OSR/2 and SC
Ballou, T.G. 1986. Untitled (DSP #462). The Effects of Oil and Dispersants on the Pulmonate Gastropod Melampus coffeus, Thesis (M.S.), University of South Carolina. 106 leaves.
Ballou, T.G.; Dodge, R.E.; Hess, S.C.; Knap, A.H.; Sleeter, T.D. 1987. Untitled (DSP #463). Effects of a Dispersed and Undispersed Crude Oil on Mangroves, Seagrasses and Corals, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. 198p. URL
Ballou, T.G.; Dodge, R.; Hess, S.; Knap, A. 1989. Tropical Oil Pollution Investigations in Coastal Systems (TROPICS): the effects of untreated and chemically dispersed Prudhoe Bay crude oil on mangroves, seagrasses, and corals in Panama. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 229-256. ISBN: 0803111940.
Abstract
A multidisciplinary long-term field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of chemical dispersants as a means of reducing adverse environmental effects of oil spills in nearshore, tropical waters. Three study sites whose intertidal and subtidal components consisted of mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs were studied in detail before, during, and after exposure to untreated crude oil or chemically dispersed oil. This study was intended to simulate an unusually high, worst-case exposure level of dispersed oil and a moderate exposure level of untreated oil. The third site served as an untreated reference site. Assessments were made of the distribution and extent of contamination by hydrocarbons over time, and the short-term and long-term effects on survival, abundance, and growth of the dominant flora and fauna of each habitat. The whole, untreated oil had severe, long-term effects on survival of mangroves and associated fauna and relatively minor effects on seagrasses, corals and associated organisms. Chemically dispersed oil caused declines in the abundance of corals, sea urchins, and other reef organisms; reduced coral growth rate in one species; and had minor or no effects on sea grasses and mangroves. Conclusions were drawn from these results with respect to decision making at the site of the actual spills based upon trade-offs on the consequences of dispersing or not dispersing the oil
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalA multidisciplinary long-term field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of chemical dispersants as a means of reducing adverse environmental effects of oil spills in nearshore, tropical waters. Three study sites whose intertidal and subtidal components consisted of mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs were studied in detail before, during, and after exposure to untreated crude oil or chemically dispersed oil. This study was intended to simulate an unusually high, worst-case exposure level of dispersed oil and a moderate exposure level of untreated oil. The third site served as an untreated reference site. Assessments were made of the distribution and extent of contamination by hydrocarbons over time, and the short-term and long-term effects on survival, abundance, and growth of the dominant flora and fauna of each habitat. The whole, untreated oil had severe, long-term effects on survival of mangroves and associated fauna and relatively minor effects on seagrasses, corals and associated organisms. Chemically dispersed oil caused declines in the abundance of corals, sea urchins, and other reef organisms; reduced coral growth rate in one species; and had minor or no effects on sea grasses and mangroves. Conclusions were drawn from these results with respect to decision making at the site of the actual spills based upon trade-offs on the consequences of dispersing or not dispersing the oil
Ballou, T.G.; Hess, S.C.; Dodge, R.E.; Knap, A.H.; Sleeter, T.D. 1989. Effects of untreated and chemically dispersed oil on tropical marine communities: a long-term field experiment. In Proceedings: 1989 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup); February 13-16, 1989, San Antonio, Texas, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 447-454.
Abstract
A multidisciplinary long-term field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of chemical dispersants to reduce the adverse environmental effects of oil spills in nearshore, tropical waters. Three study sites, whose intertidal and subtidal components consisted of mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs, were studied in detail before, during, and after exposure to untreated crude oil or chemically dispersed oil. This study simulated an unusually high ("worst case") exposure level of dispersed oil and a moderate exposure level of untreated oil. The third site served as an untreated reference site. Assessments were made of the distribution and extent of contamination by hydrocarbons over time, and the short- and long-term effects on survival, abundance, and growth of the dominant flora and fauna of each habitat. The whole, untreated oil had severe, long-term effects on survival of mangroves and associated fauna, and relatively minor effects on seagrasses, corals, and associated organisms. Chemically dispersed oil caused declines in the abundance of corals, sea urchins, and other reef organisms, reduced coral growth rate in one species, and had minor or no effects on seagrasses and mangroves. Conclusions were drawn from these results on decision making for actual spills based on trade-offs between dispersing or not dispersing the oil. This report deals only with the major results of the study. A large number of parameters were monitored, but in the interest of brevity only the most important aspects of the study are reported here. A detailed description of the methods used and a complete presentation and discussion of results is given in Ballou et al
© 1989 with permission from APIA multidisciplinary long-term field experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of chemical dispersants to reduce the adverse environmental effects of oil spills in nearshore, tropical waters. Three study sites, whose intertidal and subtidal components consisted of mangroves, seagrass beds, and coral reefs, were studied in detail before, during, and after exposure to untreated crude oil or chemically dispersed oil. This study simulated an unusually high ("worst case") exposure level of dispersed oil and a moderate exposure level of untreated oil. The third site served as an untreated reference site. Assessments were made of the distribution and extent of contamination by hydrocarbons over time, and the short- and long-term effects on survival, abundance, and growth of the dominant flora and fauna of each habitat. The whole, untreated oil had severe, long-term effects on survival of mangroves and associated fauna, and relatively minor effects on seagrasses, corals, and associated organisms. Chemically dispersed oil caused declines in the abundance of corals, sea urchins, and other reef organisms, reduced coral growth rate in one species, and had minor or no effects on seagrasses and mangroves. Conclusions were drawn from these results on decision making for actual spills based on trade-offs between dispersing or not dispersing the oil. This report deals only with the major results of the study. A large number of parameters were monitored, but in the interest of brevity only the most important aspects of the study are reported here. A detailed description of the methods used and a complete presentation and discussion of results is given in Ballou et al
Ballou, T.G.; Dodge, R.E.; Hess, S.C.; Knap, A.H.; Sleeter, T.D. 1987. Untitled (DSP #1661). Tropical Oil Pollution Investigations in Coastal Systems (TROPICS) -- Final Report to American Petroleum Institute, Columbia, S.C: Research Planning Institute. 218p.
Ballou, T.G. et al. 1987. Final results of the API TROPICS oil spill and dispersant use experiments in Panama. In Proceedings: 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), April 6-9, 1987, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 634.
Barbouteau, G.; Angles, M.; La Salle, Y.L.G. 1987. Dispersant spraying gun. In Proceedings: 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), April 6-9, 1987, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 313-316.
Abstract
An agricultural forced-air spray gun was modified to apply dispersant from the deck of a ship at sea. Under no-wind conditions, this sprayer had a range of up to 30 meters; with the wind behind it, dispersant could be applied over a slick area up to 60 meters from the ship. Further development will involve testing in actual spill conditions by one of the subsidiaries of the Elf Aquitaine Group
© 1987 with permission from APIAn agricultural forced-air spray gun was modified to apply dispersant from the deck of a ship at sea. Under no-wind conditions, this sprayer had a range of up to 30 meters; with the wind behind it, dispersant could be applied over a slick area up to 60 meters from the ship. Further development will involve testing in actual spill conditions by one of the subsidiaries of the Elf Aquitaine Group
Bardach, J.E.; Fujiya, M.; Holl, A. 1965. Detergents: effects on the chemical senses of the fish, Ictalurus natalis (Le Sueur). Science, 148 1605-1607. ISSN: 0193-4511.
Bardot, C. 1986. Untitled (DSP #470). Évaluation de la Toxicité d'un Traitement par Dispersion d'une Pollution Pétrolière: Emploi au Laboratoire de Crangon crangon dans des Conditions Ccontrôlées, Paris: Éd. Technip. 137p.
Bardot, C.; Bocard, C.; Castaing, G.; Gatellier, C. 1984. The importance of a dilution process to evaluate effectiveness and toxicity of chemical dispersant. In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1984, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Protection Service, Environmental Emergency. pp. 179-201.
Bardot, C.; Castaing, G. 1987. Toxicity of chemically dispersed oil in a flow-through system. Fate and Effects of Oil in Marine Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Conference on Oil Pollution, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 207-209. ISBN: 9024734894.
Abstract
Details are given of an experiment conducted using the brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) in toxicity tests with Noramium DA50, in order to determine the toxicity of chemically dispersed oil. Closed and flow-through systems used showed similar toxicities; the size of oil droplet appeared to be a determining factor in toxicity as mortality was observed to be greater with small diameter droplets
© CSA, 1987Details are given of an experiment conducted using the brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) in toxicity tests with Noramium DA50, in order to determine the toxicity of chemically dispersed oil. Closed and flow-through systems used showed similar toxicities; the size of oil droplet appeared to be a determining factor in toxicity as mortality was observed to be greater with small diameter droplets
Barger, W.R. 1973. Laboratory and field testing of surface-film forming chemicals for use as oil collecting agents. In Proceedings of Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 241-246.
Abstract
Since it is desirable to minimize the area covered by oil spilled on water, and since all oil recovery devices operate more efficiently on thicker oil layers, there is much interest in chemicals which can slow the spreading of oil or even drive the oil back into a thicker layer after it has already spread. 47 commercially available chemicals capable of controlling oil were examined in the lab during 1971 to determine which were practical oil collecting agents. A series of screening tests was developed, based upon physical properties and surface-chemical properties. The materials judged to be most useful by these tests are presently being evaluated in multicomponent field tests of oil recovery equipment. Both lab and field tests have indicated that such materials can aid in cleaning up spilled oil
© 1973 with permission from APISince it is desirable to minimize the area covered by oil spilled on water, and since all oil recovery devices operate more efficiently on thicker oil layers, there is much interest in chemicals which can slow the spreading of oil or even drive the oil back into a thicker layer after it has already spread. 47 commercially available chemicals capable of controlling oil were examined in the lab during 1971 to determine which were practical oil collecting agents. A series of screening tests was developed, based upon physical properties and surface-chemical properties. The materials judged to be most useful by these tests are presently being evaluated in multicomponent field tests of oil recovery equipment. Both lab and field tests have indicated that such materials can aid in cleaning up spilled oil
Barker, C.D. 1979. Application of chemical dispersants at sea. Annual Meeting Papers, American Petroleum Institute Production Department. (no page information available). ISSN: 0196-9978.
Abstract
The Southern California Oil Spill Test Program is described in detail and operational aspects of the program are discussed. The report states that vessel application of chemical dispersants is an effective method of delivery, and that aircraft is even more effective in terms of area coverage and response time from notification of spill. Four dispersant spraying methods were found to be practical means of application at sea
The Southern California Oil Spill Test Program is described in detail and operational aspects of the program are discussed. The report states that vessel application of chemical dispersants is an effective method of delivery, and that aircraft is even more effective in terms of area coverage and response time from notification of spill. Four dispersant spraying methods were found to be practical means of application at sea
Barnea, N.; Laferriere, R. 1999. SMART: scientific monitoring of advanced response technologies. In Beyond 2000, Balancing Perspectives: Proceedings: 1999 International Oil Spill Conference: March 8-11, 1999, Seattle, Washington, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 1265-1267. URL
Abstract
SMART (Scientific Monitoring of Advanced Response Technologies) is a new monitoring program designed to provide the Unified Command with real-time field data when in situ burning and dispersants are used during oil spill response. For dispersant monitoring, SMART recommends a three-tiered approach. Tier I has visual observation by trained observers from vessels or from aerial platforms. Tier II combines visual observations with water-column sampling using a fluorometer at a single depth. Tier III expands the fluorometry monitoring to several water depths, and uses a water-quality lab. Water samples for later analysis and correlation of fluorometry readings are taken both in Tier II and Tier III. For in situ burning, SMART recommends deploying three or more monitoring teams, each equipped with a real-time particulate monitor with data-logging capability. The teams deploy downwind of the burn at sensitive locations, and report particulate concentration trends to the United Command
© 1999 with permission from APISMART (Scientific Monitoring of Advanced Response Technologies) is a new monitoring program designed to provide the Unified Command with real-time field data when in situ burning and dispersants are used during oil spill response. For dispersant monitoring, SMART recommends a three-tiered approach. Tier I has visual observation by trained observers from vessels or from aerial platforms. Tier II combines visual observations with water-column sampling using a fluorometer at a single depth. Tier III expands the fluorometry monitoring to several water depths, and uses a water-quality lab. Water samples for later analysis and correlation of fluorometry readings are taken both in Tier II and Tier III. For in situ burning, SMART recommends deploying three or more monitoring teams, each equipped with a real-time particulate monitor with data-logging capability. The teams deploy downwind of the burn at sensitive locations, and report particulate concentration trends to the United Command
Barnett, J.; Toews, D. 1978. The effects of crude oil and the dispersant Oilsperse 43 on respiration and coughing rates in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 56 (2): 307-310. ISSN: 0008-4301.
Abstract
Emulsions of Venezuelan crude oil and the dispersant, Oilsperse 43, in both unweathered and artificially weathered forms, increased the coughing rate of post smolt Atlantic salmon (S. salar L.) in fresh water at sublethal concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.7 toxic units in 12-h tests. Coughing rates increased significantly in what appeared to be a concentration- and time-related basis while respiration rates declined at the higher sublethal levels. At most concentrations tested, there were no significant differences between the physiological responses in either unweathered or artificially weathered emulsions
© CSA, 1978Emulsions of Venezuelan crude oil and the dispersant, Oilsperse 43, in both unweathered and artificially weathered forms, increased the coughing rate of post smolt Atlantic salmon (S. salar L.) in fresh water at sublethal concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.7 toxic units in 12-h tests. Coughing rates increased significantly in what appeared to be a concentration- and time-related basis while respiration rates declined at the higher sublethal levels. At most concentrations tested, there were no significant differences between the physiological responses in either unweathered or artificially weathered emulsions
Barron, M.G.; Carls, M.G.; Short, J.W.; Rice, S.D. 2002. Untitled (DSP #1914). Photoenhanced Toxicity of Aqueous Phase and Chemically-Dispersed Weathered Alaska North Slope Crude Oil to Pacific Herring Eggs and Larvae, Anchorage, Ak: Price William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council. 30p.. URL
Barron, M.G.; Carls, M.G.; Short, J.W.; Rice, S.D. 2003. Photoenhanced toxicity of aqueous phase and chemically dispersed weathered Alaska North Slope crude oil to Pacific herring eggs and larvae. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22 (3): 650-660. ISSN: 0730-7268. doi:10.1897/1551-5028(2003)022<0650:PTOAPA>2.0.CO;2.
Abstract
Larvae of pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) were used to study the photoenhanced toxicity of North Slope crude oil alone or in the presence of Corexit® 9527. Dispersant and oil had similar toxicities as oil alone when tested in control and with UVA treatments. However, exposure to sunlight created significant levels of increased toxicity. Corexit® sped up the dissolution of PAHs into the aqueous phase, which accelerated toxicity of the material. 96 h no-observed-efect concentrations in UVA treatments were 0.2 μg/L tPAH, while sunlight treatments were 0.01 μg/g tPAH
Larvae of pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) were used to study the photoenhanced toxicity of North Slope crude oil alone or in the presence of Corexit® 9527. Dispersant and oil had similar toxicities as oil alone when tested in control and with UVA treatments. However, exposure to sunlight created significant levels of increased toxicity. Corexit® sped up the dissolution of PAHs into the aqueous phase, which accelerated toxicity of the material. 96 h no-observed-efect concentrations in UVA treatments were 0.2 μg/L tPAH, while sunlight treatments were 0.01 μg/g tPAH
Barron, M.G. 2003. Untitled (DSP #1422). Critical Evaluation of CROSERF Test Methods for Oil Dispersant Toxicity Testing Under Subarctic Conditions, Anchorage, Ak: Prince William Sound Regional Citizens’ Advisory Council. 18p. URL
Barron, M.G.; Ka'aihue, L. 2003. Critical evaluation of CROSERF test methods for oil dispersant toxicity testing under subarctic conditions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46 (9): 1191-1199. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00125-5.
Abstract
The aquatic organism toxicity testing protocols developed by the Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Research Forum (CROSERF) were evaluated for applicability to assessing chemical dispersant toxicity under subarctic conditions. CROSERF participants developed aquatic toxicity testing protocols with the foremost objective of standardizing test methods and reducing inter-laboratory variability. A number of refinements are recommended to adapt the CROSERF protocols for testing with subarctic species under conditions of expected longer oil persistence. Recommended refinements of the CROSERF protocols include testing fresh and moderately weathered oil under conditions of moderate mixing energy, preparing toxicity test solutions using variable dilutions rather than variable loading, performing tests with subarctic species using static exposures in open chambers, increasing the duration of tests from 4 to 7 days, quantifying approximately 40 PAHs and their alkyl homologs, assessing the potential for photoenhanced toxicity, and incorporating a bioaccumulation endpoint by measuring tissue concentrations of PAHs. Refinements in the preparation of oil dosing solutions, exposure and light regimes, and analytical chemistry should increase the utility of the test results for interpreting the toxicity of chemically dispersed oil and making risk management decisions regarding dispersant use under subarctic conditions
Reprinted from <a href=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0025326X>Marine Pollution Bulletin</a>, Volume 46, M.G. Barron, L. Ka'aihue, Copyright 2003, with permission from ElsevierThe aquatic organism toxicity testing protocols developed by the Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Research Forum (CROSERF) were evaluated for applicability to assessing chemical dispersant toxicity under subarctic conditions. CROSERF participants developed aquatic toxicity testing protocols with the foremost objective of standardizing test methods and reducing inter-laboratory variability. A number of refinements are recommended to adapt the CROSERF protocols for testing with subarctic species under conditions of expected longer oil persistence. Recommended refinements of the CROSERF protocols include testing fresh and moderately weathered oil under conditions of moderate mixing energy, preparing toxicity test solutions using variable dilutions rather than variable loading, performing tests with subarctic species using static exposures in open chambers, increasing the duration of tests from 4 to 7 days, quantifying approximately 40 PAHs and their alkyl homologs, assessing the potential for photoenhanced toxicity, and incorporating a bioaccumulation endpoint by measuring tissue concentrations of PAHs. Refinements in the preparation of oil dosing solutions, exposure and light regimes, and analytical chemistry should increase the utility of the test results for interpreting the toxicity of chemically dispersed oil and making risk management decisions regarding dispersant use under subarctic conditions
Battelle Memorial Institute. 1969. Untitled (DSP #31). Study of Equipment and Methods for Removing Oil from Harbor Waters, Richland, Wa: Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 185p.. URL
Abstract
A cost effectiveness analysis was performed for equipment, materials, and techniques for removal of spilled petroleum products from the surface of port and harbor waters used by US Naval craft. Effectiveness criteria, formulated for present methods and presently available equipment and materials, included speed of application, completeness of removal, ease of operation, effect on marine life, operating continuity, and availability. Parameters for the effectiveness study were based on the petroleum products now in use or those planned for future use and a detailed review of the geographic, hydrographic, physical, and environmental characteristics of ports used by the US Navy. The two most cost-effective systems for broad application were found to be mechanical recovery of spilled material by surface suction devices, supplemented by mechanical containment, and the application of chemical dispersants by pier or vessel-mounted high pressure spray equipment
© CSA, 1973A cost effectiveness analysis was performed for equipment, materials, and techniques for removal of spilled petroleum products from the surface of port and harbor waters used by US Naval craft. Effectiveness criteria, formulated for present methods and presently available equipment and materials, included speed of application, completeness of removal, ease of operation, effect on marine life, operating continuity, and availability. Parameters for the effectiveness study were based on the petroleum products now in use or those planned for future use and a detailed review of the geographic, hydrographic, physical, and environmental characteristics of ports used by the US Navy. The two most cost-effective systems for broad application were found to be mechanical recovery of spilled material by surface suction devices, supplemented by mechanical containment, and the application of chemical dispersants by pier or vessel-mounted high pressure spray equipment
Battelle Memorial Institute. 1970. Oil Spill Treating Agents: A Compendium. Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. (no page information available).
Battelle Memorial Institute. 1970. Oil Spill Treating Agents. Test Procedures: Status and Recommendations, Final Report, Richland, Wa: Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 280p.
Battershill, C.N.; Bergquist, P.R. 1982. Responses of an intertidal gastropod to field exposure of an oil and a dispersant. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 13 (5): 159-162. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(82)90086-8.
Abstract
A dispersing agent, Shell SD LTX, was found to be highly toxic to Nerita (Melanerita) atramentosa melanotragus when applied in combination with Maui Condensate. The agent was not found to produce significant mortality in the mollusc when applied in the absence of the crude oil. However, sublethal effects were identified, including large reductions in weight, changes in gonad tissue structure, and fertility
A dispersing agent, Shell SD LTX, was found to be highly toxic to Nerita (Melanerita) atramentosa melanotragus when applied in combination with Maui Condensate. The agent was not found to produce significant mortality in the mollusc when applied in the absence of the crude oil. However, sublethal effects were identified, including large reductions in weight, changes in gonad tissue structure, and fertility
Battershill, C.N.; Bergquist, P.R. 1984. The influence of biorhythms on sensitivity of Nerita to pollutants at sublethal levels. Oil and Petrochemical Pollution, 2 (1): 31-38. ISSN: 0143-7127. doi:10.1016/S0143-7127(84)90685-9.
Abstract
Intrinsic rhythmic activity of Nerita (Melanerita) atramentosa melanotragus was assessed under constant laboratory conditions. Activity proved to be a sensitive indicator of toxicity, and was affected by low levels of a relatively new oil dispersing agent, Shell SD LTX. How the state of activity influenced animal sensitivity to Shell SD LTX and to an oil, Maui Condensate, was investigated using short-term recovery experiments. Nerita were most sensitive during their active phase, and results during this period differed significantly from tests carried out during the inactive phase of the animal. Dispersant/oil mixture proved to be highly toxic. These findings have ecological implications and permit comment relating to the design of sublethal toxicity tests. These subjects are discussed
Reprinted from <a href=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01437127>Oil and Petrochemical Pollution</a>, Volume 2, C.N. Battershill, P.R. Bergquist, Copyright 1984, with permission from ElsevierIntrinsic rhythmic activity of Nerita (Melanerita) atramentosa melanotragus was assessed under constant laboratory conditions. Activity proved to be a sensitive indicator of toxicity, and was affected by low levels of a relatively new oil dispersing agent, Shell SD LTX. How the state of activity influenced animal sensitivity to Shell SD LTX and to an oil, Maui Condensate, was investigated using short-term recovery experiments. Nerita were most sensitive during their active phase, and results during this period differed significantly from tests carried out during the inactive phase of the animal. Dispersant/oil mixture proved to be highly toxic. These findings have ecological implications and permit comment relating to the design of sublethal toxicity tests. These subjects are discussed
Beach, R.L. 1980. State of the art in high sea-state oil pollution response capabilities. Environment International, 3 (2): 171-176. ISSN: 0160-4120. doi:10.1016/0160-4120(80)90052-5.
Abstract
This paper describes the state-of-the-art approaches to dealing with the two major types of open-water pollution incidents encountered in bad weather — a tanker stranding where the oil is still contained within the tanks, and an actual spillage from a damaged tanker or fixed source. In the stranding case, the cargo off-loading approach is compared with cargo jettisoning (pumping part of the cargo overboard) and stabilization approaches. In the spillage case, the basic approaches that are feasible are skimming and the use of dispersants. The advantages of each are discussed. Systems including large containment barriers are estimated to be less effective than direct-acting skimmers because of the operational control problems in high sea states. Effective direct-acting skimmers are not in wide-spread use at present, although several systems are under development. Dispersant systems are estimated to have the highest sea-state operating capability, particularly aircraft-application systems, which could be effective in conditions up to where a slick is rapidly dispersed through natural wave turbulence
Reprinted from <a href=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01604120>Environment International</a>, Volume 3, R.L. Beach, Copyright 1980, with permission from ElsevierThis paper describes the state-of-the-art approaches to dealing with the two major types of open-water pollution incidents encountered in bad weather — a tanker stranding where the oil is still contained within the tanks, and an actual spillage from a damaged tanker or fixed source. In the stranding case, the cargo off-loading approach is compared with cargo jettisoning (pumping part of the cargo overboard) and stabilization approaches. In the spillage case, the basic approaches that are feasible are skimming and the use of dispersants. The advantages of each are discussed. Systems including large containment barriers are estimated to be less effective than direct-acting skimmers because of the operational control problems in high sea states. Effective direct-acting skimmers are not in wide-spread use at present, although several systems are under development. Dispersant systems are estimated to have the highest sea-state operating capability, particularly aircraft-application systems, which could be effective in conditions up to where a slick is rapidly dispersed through natural wave turbulence
Beaupoil, C.; Nedelec, D. 1994. Untitled (DSP #1041). Etude de la toxicite du produit de lavage Corexit® 9500 vis-a-vis de la crevette blanche Palaemonetes varians, Concarneau, France: Laboratoire de Biologie Marine. (no page information available).
Becker, C.D.; Lichatowich, J.A.; Schneider, M.J.; Strand, J.A. 1973. Regional Survey of Marine Biota for Bioassay Standardization of Oil and Oil Dispersant Chemicals. Richland, Wa: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 104p.
Becker, K.W.; Coker, L.G.; Walsh, M.A. 1991. A method for evaluating oil spill dispersants: Exxon Dispersant Effectiveness Test (EXDET). In Oceans 91: October 1-3, 1991, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: Proceedings: Ocean Technologies and Opportunities in the Pacific for the 90s, New York: IEEE. pp. 1486-1490. ISBN: 0780302036.
Abstract
The Exxon Dispersant Effectiveness Test, EXDET, was developed to address certain concerns associated with currently available laboratory dispersant effectiveness test procedures. The EXDET procedure discussed is a modification of the Labofina/WSL test methods which have been recognized as standards for evaluation of dispersants in laboratory simulations. Modifications which have been incorporated in the EXDET procedure are: 1) an improved agitation method, 2) an enhanced sample collection, 3) a mass balance capability for dispersed/undispersed oil, 4) a technique for better interlab correlation, and 5) a better oil/water ratio. This procedure uses standard laboratory equipment and small volumes of water, oil, and chemical dispersant. The procedure can handle four replicates per test set. Four sets (16 data points) can easily be conducted per day, leading to sufficient data for effective statistical analysis
© CSA, 1991The Exxon Dispersant Effectiveness Test, EXDET, was developed to address certain concerns associated with currently available laboratory dispersant effectiveness test procedures. The EXDET procedure discussed is a modification of the Labofina/WSL test methods which have been recognized as standards for evaluation of dispersants in laboratory simulations. Modifications which have been incorporated in the EXDET procedure are: 1) an improved agitation method, 2) an enhanced sample collection, 3) a mass balance capability for dispersed/undispersed oil, 4) a technique for better interlab correlation, and 5) a better oil/water ratio. This procedure uses standard laboratory equipment and small volumes of water, oil, and chemical dispersant. The procedure can handle four replicates per test set. Four sets (16 data points) can easily be conducted per day, leading to sufficient data for effective statistical analysis
Becker, K.W.; Walsh, M.A.; Fiocco, R.J.; Curran, M.T. 1993. A new laboratory method for evaluating oil spill dispersants. In Proceedings: 1993 International Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Preparedness, Response): March 29-April 1, 1993, Tampa, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 507-510.
Abstract
A new dispersant effectiveness test, named EXDET, was developed to address certain concerns associated with currently available laboratory dispersant effectiveness test procedures. This new procedure uses standard laboratory equipment (such as a Burrell Wrist-Action shaker) and small volumes of water, oil, and chemical dispersant. Other features include the capabilities to mass balance the dispersed and non-dispersed oil, and to generate replicate data for statistical analysis. Details of the new procedure are presented and data at various test conditions illustrate features of the laboratory test method. Variables, such as dispersant/oil ratio, dispersant addition method, water salinity and oil/water ratio can readily be investigated for various crude oils and dispersants with the new method
© 1993 with permission from APIA new dispersant effectiveness test, named EXDET, was developed to address certain concerns associated with currently available laboratory dispersant effectiveness test procedures. This new procedure uses standard laboratory equipment (such as a Burrell Wrist-Action shaker) and small volumes of water, oil, and chemical dispersant. Other features include the capabilities to mass balance the dispersed and non-dispersed oil, and to generate replicate data for statistical analysis. Details of the new procedure are presented and data at various test conditions illustrate features of the laboratory test method. Variables, such as dispersant/oil ratio, dispersant addition method, water salinity and oil/water ratio can readily be investigated for various crude oils and dispersants with the new method
Becker, K.W.; Lindblom, G.P. 1983. Performance evaluation of a new versatile oil spill dispersant. In Proceedings: 1983 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 28 - March 3, 1983, San Antonio, Texas, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 61-64.
Abstract
Several oil spill dispersants available since 1975 have successfully dispersed spills of light to medium oils. However, they generally have performed poorly on heavily weathered oil, low gravity viscous oils, waxy crudes, “chocolate mousse” emulsions, and any oil spilled in cold environments. Some also were not formulated for use on waters of low salinity. In many cases involving spills of low viscosity oils, the decision to use chemical treatment has been delayed until the oil is in a weathered state. Chemical treatment under any of these conditions requires that the active surfactants reach the oil/water interface with the aid of a penetrating hydrocarbon solvent. Such formulations lose effectiveness when diluted with water (as in boat spraying) and usually must be used undiluted at a high dosage. They also often are too low in viscosity and density to be sprayed efficiently by aircraft. This paper discusses the properties and performance of formulations which avoid the above oil viscosity and water salinity problems and offer, for the first time, opportunity for widespread chemical treatment of such spills by aerial spray from large aircraft
© 1983 with permission from APISeveral oil spill dispersants available since 1975 have successfully dispersed spills of light to medium oils. However, they generally have performed poorly on heavily weathered oil, low gravity viscous oils, waxy crudes, “chocolate mousse” emulsions, and any oil spilled in cold environments. Some also were not formulated for use on waters of low salinity. In many cases involving spills of low viscosity oils, the decision to use chemical treatment has been delayed until the oil is in a weathered state. Chemical treatment under any of these conditions requires that the active surfactants reach the oil/water interface with the aid of a penetrating hydrocarbon solvent. Such formulations lose effectiveness when diluted with water (as in boat spraying) and usually must be used undiluted at a high dosage. They also often are too low in viscosity and density to be sprayed efficiently by aircraft. This paper discusses the properties and performance of formulations which avoid the above oil viscosity and water salinity problems and offer, for the first time, opportunity for widespread chemical treatment of such spills by aerial spray from large aircraft
Belk, J.L.; Elliot, D.J.; Flaherty, M. 1989. The comparative effectiveness of dispersants in fresh and low salinity marshes. In Proceedings: 1989 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup); February 13-16, 1989, San Antonio, Texas, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 333-336.
Abstract
Four marine dispersant concentrates and two freshwater dispersant concentrates were tested in the laboratory for effectiveness in zero to average salinity using two different test oils. The data show that the comparative laboratory effectiveness for all the dispersants tested is lower at zero salinity, but that the variation in effectiveness as the salinity increases is different for each dispersant. Another part of the study compares the effectiveness of one marine dispersant and two freshwater dispersants in different electrolyte solutions. It is shown that effectiveness behavior in calcium and magnesium salt solutions is markedly different from that in sodium salt solutions. The results suggest that any future test protocol for dispersant effectiveness in fresh waters should take into account the detailed composition of the water in question
© 1989 with permission from APIFour marine dispersant concentrates and two freshwater dispersant concentrates were tested in the laboratory for effectiveness in zero to average salinity using two different test oils. The data show that the comparative laboratory effectiveness for all the dispersants tested is lower at zero salinity, but that the variation in effectiveness as the salinity increases is different for each dispersant. Another part of the study compares the effectiveness of one marine dispersant and two freshwater dispersants in different electrolyte solutions. It is shown that effectiveness behavior in calcium and magnesium salt solutions is markedly different from that in sodium salt solutions. The results suggest that any future test protocol for dispersant effectiveness in fresh waters should take into account the detailed composition of the water in question
Belkhir, M. et al. 1986. Oil spill dispersant toxicity on fish and mollusc. Bulletin de l'Institut National Scientifique et Technique d'Océanographie et de Pêche, 13 13-18. ISSN: 0579-7926.
Abstract
The procedure is described for a toxicity test of an oil dispersant (Dispolene 325) using fish (Mugil ramada, Atherina hepsetus and Aphanius fasciatus) and molluscs (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes decussates). Findings show the dispersant to be very toxic even at low concentrations; the most resistant species shows a complete mortality in a few minutes
© CSA, 1986The procedure is described for a toxicity test of an oil dispersant (Dispolene 325) using fish (Mugil ramada, Atherina hepsetus and Aphanius fasciatus) and molluscs (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes decussates). Findings show the dispersant to be very toxic even at low concentrations; the most resistant species shows a complete mortality in a few minutes
Bellatoni, J. 1982. Properties of Oil Spill Dispersants. The Logistics of Oil Spill Dispersant Application. Volume 1. Logistics-Related Properties of Oil Spill Dispersants, Washington, D.C: U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Marine Environment and Systems. 96p.
Abstract
The use of chemicals for oil spill dispersal, while not presently widespread in the U.S., would have implications for the U.S. Coast Guard's Marine Environmental Protection program. This report explores the logistics of oil dispersant application by the U.S. Coast Guard. Data were reviewed for the 13 dispersants for which data had been submitted to the EPA as of October 1979. Manufacturer's data and published test results were also examined and information summarized with regard to classification, handling and storage application, availability and cost
The use of chemicals for oil spill dispersal, while not presently widespread in the U.S., would have implications for the U.S. Coast Guard's Marine Environmental Protection program. This report explores the logistics of oil dispersant application by the U.S. Coast Guard. Data were reviewed for the 13 dispersants for which data had been submitted to the EPA as of October 1979. Manufacturer's data and published test results were also examined and information summarized with regard to classification, handling and storage application, availability and cost
Bellatoni, J. 1982. Untitled (DSP #478). The Logistics of Oil Spill Dispersant Application. Volume 2. Application Techniques, Stockpiling, Dispersant Selection, Strategies, Washington, D.C: U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Marine Environment and Systems. 126p.
Bellos, D.A. 1997. Untitled (DSP #1044). Methods of Control: Oil Spills in Water Dispersant Application Management, Thesis (M.S.), New York Institute of Technology. 128 leaves.
Belore, R. 1985. Untitled (DSP #479). Effectiveness of the Repeat Application of Chemical Dispersants on Oil, Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Studies Revolving Funds. 66p. ISBN: 0920783058. URL
Belore, R. 1986. Untitled (DSP #480). Development of a High Pressure Water Mixing Concept for Use With Ship-Based Dispersant Application, Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Studies Revolving Funds. 51p. ISBN: 0920783333. URL
Belore, R. 1986. Large-scale laboratory studies of dispersant effectiveness, application and mixing. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. Seminar Sponsored by Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, June 10-12, 1986, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Beauregard Press. pp. 527-542. ISBN: 0662148126.
Abstract
Three studies, funded by the Environmental Studies Revolving Funds to investigate the effectiveness of chemical dispersants on oil, are reviewed. Each study employed large-scale laboratory testing which were conducted in an Ottawa facility. One study concentrated on the value of repeat applications of chemical dispersants on oil. A second study dealt with the development of using high pressure water mixing for dispersant application by boat. The third study focused on effectiveness testing of dispersants in a meso-scale laboratory
Three studies, funded by the Environmental Studies Revolving Funds to investigate the effectiveness of chemical dispersants on oil, are reviewed. Each study employed large-scale laboratory testing which were conducted in an Ottawa facility. One study concentrated on the value of repeat applications of chemical dispersants on oil. A second study dealt with the development of using high pressure water mixing for dispersant application by boat. The third study focused on effectiveness testing of dispersants in a meso-scale laboratory
Belore, R. 1987. Untitled (DSP #482). Mid-Scale Testing of Dispersant Effectiveness, Ottawa, Ont: S.L. Ross Environmental Research Ltd. 82p. ISBN: 0920783694. URL
Belore, R. 1987. Mid-scale testing of dispersant effectiveness. In Proceedings of the Tenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 9-11, 1987, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 329-342. ISBN: 0662154630.
Belore, R. 1987. A study of dispersant effectiveness using ultra-uniform drop-size generator. In Proceedings of the Tenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 9-11, 1987, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 357-371. ISBN: 0662154630.
Belore, R. 1987. Use of high-pressure water mixing for ship-based oil spill dispersing. In Proceedings: 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), April 6-9, 1987, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 297-302.
Abstract
This paper discusses a project funded by Canada's Environmental Studies Revolving Fund to assess the potential of high-pressure water jets in assisting the chemical dispersion of oil at sea. Full-scale laboratory tests were conducted using 0.5-mm thick, fresh Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend crude oil treated with Corexit 9527 dispersant applied from an overhead spray boom at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1: 100. The effects on dispersion efficiency of mixing jet pressure, mixing jet flow rate, jet standoff distance, and vessel speed were evaluated. Based on the test results, specifications for a practical high-pressure water jet system have been suggested. The system would operate with a nozzle pressure of 7,000 kPa, a flow rate of 55 L/min per nozzle, and nozzles positioned about 0.6 m from the water surface. In laboratory tests such a system was capable of dispersing 80 to 100 percent of the surface slick, whereas similar tests with the well-known Warren Spring Laboratory breaker board system resulted in only a 10 percent dispersion
© 1987 with permission from APIThis paper discusses a project funded by Canada's Environmental Studies Revolving Fund to assess the potential of high-pressure water jets in assisting the chemical dispersion of oil at sea. Full-scale laboratory tests were conducted using 0.5-mm thick, fresh Alberta Sweet Mixed Blend crude oil treated with Corexit 9527 dispersant applied from an overhead spray boom at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1: 100. The effects on dispersion efficiency of mixing jet pressure, mixing jet flow rate, jet standoff distance, and vessel speed were evaluated. Based on the test results, specifications for a practical high-pressure water jet system have been suggested. The system would operate with a nozzle pressure of 7,000 kPa, a flow rate of 55 L/min per nozzle, and nozzles positioned about 0.6 m from the water surface. In laboratory tests such a system was capable of dispersing 80 to 100 percent of the surface slick, whereas similar tests with the well-known Warren Spring Laboratory breaker board system resulted in only a 10 percent dispersion
Belore, R.; Mackay, D. 1987. Untitled (DSP #486). Drop Size and Dispersant Effectiveness: Small-Scale Laboratory Testing, Ottawa, Ont: S.L. Ross Environmental Research Ltd. 31p. ISBN: 092078308103. URL
Belore, R.; Ross, S. 1999. Testing and development of a single-nozzle spray system for vessel-based dispersant delivery. In Proceedings: Twenty-Second Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 2 to 4, 1999, Westin Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 197-207. URL
Abstract
A foam application nozzle produced by Wormald Fire Systems was tested for use in dispersant application at sea. Although tests found that the nozzle did not produce a spray pattern suitable for dispersant application, researchers felt that it could be used in a neat spray application. The spray reach of the nozzle exceeded that of spray boom systems
A foam application nozzle produced by Wormald Fire Systems was tested for use in dispersant application at sea. Although tests found that the nozzle did not produce a spray pattern suitable for dispersant application, researchers felt that it could be used in a neat spray application. The spray reach of the nozzle exceeded that of spray boom systems
Belore, R. 2007. Untitled (DSP #1915). Identification of Window of Opportunity for Chemical Dispersants on Gulf of Mexico Crude Oils, Ottawa, Ont: S.L. Ross Environmental Research Ltd. 28p.. URL
Belore, R.; Ross, S. 2000. Laboratory study to compare the effectiveness of chemical dispersants when applied dilute versus neat. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 14 to 16, 2000, Coast Plaza Suite Hotel,
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 733-748. URL
Abstract
Corexit 9527 and 9500 were used in large-scale laboratory tests to determine their effectiveness on Alaska North Slope crude oil when applied either neat or when diluted with salt water. Corexit 9527 was successful when diluted in water at a ratio of 1:10. However, the effectiveness of Corexit 9500 was reduced to either 1:10 or 3:10 dilutions. Because of this, researchers believe that Corexit 9500 should be applied by single-nozzle spray systems in neat form to avoid reduced effectiveness
Corexit 9527 and 9500 were used in large-scale laboratory tests to determine their effectiveness on Alaska North Slope crude oil when applied either neat or when diluted with salt water. Corexit 9527 was successful when diluted in water at a ratio of 1:10. However, the effectiveness of Corexit 9500 was reduced to either 1:10 or 3:10 dilutions. Because of this, researchers believe that Corexit 9500 should be applied by single-nozzle spray systems in neat form to avoid reduced effectiveness
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).