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ABOUT THE LIBRARY
The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
The library contains a computer lab and several study spaces available to visiting students, scientists, or groups (such as attendees of a writing retreat).
The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
- 4,600 monographs
- 5,800 bound volumes
- 200 journal titles
- 26 current journal subscriptions
- 850 maps
- 35 atlases
- 3,600 government documents
- 1,500 reprints
In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
HOURS OF OPERATION
- The LUMCON Library is staffed Monday through Friday from 7:00 AM to 3:30 PM. All visitors are welcome during these hours.
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CIRCULATION
- Books can be checked out by filling out a card at the circulation desk. The length of time a book can be checked out varies depending on the patron’s status. Books may be renewed by contacting the department, but all items are subject to recall at any time.
- Interlibrary loan service is available for LUMCON faculty, postdocs, lab personnel, and summer students. Although we strive to get items at no charge, the patron may be asked to pay for interlibrary loan charges under certain circumstances.
- Reserve items, reference materials, and journals must remain in the Library. The Library has no photocopier, but copies or scans can be made in the LUMCON main office.
- All materials must be checked out before removal from the Library, without exception.
- Library materials can be placed on reserve for summer classes. A list of items to be placed on reserve should be provided to the librarian as soon as possible.
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Food is not allowed in the Library under any circumstance. Drinks are only allowed with prior approval by the librarian or the security guard.
INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
The LUMCON Library is available as an internship site for graduate-level students who have completed at least two semesters toward a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science. Applications will be accepted on a continuing basis and internships may be completed during any semester. Prior library experience or an undergraduate degree in science is desirable, but not necessary. Credits will be awarded based on the number of person-hours completed (40 person-hours per credit hour).
The internship will consist of both field experience, encompassing many operations of a special library, and a special project in technical services. The Librarian will give the intern an overview of reference services, technical services, library administration, and budgeting, and will guide the intern through special projects. The LUMCON Library uses SIRSI/Dynix’s Symphony Integrated Library System as well as OCLC for Cataloging/Interlibrary Loan services.
Contact the Librarian for more information or to apply for an internship.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
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- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
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The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
Goodman, R.H.; Fingas, M.F. 1988. The use of remote sensing in the determination of dispersant effectiveness. Spill Technology Newsletter, 13 (3): 55-58. ISSN: 0381-4459.
Goodman, R.H. 2003. Is SMART really that smart?. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, June 10-12, 2003, Victoria (British Columbia) Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 779-786.
Goodman, R.H.; MacNeill, M.R.; Ripley, H. 1984. Remote sensing program for the 1983 offshore dispersant trials. In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar: June 14-16, 1984, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Protection Service, Environmental Emergency. pp. 488-505.
Goodman, R.H. 2005. Mass balance and dispersant effectiveness: are new techniques and methodologies needed?. In International Oil Spill Conference; Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: May 15-19, 2005, Miami Beach Convention Center, Miami Beach, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 177-181. URL
Abstract
In order to obtain a scientifically-acceptable measurement of dispersant effectiveness, the oil mass balance must be demonstrated. While this is normal in small-scale laboratory apparatus, it has not been achieved in large-scale wave basin and open ocean experiments despite the work of a large number of research groups. Five years ago, mass balance was either ignored or losses of up to fifty percent of the applied oil were accepted. In the larger wave basin experiments, recent work has reduced the unknown losses to between ten and fifteen percent. No such reduction has been achieved in the few open ocean tests that have been recently undertaken. This paper will discuss the limitations of certain measuring technologies and experimental techniques. New experimental technologies will be suggested to improve mass balance calculations, such as changing the experimental plan for large wave basins from a Lagrangian description of motion to an Eulerian frame of reference. There are technologies, that can be applied to large wave basins, that are unique to this experimental situation, but are not widely used. These technologies will be discussed. For the open ocean situation, there are seldomly-used methods, which could be employed to improve the measurement of sub-surface plume characteristics and oil thickness on water. The current limitations to these technologies will be discussed
© 2005 with permission from APIIn order to obtain a scientifically-acceptable measurement of dispersant effectiveness, the oil mass balance must be demonstrated. While this is normal in small-scale laboratory apparatus, it has not been achieved in large-scale wave basin and open ocean experiments despite the work of a large number of research groups. Five years ago, mass balance was either ignored or losses of up to fifty percent of the applied oil were accepted. In the larger wave basin experiments, recent work has reduced the unknown losses to between ten and fifteen percent. No such reduction has been achieved in the few open ocean tests that have been recently undertaken. This paper will discuss the limitations of certain measuring technologies and experimental techniques. New experimental technologies will be suggested to improve mass balance calculations, such as changing the experimental plan for large wave basins from a Lagrangian description of motion to an Eulerian frame of reference. There are technologies, that can be applied to large wave basins, that are unique to this experimental situation, but are not widely used. These technologies will be discussed. For the open ocean situation, there are seldomly-used methods, which could be employed to improve the measurement of sub-surface plume characteristics and oil thickness on water. The current limitations to these technologies will be discussed
Goudey, J.S.; Dale, M.; Hoddinott, J. 1985. The effects of oil spill chemicals on transpiration, CO2 exchange, and cuticular structure in Salix interior. Canadian Journal of Botany, 63 (12): 2340-2344. ISSN: 0008-4026.
Abstract
The effects of three oil spill chemicals (Corexit 9600, 9550, and 7664) on cuticular structure and function in the sandbar willow Salix interior were assessed from direct observations of the leaf surface, using scanning electron microscopy, and from measurements of water loss through transpiration. Rates of CO2 exchange in the light and dark were also measured. Although the Corexits coated the leaf surfaces, wax plates (crystals) associated with the cuticle were not visibly altered. The dispersants did not increase rates of evaporative water loss. Rates of net CO2 assimilation in the light, however, were reduced by 54, 63, and 94% 1 h after contact with Corexit 7664, 9550, and 9600, respectively. Measurements of surface contact angles and observations on the movement of dye - dispersant mixtures indicated that the rapid inhibition of CO2 assimilation resulted from the spontaneous infiltration of stomata by the dispersants and direct action on the internal tissues of the leaf. Rates of dark respiration were initially unaffected but decreased after 1 day. Further reductions in rates of CO2 exchange were observed over the first 4 days (associated with extensive leaf chlorosis and necrosis): then the rates increased following new tissue growth. Although the dispersants are potent contact poisons, damage to the protective cuticle in Salix interior does not appear to be a major contributing factor to their toxicity
Copyright 1985, National Research Council Canada. Reprinted with permission from NRC Research PressThe effects of three oil spill chemicals (Corexit 9600, 9550, and 7664) on cuticular structure and function in the sandbar willow Salix interior were assessed from direct observations of the leaf surface, using scanning electron microscopy, and from measurements of water loss through transpiration. Rates of CO2 exchange in the light and dark were also measured. Although the Corexits coated the leaf surfaces, wax plates (crystals) associated with the cuticle were not visibly altered. The dispersants did not increase rates of evaporative water loss. Rates of net CO2 assimilation in the light, however, were reduced by 54, 63, and 94% 1 h after contact with Corexit 7664, 9550, and 9600, respectively. Measurements of surface contact angles and observations on the movement of dye - dispersant mixtures indicated that the rapid inhibition of CO2 assimilation resulted from the spontaneous infiltration of stomata by the dispersants and direct action on the internal tissues of the leaf. Rates of dark respiration were initially unaffected but decreased after 1 day. Further reductions in rates of CO2 exchange were observed over the first 4 days (associated with extensive leaf chlorosis and necrosis): then the rates increased following new tissue growth. Although the dispersants are potent contact poisons, damage to the protective cuticle in Salix interior does not appear to be a major contributing factor to their toxicity
Goudey, J.S.; Dale, M.; Hoddinott, J. 1986. The effects of oil spill chemicals on CO2 assimilation by the fruticose lichen Cladina mitis. Environmental Pollution, Series A: Ecological and Biological, 42 (1): 23-35. ISSN: 0143-1471. doi:10.1016/0143-1471(86)90042-5.
Abstract
The effects of three oil spill dispersants (Corexit 9600, 9550 and 7664) on carbon fixation by the fruticose lichen Cladina mitis were examined in order to provide insights into the potential risks associated with dispersant use in and around freshwater systems. Cladina is a common plant of northern freshwater shoreline communities. Treatments with the undiluted dispersants inhibited rates of carbon fixation by 60% to 80% and bleached portions of the thalli when applied at doses less than 10 mg g-1 dry weight (approximately 2·5 mg cm-2 on an aerial basis). Since the recommended field application rates for the dispersants range from 0·2 to 3 mg cm-2, there is a distinct possibility that misapplication (direct spraying) may be detrimental to populations of Cladina. However, the inhibitory effects were not lethal in all cases and partial recovery of the lichens was noted within 3 weeks after treatment. The potential impact of dispersant use in freshwater systems on the shoreline plant communities is discussed in the light of our findings
Reprinted from Environmental Pollution, Series A: Ecological and Biological, Volume 42, J.S. Goudey, M. Dale, J. Hoddinott, Copyright 1986, with permission from ElsevierThe effects of three oil spill dispersants (Corexit 9600, 9550 and 7664) on carbon fixation by the fruticose lichen Cladina mitis were examined in order to provide insights into the potential risks associated with dispersant use in and around freshwater systems. Cladina is a common plant of northern freshwater shoreline communities. Treatments with the undiluted dispersants inhibited rates of carbon fixation by 60% to 80% and bleached portions of the thalli when applied at doses less than 10 mg g-1 dry weight (approximately 2·5 mg cm-2 on an aerial basis). Since the recommended field application rates for the dispersants range from 0·2 to 3 mg cm-2, there is a distinct possibility that misapplication (direct spraying) may be detrimental to populations of Cladina. However, the inhibitory effects were not lethal in all cases and partial recovery of the lichens was noted within 3 weeks after treatment. The potential impact of dispersant use in freshwater systems on the shoreline plant communities is discussed in the light of our findings
Grandy, N.J. 1984. The Effects of Oil and Dispersants on Subtidal Red Algae, Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Liverpool. 178 leaves.
Granmo, Å.; Jørgensen, G. 1975. Effects of fertilization and development of the common mussel Mytilus edulis after long-term exposure to a nonionic surfactant. Marine Biology, 33 (1): 17-20. ISSN: 0025-3162. doi:10.1007/BF00394996.
Abstract
To determine the effects of surfactant exposure on reproduction in mussels, Mytilus edulis L. were placed in water with low surfactant concentrations (.5 to 1.5 ppm) over a 5-month period. When mature, spawning capabilities of the mussels were examined. Fertilization was not affected in low concentrations of surfactant, but inhibited or delayed larval development was noted. This appeared to be concentration-dependent in short-term doses of surfactants. Gametes were more sensitive in long-term surfactant-exposed tests than those monitored in the long-term control
To determine the effects of surfactant exposure on reproduction in mussels, Mytilus edulis L. were placed in water with low surfactant concentrations (.5 to 1.5 ppm) over a 5-month period. When mature, spawning capabilities of the mussels were examined. Fertilization was not affected in low concentrations of surfactant, but inhibited or delayed larval development was noted. This appeared to be concentration-dependent in short-term doses of surfactants. Gametes were more sensitive in long-term surfactant-exposed tests than those monitored in the long-term control
Granmo, Å.; Kolberg, S. 1976. Uptake pathways and elimination of a nonionic surfactant in cod (Gadus morrhua L.). Water Research, 10 (3): 189-194. ISSN: 0043-1354. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(76)90126-3.
Abstract
The uptake and elimination of a labelled surfactant, the nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate, was studied in cod (Gadus morrhua L.) exposed to a concentration of 5 ppm. The amount of labelled surfactant was analyzed by the scintillation counting method in various tissues from the fish. A penetration especially through the gills, but also some intestinal resorption was found. Eight hours from start a steady state condition was obtained. High concentrations were found especially in gall bladder and liver. The elimination process in clean sea water was quite rapid and after 24 h the residues
Reprinted from Water Research, Volume 10, Å Granmo, S. Kolberg, Copyright 1976, with permission from Elsevier.The uptake and elimination of a labelled surfactant, the nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate, was studied in cod (Gadus morrhua L.) exposed to a concentration of 5 ppm. The amount of labelled surfactant was analyzed by the scintillation counting method in various tissues from the fish. A penetration especially through the gills, but also some intestinal resorption was found. Eight hours from start a steady state condition was obtained. High concentrations were found especially in gall bladder and liver. The elimination process in clean sea water was quite rapid and after 24 h the residues
Great Britain. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2007. List of Oil Spill Treatment Products Approved for Use in the U.K, London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 10p.. URL
Great Britain. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2007. Protocol for Efficacy Testing, London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 11p.. URL
Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 2006. The Approval and Use of Oil Dispersants in the UK, London: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 46p.. URL
Greco, G.; Corra, C.; Garaventa, F.; Chelossi, E.; Faimali, M. 2006. Standardization of laboratory bioassays with Balanus amphitrite larvae for preliminary oil dispersants toxicological characterization. Chemistry and Ecology, 22 (Suppl. 1): 163-172. ISSN: 0275-7540. doi:10.1080/02757540600670695.
Abstract
The Italian National regulations on oil-dispersants use (D.D. 23 December 2002) require for these products to pass several laboratory screenings before they can be applied in oil-spill clean-up. Although legislation recommend the use of the American mysid shrimp Americamysis bahia, for laboratory toxicity testing, there is growing interest in employing local marine crustacean species more representative than A. bahia, in quantifying the risk of significant harm to Mediterranean ecosystems. The aim of this study (in the framework of the National Project 'Taxa Project', supported by the Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory) is to improve new specific bioassays for assessing acute or sublethal responses to oil dispersants using the larval stages of the sessile crustacean Balanus amphitrite. The bioassays were standardized using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as toxic reference compound. Results of acute toxicity (48 h LC50, 7.49 mg l-1) and behavioural tests (7 d EC50, 7.79 mg l-1) with barnacle larvae showed that their susceptibility to SDS could be comparable with that of A. bahia (96 h LC50; 6.6 mg l-1). Therefore, a B. amphitrite bioassay could be proposed to replace the A. bahia bioassay in a standardized toxicological screening of new products for oil-pollution remediation technologies in the Mediterranean Sea
© 2006, Reprinted with permission from Taylor & Francis.The Italian National regulations on oil-dispersants use (D.D. 23 December 2002) require for these products to pass several laboratory screenings before they can be applied in oil-spill clean-up. Although legislation recommend the use of the American mysid shrimp Americamysis bahia, for laboratory toxicity testing, there is growing interest in employing local marine crustacean species more representative than A. bahia, in quantifying the risk of significant harm to Mediterranean ecosystems. The aim of this study (in the framework of the National Project 'Taxa Project', supported by the Italian Ministry for the Environment and Territory) is to improve new specific bioassays for assessing acute or sublethal responses to oil dispersants using the larval stages of the sessile crustacean Balanus amphitrite. The bioassays were standardized using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) as toxic reference compound. Results of acute toxicity (48 h LC50, 7.49 mg l-1) and behavioural tests (7 d EC50, 7.79 mg l-1) with barnacle larvae showed that their susceptibility to SDS could be comparable with that of A. bahia (96 h LC50; 6.6 mg l-1). Therefore, a B. amphitrite bioassay could be proposed to replace the A. bahia bioassay in a standardized toxicological screening of new products for oil-pollution remediation technologies in the Mediterranean Sea
Green, D.R.; Buckley, J.; Humphrey, B. 1982. Fate of Chemically Dispersed Oil in the Sea: A Report on Two Field Experiments, Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada. 125p. ISBN: 0662123522.
Green, D.R.; Humphrey, B.; Fowler, B. 1982. The use of flow-through fluorometry for tracking dispersed oil. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar: Seminar Held June 15-17, 1982, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 435-444.
Greenwood, P.J. 1983. The influence of an oil dispersant Chemserve OSE-DH on the viability of sea urchin gametes. Combined effects of temperature, concentration and exposure time on fertilization. Aquatic Toxicology, 4 (1): 15-29. ISSN: 0166-445X. doi:10.1016/0166-445X(83)90058-9.
Abstract
The combined effects of concentrations of an oil dispersant, Chemserve OSE-DH, temperature, and exposure time, on the viability of pretreated gametes of the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus, is reported. The importance of the influence of temperature and prefertilization exposure on gamete viability is shown. Temperature fluctuations affect sperm viability to a marked extent with little effect being evident where ova are concerned. Increased exposure to Chemserve OSE-DH has a cumulative, deleterious effect on ova viability. The interactive effects of the variables appear to magnify the overall deterioration of gametes subjected to the stressed conditions
Reprinted from Aquatic Toxicology, Volume 4, P.J. Greenwood, Copyright 1983, with permission from ElsevierThe combined effects of concentrations of an oil dispersant, Chemserve OSE-DH, temperature, and exposure time, on the viability of pretreated gametes of the sea urchin Parechinus angulosus, is reported. The importance of the influence of temperature and prefertilization exposure on gamete viability is shown. Temperature fluctuations affect sperm viability to a marked extent with little effect being evident where ova are concerned. Increased exposure to Chemserve OSE-DH has a cumulative, deleterious effect on ova viability. The interactive effects of the variables appear to magnify the overall deterioration of gametes subjected to the stressed conditions
Gregory, C.L.; Allen, A.A.; Dale, D.H. 1999. Assessment of potential oil spill recovery capabilities. In Beyond 2000, Balancing Perspectives: Proceedings: 1999 International Oil Spill Conference: March 8-11, 1999, Seattle, Washington, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 527-534. URL
Abstract
Clean Coastal Waters, Inc. (CCW) is an oil industry funded Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) whose capabilities have been classified by both the U.S. Coast Guard and the State of California. The current method of rating response equipment does not provide for insightful management of the organization's mechanical recovery equipment. CCW has therefore utilized the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) "Mechanical Equipment CalculatorTM" (MEC) to provide an alternative assessment of CCW's oil spill recovery capability. The MEC provides a more realistic view of spill recovery capability and it allows for manipulation of recovery system components to maximize their effectiveness. A major objective of this assessment was to examine each system's performance using realistic oil slick conditions. Three representative oil slick conditions, ranging from light to heavy concentrations, were selected as input for the computerized simulation and evaluation of each recovery system's potential performance. The relative contribution of each system was examined under real-world conditions including actual times for notification, mobilization, transit, recovery and offloading of recovered oil and water. A secondary objective of the assessment was to investigate methods by which each system's recovery rate could be enhanced while operating in open water with widespread slick conditions representing as little as a barrel of oil per acre (i.e., with average oil thicknesses of a few hundredths of a millimeter). This investigation indicated the need for several changes to the CCW equipment inventory in order to maximize system performance. Clean Coastal Waters is currently experimenting with real-world application of these enhancements and has already incorporated several important modifications into its recovery systems. Such modifications include: the matching of onboard pumps with expected oil encounter rates; the adjustment of system swaths to better utilize potential recovery capabilities; and, the inclusion of multiple, secondary storage units at key locations for improved overall performance. The third objective of the assessment was to evaluate the utility and effectiveness of the MEC. The MEC was determined to be an effective tool for characterization, evaluation and management of response capabilities. CCW will continue to use the MEC to assist its Member Companies in managing recovery systems during training, exercises, and actual spill response activities
© 1999 with permission from APIClean Coastal Waters, Inc. (CCW) is an oil industry funded Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) whose capabilities have been classified by both the U.S. Coast Guard and the State of California. The current method of rating response equipment does not provide for insightful management of the organization's mechanical recovery equipment. CCW has therefore utilized the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) "Mechanical Equipment CalculatorTM" (MEC) to provide an alternative assessment of CCW's oil spill recovery capability. The MEC provides a more realistic view of spill recovery capability and it allows for manipulation of recovery system components to maximize their effectiveness. A major objective of this assessment was to examine each system's performance using realistic oil slick conditions. Three representative oil slick conditions, ranging from light to heavy concentrations, were selected as input for the computerized simulation and evaluation of each recovery system's potential performance. The relative contribution of each system was examined under real-world conditions including actual times for notification, mobilization, transit, recovery and offloading of recovered oil and water. A secondary objective of the assessment was to investigate methods by which each system's recovery rate could be enhanced while operating in open water with widespread slick conditions representing as little as a barrel of oil per acre (i.e., with average oil thicknesses of a few hundredths of a millimeter). This investigation indicated the need for several changes to the CCW equipment inventory in order to maximize system performance. Clean Coastal Waters is currently experimenting with real-world application of these enhancements and has already incorporated several important modifications into its recovery systems. Such modifications include: the matching of onboard pumps with expected oil encounter rates; the adjustment of system swaths to better utilize potential recovery capabilities; and, the inclusion of multiple, secondary storage units at key locations for improved overall performance. The third objective of the assessment was to evaluate the utility and effectiveness of the MEC. The MEC was determined to be an effective tool for characterization, evaluation and management of response capabilities. CCW will continue to use the MEC to assist its Member Companies in managing recovery systems during training, exercises, and actual spill response activities
Griffith, D. de G. 1969. Investigations into the Toxicity of Corexit: A New Oil Dispersant, Dublin: Ireland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. 9p.
Griffith, D. de G. 1972. Toxicity of crude oil and detergents to two species of edible molluscs under artificial conditions. Marine Pollution and Sea Life Fishing News, West Byfleet (Surrey), U.K: Ltd. for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 224-229. ISBN: 0852380216.
Griffiths, R.P.; McNamara, T.M.; Caldwell, B.A.; Morita, R.Y. 1981. A field study on the acute effects of the dispersant Corexit 9527 on glucose uptake by marine microorganisms. Marine Environmental Research, 5 (2): 83-91. ISSN: 0141-1136. doi:10.1016/0141-1136(81)90025-8.
Abstract
Researchers studied the effects of Corexit 9527 and Corexit/crude oil mixtures on glucose uptake and mineralization rates in microbial populations found in Arctic and Subarctic marine waters and sediments. In almost all samples (149 water and 95 sediment) tested, decreased glucose uptake rates were observed when Corexit was present at 15 or 50 ppm, and depressed uptake rates were noted with 1 ppm of Corexit. 12 ppm was the mean concentration at which Corexit depressed glucose uptake by 50%. Corexit’s effects were more evident on pelagic, rather than benthic, microbes
Researchers studied the effects of Corexit 9527 and Corexit/crude oil mixtures on glucose uptake and mineralization rates in microbial populations found in Arctic and Subarctic marine waters and sediments. In almost all samples (149 water and 95 sediment) tested, decreased glucose uptake rates were observed when Corexit was present at 15 or 50 ppm, and depressed uptake rates were noted with 1 ppm of Corexit. 12 ppm was the mean concentration at which Corexit depressed glucose uptake by 50%. Corexit’s effects were more evident on pelagic, rather than benthic, microbes
Gugg, P.M. et al. 1999. Proving dispersants work. In Beyond 2000, Balancing Perspectives: Proceedings: 1999 International Oil Spill Conference: March 8-11, 1999, Seattle, Washington, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 1007-1010. URL
Abstract
Growing acceptance of dispersants as a front line oil spill response tool is due in large part to the availability of reliable scientific effectiveness measurements. This paper examines the procedures known as specialized monitoring of advanced response technologies (smart) that determine if dispersant chemicals are having the desired effect of causing small droplet formation and dispersal in the water column. Response decision makers will benefit from the discussion of monitoring protocols, the visual and empirical indicators of dispersion, and the equipment used to derive this data. Proof of smart feasibility and utility is provided in the form of case histories, data, and photographs from recent exercises and two actual dispersant response operations
© 1999 with permission from APIGrowing acceptance of dispersants as a front line oil spill response tool is due in large part to the availability of reliable scientific effectiveness measurements. This paper examines the procedures known as specialized monitoring of advanced response technologies (smart) that determine if dispersant chemicals are having the desired effect of causing small droplet formation and dispersal in the water column. Response decision makers will benefit from the discussion of monitoring protocols, the visual and empirical indicators of dispersion, and the equipment used to derive this data. Proof of smart feasibility and utility is provided in the form of case histories, data, and photographs from recent exercises and two actual dispersant response operations
Gulec, I.; Holdway, D.A. 1997. Toxicity of dispersant, oil, and dispersed oil to two marine organisms. In Proceedings: 1997 International Oil Spill Conference: Improving Environmental Protection: Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities: April 7-10, 1997, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 1010-1011. URL
Abstract
Acute lethal bioassays using semistatic conditions were conducted to assess the toxicity of crude oil, dispersant, and dispersed oil using the amphipod Allorchestes compressa as a test species. Sublethal bioassays (suppression of burying behavior over 24 hours of exposure) were conducted for these toxicants using the marine sand snail Polinices conicus. Both lethal and sublethal bioassays were also carried out for two reference toxicants: sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and zinc sulphate. Mean (n = 4) acute 96-hour LC50(SE) values for A compressa exposed to Corexit 9527, dispersed crude oil, and water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of crude oil were 3.03 mg/L (0.05), 16.2mg/L (2.8), and 311,000 mg/L (5760), respectively, EC50 (SE) concentrations for P. conicus exposed to Corexit 9527, dispersed crude oil, and WAF of crude oil (30 minutes’ exposure) were 50.2 mg/L (2.10), 65.4 mg/L (1.95), and 190,000 mg/L (5600), respectively. These sublethal EC50’s were reduced to 33.8 mg/L (0.7) for Corexit 9527, 26.3 mg/L (1.3) for dispersed crude oil, and 43,8000 mg/L (1400) for WAF of crude oil following a 24 hour exposure period
© 1997 with permission from APIAcute lethal bioassays using semistatic conditions were conducted to assess the toxicity of crude oil, dispersant, and dispersed oil using the amphipod Allorchestes compressa as a test species. Sublethal bioassays (suppression of burying behavior over 24 hours of exposure) were conducted for these toxicants using the marine sand snail Polinices conicus. Both lethal and sublethal bioassays were also carried out for two reference toxicants: sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and zinc sulphate. Mean (n = 4) acute 96-hour LC50(SE) values for A compressa exposed to Corexit 9527, dispersed crude oil, and water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of crude oil were 3.03 mg/L (0.05), 16.2mg/L (2.8), and 311,000 mg/L (5760), respectively, EC50 (SE) concentrations for P. conicus exposed to Corexit 9527, dispersed crude oil, and WAF of crude oil (30 minutes’ exposure) were 50.2 mg/L (2.10), 65.4 mg/L (1.95), and 190,000 mg/L (5600), respectively. These sublethal EC50’s were reduced to 33.8 mg/L (0.7) for Corexit 9527, 26.3 mg/L (1.3) for dispersed crude oil, and 43,8000 mg/L (1400) for WAF of crude oil following a 24 hour exposure period
Gulec, I.; Leonard, B.; Holdway, D.A. 1997. Oil and dispersed oil toxicity to amphipods and snails, Spill Science and Technology Bulletin. 4 (1): 1-6. ISSN: 1353-2561. doi:10.1016/S1353-2561(97)00003-0.
Abstract
Acute 96-h LC50 values of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil, dispersants (Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527) and dispersed oil combinations were determined in semi-static bioassays with seawater, using the amphipod Allorchestes compressa (Dana). Sub-lethal bioassays (suppression of burying behaviour over 30 min and 24 h exposure) were also conducted for these toxicants, using the marine sand snail Polinices conicus (Lamarck) as the test organism. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and zinc sulphate were used as reference toxicants and identical bioassays were conducted using these compounds. The mean (n = 4) 96 h LC50 (SE) values for WAF of crude oil, Corexit 9527, Corexit 9500, dispersed oil (9527) and dispersed oil (9500) were 311,000 ppm (5760), 3.03 ppm (0.05), 3.48 ppm (0.03), 16.2 ppm (2.8) and 14.8 ppm (0.8), respectively. The mean (n = 4) 30 min EC50 (SE) values were 190,000 ppm (5600), 50.2 ppm (2.1), 58.9 ppm (3.1), 65.4 ppm (1.95) and 56.3 ppm (1.9) for WAF of crude oil, Corexit 9527, Corexit 9500, dispersed oil (9527) and dispersed oil (9500), respectively. These values reduced to 43,800 ppm (1400), 33.8 ppm (0.7), 42.3 ppm (1.1), 26.3 ppm (1.3) and 24.9 ppm (1.4) after 24 h exposure for WAF of crude oil, Corexit 9527, Corexit 9500, dispersed oil (9527) and dispersed oil (9500), respectively. These LC50 and EC50 values indicated that dispersed oil combinations were significantly more toxic to these organisms than WAF of crude oil. Caution should thus be used when deciding to use chemical dispersion as a remedial action for an oil spill in temperate inshore Australian waters
Reprinted from Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, Volume 4, I. Gulec, B. Leonard, D.A. Holdway, Copyright 1997, with permission from ElsevierAcute 96-h LC50 values of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil, dispersants (Corexit 9500 and Corexit 9527) and dispersed oil combinations were determined in semi-static bioassays with seawater, using the amphipod Allorchestes compressa (Dana). Sub-lethal bioassays (suppression of burying behaviour over 30 min and 24 h exposure) were also conducted for these toxicants, using the marine sand snail Polinices conicus (Lamarck) as the test organism. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and zinc sulphate were used as reference toxicants and identical bioassays were conducted using these compounds. The mean (n = 4) 96 h LC50 (SE) values for WAF of crude oil, Corexit 9527, Corexit 9500, dispersed oil (9527) and dispersed oil (9500) were 311,000 ppm (5760), 3.03 ppm (0.05), 3.48 ppm (0.03), 16.2 ppm (2.8) and 14.8 ppm (0.8), respectively. The mean (n = 4) 30 min EC50 (SE) values were 190,000 ppm (5600), 50.2 ppm (2.1), 58.9 ppm (3.1), 65.4 ppm (1.95) and 56.3 ppm (1.9) for WAF of crude oil, Corexit 9527, Corexit 9500, dispersed oil (9527) and dispersed oil (9500), respectively. These values reduced to 43,800 ppm (1400), 33.8 ppm (0.7), 42.3 ppm (1.1), 26.3 ppm (1.3) and 24.9 ppm (1.4) after 24 h exposure for WAF of crude oil, Corexit 9527, Corexit 9500, dispersed oil (9527) and dispersed oil (9500), respectively. These LC50 and EC50 values indicated that dispersed oil combinations were significantly more toxic to these organisms than WAF of crude oil. Caution should thus be used when deciding to use chemical dispersion as a remedial action for an oil spill in temperate inshore Australian waters
Gulec, I.; Holdway, D.A. 2000. Toxicity of crude oil and dispersed crude oil to ghost shrimp Palaemon serenus and larvae of Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata. Environmental Toxicology, 15 (2): 91-98. ISSN: 1520-4081. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-7278(2000)15:2<91::AID-TOX4>3.0.CO;2-3.
Abstract
Using semistatic bioassays, Ghost shrimp Palaemon serenus and larval Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata were used to establish acute 96 h LC50 values of the WAF of crude oil, Corexit 9500 and 9527, and dispersant/oil mixtures in seawater. The nominal mean (n=4) LC50 standard error (SE) values for WAFs of toxicants from shrimp bioassays were 258,000 ppm (13,000) for crude oil, 49.4 ppm (6.4) for Corexit 9527, 83.1 ppm (5.8) for Corexit 9500, 8.1 ppm (0.3) for oil/Corexit 9527, and 3.6 ppm (0.3) for oil/Corexit 9500. The nominal mean (n=4) LC50 SE amounts of WAFs from the fish larval bioassays were 465,000 ppm (16,000) for crude oil, 14.3 ppm (0.9) for Corexit 9527, 19.8 ppm (1.6) for Corexit 9500, 28.5 ppm (1.4) for oil/Corexit 9527, and 14.1 ppm (2.6) for oil/Corexit 9500. Results indicate that the WAF of oil/dispersant mixtures had significantly higher toxicities than the WAF of crude alone. Total petroleum hydrocarbon uptake measured in shrimp showed a correlation to exposure concentrations, and dispersant presence made oil more available for shrimp
Using semistatic bioassays, Ghost shrimp Palaemon serenus and larval Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata were used to establish acute 96 h LC50 values of the WAF of crude oil, Corexit 9500 and 9527, and dispersant/oil mixtures in seawater. The nominal mean (n=4) LC50 standard error (SE) values for WAFs of toxicants from shrimp bioassays were 258,000 ppm (13,000) for crude oil, 49.4 ppm (6.4) for Corexit 9527, 83.1 ppm (5.8) for Corexit 9500, 8.1 ppm (0.3) for oil/Corexit 9527, and 3.6 ppm (0.3) for oil/Corexit 9500. The nominal mean (n=4) LC50 SE amounts of WAFs from the fish larval bioassays were 465,000 ppm (16,000) for crude oil, 14.3 ppm (0.9) for Corexit 9527, 19.8 ppm (1.6) for Corexit 9500, 28.5 ppm (1.4) for oil/Corexit 9527, and 14.1 ppm (2.6) for oil/Corexit 9500. Results indicate that the WAF of oil/dispersant mixtures had significantly higher toxicities than the WAF of crude alone. Total petroleum hydrocarbon uptake measured in shrimp showed a correlation to exposure concentrations, and dispersant presence made oil more available for shrimp
Gulf Universities Research Consortium. 1980. Field Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Corexit 9527 Chemical Dispersant on the Ixtoc 1 Oil Spill, Bay of Campeche, Mexico, Houston, Tx: Gulf Universities Research Consortium. 14 leaves.
Gundlach, E.R.; Hayes, M.O. 1977. The Urquiola oil spill, La Coruña, Spain: case history and discussion of methods of control and clean-up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 8 (6): 132-136. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(77)90152-7.
Abstract
A massive oil spill affected approximately 215 km of coastline as a result of the grounding and subsequent explosion of the supertanker Urquiola at the entrance to the harbour at La Coruna, Spain, on 12 May 1976. A total of 99-100 000 tons of Persian Gulf crude oil was lost, most of which burned, but an estimated 25-30,000 tons washed ashore. Over 2,000 tons of dispersants were applied to the oil at sea. Land-based clean-up and control methods were largely inadequate to combat the spread of oil, and were ineffective at preventing large scale environmental damage
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 8, E.R. Gundlach, M.O. Hayes, Copyright 1977, with permission from Elsevier.A massive oil spill affected approximately 215 km of coastline as a result of the grounding and subsequent explosion of the supertanker Urquiola at the entrance to the harbour at La Coruna, Spain, on 12 May 1976. A total of 99-100 000 tons of Persian Gulf crude oil was lost, most of which burned, but an estimated 25-30,000 tons washed ashore. Over 2,000 tons of dispersants were applied to the oil at sea. Land-based clean-up and control methods were largely inadequate to combat the spread of oil, and were ineffective at preventing large scale environmental damage
Gundlach, E.R. et al. 1978. Some guidelines for oil spill control in coastal environments based on field studies of four oil spills. Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills: A Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 98-118. ISBN: 0465900024.
Abstract
It is essential to understand the factors influencing the distribution, damage, and long-term persistence of oil spills to adequately plan for, and apply appropriate cleanup techniques. Based on the study of two massive spills, and two smaller spills under ice conditions, these factors are 1) wind stress and water currents, 2) beach activity and grain size, 3) tidal stage, 4) wave energy, 5) oil quantity and composition, and 6) ice effects, where applicable. Coastal environments vary significantly in terms of resultant damage from spilled oil. Subsequent cleanup by dispersants or mechanical means should be planned accordingly. Considering the aforementioned factors, as well as initial biological effects, a classification of coastal environments in terms of potential oil spill damage has been developed. In order of increasing vulnerability, these environments are 1) exposed, steeply dipping or cliffed rocky shores; 2) eroding wave-cut platforms; 3) fine-sand beaches; 4) coarse sand beaches; 5) exposed, compacted tidal flats; 6) mixed sand and gravel beaches; 7) gravel beaches; 8) sheltered rocky coasts; 9) sheltered tidal flats; and 10) salt marshes and mangroves. This classification can be used to delineate oil-sensitive environments as part of an overall contingency plan to limit damage during an oil spill
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalIt is essential to understand the factors influencing the distribution, damage, and long-term persistence of oil spills to adequately plan for, and apply appropriate cleanup techniques. Based on the study of two massive spills, and two smaller spills under ice conditions, these factors are 1) wind stress and water currents, 2) beach activity and grain size, 3) tidal stage, 4) wave energy, 5) oil quantity and composition, and 6) ice effects, where applicable. Coastal environments vary significantly in terms of resultant damage from spilled oil. Subsequent cleanup by dispersants or mechanical means should be planned accordingly. Considering the aforementioned factors, as well as initial biological effects, a classification of coastal environments in terms of potential oil spill damage has been developed. In order of increasing vulnerability, these environments are 1) exposed, steeply dipping or cliffed rocky shores; 2) eroding wave-cut platforms; 3) fine-sand beaches; 4) coarse sand beaches; 5) exposed, compacted tidal flats; 6) mixed sand and gravel beaches; 7) gravel beaches; 8) sheltered rocky coasts; 9) sheltered tidal flats; and 10) salt marshes and mangroves. This classification can be used to delineate oil-sensitive environments as part of an overall contingency plan to limit damage during an oil spill
Gunkel, W. 1968. Bacteriological investigations of oil-polluted sediments from the Cornish Coast following the Torrey Canyon disaster. The Biological Effects of Oil Pollution on Littoral Communities: Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Orielton Field Centre, Pembroke, Wales, on 17th, 18th and 19th February 1968. Field Studies, 2(Suppl.), London: Field Studies Council. pp. 151-158.
Gunkel, W. 1974. Toxicity testing at the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, West Germany. Ecological Aspects of Toxicity Testing of Oils and Dispersants, New York: Wiley. pp. 75-85. ISBN: 0470071907.
Abstract
The paper reviews some of the experimental work carried out at the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland. In each of the experiments described, the results demonstrated some of the limitations in using the LD50 method for determining toxicity. These include use of laboratory organisms, use of adults, and the inability to determine the influence of longterm sublethal concentrations on behaviour, survival, reproduction and community structure. Bacterial populations of Serratia marinorubra in freshly sampled seawater were shown to be far more sensitive to 3 different emulsifiers than laboratory cultures of these organisms. Wastewater from a titanium factory was shown to have a detrimental effect at relatively low concentrations on unialgal cultures of the phytoplanktonic organisms Ceratium furca and Prorcoentrum micans. "Red mud", a waste product of aluminium factories had a damaging effect on the food chain of marine fish, and on the juvenile life stages of the herring Clupea harengus. Herring larvae were also shown to be extremely sensitive to very low concentrations of oil emulsions
© CSA, 1975The paper reviews some of the experimental work carried out at the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland. In each of the experiments described, the results demonstrated some of the limitations in using the LD50 method for determining toxicity. These include use of laboratory organisms, use of adults, and the inability to determine the influence of longterm sublethal concentrations on behaviour, survival, reproduction and community structure. Bacterial populations of Serratia marinorubra in freshly sampled seawater were shown to be far more sensitive to 3 different emulsifiers than laboratory cultures of these organisms. Wastewater from a titanium factory was shown to have a detrimental effect at relatively low concentrations on unialgal cultures of the phytoplanktonic organisms Ceratium furca and Prorcoentrum micans. "Red mud", a waste product of aluminium factories had a damaging effect on the food chain of marine fish, and on the juvenile life stages of the herring Clupea harengus. Herring larvae were also shown to be extremely sensitive to very low concentrations of oil emulsions
Gunkel, W.; Gassmann, G. 1980. Oil, oil dispersants and related substances in the marine environment. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 33 (1-4): 164-181. ISSN: 0174-3597. doi:10.1007/BF02414744.
Abstract
Gaps exist in knowledge about sedimentation and transport of weathered oil, natural degradation rates, and the flow of hydrocarbons through the food web. Relatively little is known about the influence of oil and dispersants upon complex ecosystems. The often mentioned suspicion of increased cancer probability in humans due to seafood contaminated by hydrocarbons has not been substantiated; in fact, it seems unlikely that such an effect exists. By far the greatest uncertaintly about potential oil impact concerns possible negative effects of hydrocarbons on chemical communication mechanisms between organisms. Intensive studies of behavior scientists working with concentrations far below the toxic level are needed in fisheries biology, zoology and botany. Most cases of oil contamination known thus far have been limited in space and time; the oil has turned out to be degradable by natural processes. Such oil pollution neither endangers nor considerably impairs the future of mankind. In future research, more than anything else, objective critical evaluation and careful quantification are needed
© CSA, 1983Gaps exist in knowledge about sedimentation and transport of weathered oil, natural degradation rates, and the flow of hydrocarbons through the food web. Relatively little is known about the influence of oil and dispersants upon complex ecosystems. The often mentioned suspicion of increased cancer probability in humans due to seafood contaminated by hydrocarbons has not been substantiated; in fact, it seems unlikely that such an effect exists. By far the greatest uncertaintly about potential oil impact concerns possible negative effects of hydrocarbons on chemical communication mechanisms between organisms. Intensive studies of behavior scientists working with concentrations far below the toxic level are needed in fisheries biology, zoology and botany. Most cases of oil contamination known thus far have been limited in space and time; the oil has turned out to be degradable by natural processes. Such oil pollution neither endangers nor considerably impairs the future of mankind. In future research, more than anything else, objective critical evaluation and careful quantification are needed
Guyomarch, J.; Kerfourn, O.; Merlin, F.X. 1999. Dispersants and demulsifiers: studies in the laboratory, harbor and Polludrome. In Beyond 2000, Balancing Perspectives: Proceedings: 1999 International Oil Spill Conference: March 8-11, 1999, Seattle, Washington, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 195-202. URL
Abstract
When spilled at sea, many oils are known to form emulsions. These emulsions are often of high water content and viscosity, poorly dispersible, hard to recover and to pump, and are likely to remain as a persistent pollutant that may come ashore. To avoid these difficulties, demulsifiers have been used, either to inhibit emulsion formation or to break emulsions that have already been created. CEDRE has studied the efficiency of several demulsifiers on the rate of emulsion formation and on the dispersibility of emulsified oils of different types. This study was conducted in three stages. Firstly, a study of the rate and extent of emulsification was conducted in the laboratory. Secondly, the effect of demulsifiers was studied in floating mesocosms placed in a harbor. The demulsifiers did not succeed in totally preventing emulsion formation, but they inhibited the degree of emulsification of the oils for some time. Thirdly, the dispersibility of weathered oils was studied in laboratory using the IFP and WSL test methods and then in the Polludrome where the effects of different treatment strategies combining demulsifiers and dispersants applications were assessed
© 1999 with permission from APIWhen spilled at sea, many oils are known to form emulsions. These emulsions are often of high water content and viscosity, poorly dispersible, hard to recover and to pump, and are likely to remain as a persistent pollutant that may come ashore. To avoid these difficulties, demulsifiers have been used, either to inhibit emulsion formation or to break emulsions that have already been created. CEDRE has studied the efficiency of several demulsifiers on the rate of emulsion formation and on the dispersibility of emulsified oils of different types. This study was conducted in three stages. Firstly, a study of the rate and extent of emulsification was conducted in the laboratory. Secondly, the effect of demulsifiers was studied in floating mesocosms placed in a harbor. The demulsifiers did not succeed in totally preventing emulsion formation, but they inhibited the degree of emulsification of the oils for some time. Thirdly, the dispersibility of weathered oils was studied in laboratory using the IFP and WSL test methods and then in the Polludrome where the effects of different treatment strategies combining demulsifiers and dispersants applications were assessed
Guyomarch, J.; Merlin, F.X.; Bernanose, P. 1999. Oil interaction with mineral fines and chemical dispersion: behaviour of the dispersed oil in coastal or estuarine conditions. In Proceedings: Twenty-Second Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 2 to 4, 1999, Westin Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 137-149.
Abstract
A two-stage study was carried out to determine to effect of oil-fines interaction on chemically dispersed oil. Results of laboratory investigations were compared with results from Cedre’s testing flume run at different current speeds. Maximum rates of oil trapped in clay were related to dispersant effectiveness. Analysis of oil in the water column found that aggregates settled only at low current speeds. After clay/oil mixtures formed sediment layers, a 15 cm/second current rate was necessary to resuspend the material
A two-stage study was carried out to determine to effect of oil-fines interaction on chemically dispersed oil. Results of laboratory investigations were compared with results from Cedre’s testing flume run at different current speeds. Maximum rates of oil trapped in clay were related to dispersant effectiveness. Analysis of oil in the water column found that aggregates settled only at low current speeds. After clay/oil mixtures formed sediment layers, a 15 cm/second current rate was necessary to resuspend the material
Guyomarch, J.; Merlin, F.X.; Colin, S. 1999. Study of the feasibility of chemical dispersion of viscous oils and water-in-oil emulsions. In Proceedings: Twenty-Second Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 2 to 4, 1999, Westin Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 219-230.
Abstract
A two-step study was performed to investigate the possibility of using modern dispersants on high viscosity oil and water-in-oil emulsions. For this study, the IFP and WSL methods were used, and comparisons of results from both tests were reported. The results of the WSL method found that, depending on dispersant used, 50% efficiency was achieved on oils with viscosities up to 10,000 to 20,000 cs. The IFP results, which employed the Polludrome, reported lower efficiencies on viscous oils, indicating that laboratory methods may tend to overestimate dispersion efficiency
A two-step study was performed to investigate the possibility of using modern dispersants on high viscosity oil and water-in-oil emulsions. For this study, the IFP and WSL methods were used, and comparisons of results from both tests were reported. The results of the WSL method found that, depending on dispersant used, 50% efficiency was achieved on oils with viscosities up to 10,000 to 20,000 cs. The IFP results, which employed the Polludrome, reported lower efficiencies on viscous oils, indicating that laboratory methods may tend to overestimate dispersion efficiency
Guyomarch, J.; Le Floch, S.; Merlin, F.X. 2002. Effect of suspended mineral load, water salinity and oil type on the size of oil-mineral aggregates in the presence of chemical dispersant. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, 8 (1): 95-100. ISSN: 1353-2561. doi:10.1016/S1353-2561(02)00118-4.
Abstract
When spilled in the environment, especially in coastal systems such as estuaries, oil frequently interacts with fine mineral particles to form aggregates. This phenomenon may be enhanced in the case of chemical dispersion and influence the behavior and fate of the pollutant in the environment. Understanding this process will help decide whether chemical dispersion is a good oil clean-up option in a particular environment. This study investigated the formation of oil-mineral aggregates (OMA) when the oil was chemically dispersed, focusing on the size distribution of these structures. Results of laboratory experiments show that aggregate size is correlated to its relative composition in oil and clay, and that for a given concentration of mineral, the average size presents a maximum. Other highlights include the influence of oil type and salinity on the clay concentration corresponding to maximum size. The behavior of a particular oil as OMA depends on the size and buoyancy of its aggregates which will vary with the local of salinity, suspended mineral load and hydrodynamics conditions
Reprinted from Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, Volume 8, J. Guyomarch, S. Le Floch, F.X. Merlin, Copyright 2002, with permission from ElsevierWhen spilled in the environment, especially in coastal systems such as estuaries, oil frequently interacts with fine mineral particles to form aggregates. This phenomenon may be enhanced in the case of chemical dispersion and influence the behavior and fate of the pollutant in the environment. Understanding this process will help decide whether chemical dispersion is a good oil clean-up option in a particular environment. This study investigated the formation of oil-mineral aggregates (OMA) when the oil was chemically dispersed, focusing on the size distribution of these structures. Results of laboratory experiments show that aggregate size is correlated to its relative composition in oil and clay, and that for a given concentration of mineral, the average size presents a maximum. Other highlights include the influence of oil type and salinity on the clay concentration corresponding to maximum size. The behavior of a particular oil as OMA depends on the size and buoyancy of its aggregates which will vary with the local of salinity, suspended mineral load and hydrodynamics conditions
Guyomarch, J.; Mamaca, E.; Champs, M.; Merlin, F.X. 2002. Oil weathering and dispersibility studies: laboratory, flume, mesocosms and field experiments. In Proceedings of the Third Research and Development Forum on High-Density Oil Spill Response, London: International Maritime Organization. pp. 166-177.
Gyllenberg, G.; Lundqvist, G. 1976. Some effects of emlusifiers and oil on two copepod species. Acta Zoologica Fennica, 148 1-24. ISSN: 0001-7299.
Hackett, H.E.; Waite, R.B. 1969. Effects of an oil spill and chemical cleaners on a littoral community in Casco Bay, Maine. State Biologists Association Newsletter, 26 1-3.
Hagström, B.E.; Lönning, S. 1977. The effect of Esso Corexit 9527 on the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 8 (6): 136-138. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(77)90153-9.
Abstract
The water-soluble oil dispersant Esso Corexit 9527 has earlier been found to interfere, even in low concentrations, with fertilization and development. Further studies of the effect on sea urchin spermatozoa demonstrate that Corexit 9527 gives negative biological effects in concentrations down to 0.0003 ppm
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 8, B.E. Hagström, S. Lönning, Copyright 1977, with permission from Elsevier.The water-soluble oil dispersant Esso Corexit 9527 has earlier been found to interfere, even in low concentrations, with fertilization and development. Further studies of the effect on sea urchin spermatozoa demonstrate that Corexit 9527 gives negative biological effects in concentrations down to 0.0003 ppm
Häkkilä, K.; Niemi, A. 1973. Effects of oil and emulsifiers on eggs and larvae of northern pike (Esox lucius) in brackish water. Aqua Fennica, 3 44-59. ISSN: 0356-7133.
Abstract
The effects of Russian crude oil and some emulsifiers on the eggs and larvae of northern pike (Esox lucius) in brackish water (salinity 5.8 ppt were studied experimentally. Neste A (emulsifier), Talestol (surfactant), crude oil dispersed with Neste A, and contact with floating oil increased the mortality of eggs during developments. Dissolved frations of oil had no effect on the mortality rate. All substances increased the occurrence of abnormal larvae. Neste A, Talestol, and dispersed oil were toxic to pike larvae; dissolved fractions, Corexit 8666, and BP 1100 had no acute effects. High temps increased the toxicity of emulsifiers. The resistance of pike larvae varied greatly at different stages of development
© CSA, 1975The effects of Russian crude oil and some emulsifiers on the eggs and larvae of northern pike (Esox lucius) in brackish water (salinity 5.8 ppt were studied experimentally. Neste A (emulsifier), Talestol (surfactant), crude oil dispersed with Neste A, and contact with floating oil increased the mortality of eggs during developments. Dissolved frations of oil had no effect on the mortality rate. All substances increased the occurrence of abnormal larvae. Neste A, Talestol, and dispersed oil were toxic to pike larvae; dissolved fractions, Corexit 8666, and BP 1100 had no acute effects. High temps increased the toxicity of emulsifiers. The resistance of pike larvae varied greatly at different stages of development
Hamoutene, D.; Payne, J.F.; Rahimtula, A.; Lee, K. 2004. Effect of water soluble fractions of diesel and an oil spill dispersant (Corexit
9527) on immune responses in mussels. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 72 (6): 1260-1267. ISSN: 0007-4861. doi:10.1007/s00128-004-0379-z.
Hanzalik, J.E.; Hereth, L.L. 1997. Standard dispersant operations under the incident command system. In Proceedings: 1997 International Oil Spill Conference: Improving Environmental Protection: Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities: April 7-10, 1997, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 655-662. URL
Abstract
Dispersants have now become a viable and preapproved response tool in the Gulf of Mexico; however, there are currently no standard procedures or terminology for an actual dispersant operation under the incident command system. A dispersant model for an actual dispersant operation has been developed by the authors with the assistance of large industry group. This model, which can apply to all types of dispersant operations, describes responsibilities and on-scene coordination of persons involved in a dispersant operation. Specifically, the model clearly identifies the various positions and responsibilities for such an operation. Benefits of the model include better coordination, improved communications, and reduced conflict between industry and government agencies; these benefits result in quicker response times, which are critical to dispersant operations
© 1997 with permission from APIDispersants have now become a viable and preapproved response tool in the Gulf of Mexico; however, there are currently no standard procedures or terminology for an actual dispersant operation under the incident command system. A dispersant model for an actual dispersant operation has been developed by the authors with the assistance of large industry group. This model, which can apply to all types of dispersant operations, describes responsibilities and on-scene coordination of persons involved in a dispersant operation. Specifically, the model clearly identifies the various positions and responsibilities for such an operation. Benefits of the model include better coordination, improved communications, and reduced conflict between industry and government agencies; these benefits result in quicker response times, which are critical to dispersant operations
Hargrave, B.T.; Newcombe, C.P. 1973. Crawling and respiration as indices of sublethal effects of oil and a dispersant on an intertidal snail Littorina littorea. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30 (12 Pt. 1): 1789-1791. ISSN: 0015-296X.
Abstract
Crawling and respiration rates of L. Littorea are increased in the presence of Bunker C oil and decreased with brief exposure to a low toxicity dispersant (Corexit 8666) in sea water at 20 degrees C. The addition of the dispersant to an oil: seawater mixture also decreases both crawling and respiration. Behavioural traits, such as crawling, and physiological indices, such as respiration, may be sensitive measures of sublethal effects of pollutants on organisms
© CSA, 1974Crawling and respiration rates of L. Littorea are increased in the presence of Bunker C oil and decreased with brief exposure to a low toxicity dispersant (Corexit 8666) in sea water at 20 degrees C. The addition of the dispersant to an oil: seawater mixture also decreases both crawling and respiration. Behavioural traits, such as crawling, and physiological indices, such as respiration, may be sensitive measures of sublethal effects of pollutants on organisms
Harris, B.C. et al. 2002. Bioavailability of chemically-dispersed crude oil. In Twenty-Fifth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Nineteenth Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills (TSOCS) and Fourth Biotechnology Solutions for Spills (BIOSS): June 11 to 13, 2002, Westin Calgary Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada: Proceedings, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 895-905. URL
Harris, B.C. et al. 2002. Nutrient effects on the biodegradation rates of chemically-dispersed crude oil. In Twenty-Fifth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Nineteenth Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills (TSOCS) and Fourth Biotechnology Solutions for Spills (BIOSS): June 11 to 13, 2002, Westin Calgary Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada: Proceedings, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 877-893. URL
Abstract
Researchers assessed whether the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus enhanced biodegradation of crude oil chemically dispersed with Corexit® 9500. Nitrogen was found to increase biodegradation of alkanes and PAH, while phosphorus only enhanced the biodegradation of alkanes. Concentrations of dispersed oil did not impact biodegradation rates or the density of degrading microbes. Attenuation factors for N concentrations associated with biodegradation rates were 2.32 mg N L-1 for alkanes and 1.69 mg N L-1 for PAHs. The attenuation factor for alkanes related to biodegradation rates was increased with the addition of phosphorus (1.42 mg N L-1), while no change was noted for PAHs
Researchers assessed whether the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus enhanced biodegradation of crude oil chemically dispersed with Corexit® 9500. Nitrogen was found to increase biodegradation of alkanes and PAH, while phosphorus only enhanced the biodegradation of alkanes. Concentrations of dispersed oil did not impact biodegradation rates or the density of degrading microbes. Attenuation factors for N concentrations associated with biodegradation rates were 2.32 mg N L-1 for alkanes and 1.69 mg N L-1 for PAHs. The attenuation factor for alkanes related to biodegradation rates was increased with the addition of phosphorus (1.42 mg N L-1), while no change was noted for PAHs
Harris, G.W.; Wells, P.G. 1979. A laboratory study on the adhesion of crude oil to beach sand in the presence of a dispersant. Spill Technology Newsletter, 4 (5): 293-298. ISSN: 0381-4459.
Harris, G.W.; Doe, K.G. 1977. Methods Used by Environment Canada in the Testing of Oil Spill Dispersants. Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Protection Service, Environmental Impact Control Directorate. 31p. ISBN: 0662009495.
Harris, G.W.; Doe, K.G. 1977. Toxicity and Effectiveness Ratings for Oil Spill Emulsifier 71. Halifax, N.S: Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Service, Toxicity Evaluation Section. 33p.
Harris, G.W.; Doe, K.G. 1977. Toxicity and Effectiveness Ratings for Oil Spill Emulsifier 72. Halifax, N.S: Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Service, Toxicity Evaluation Section. 33p.
Harris, G.W.; Wells, P.G.; Bobra, A.; Abbott, F. 1986. The comparative toxicology of oil spill dispersants to fish - implications for Canada’s dispersant toxicity guidelines and the protection of marine environmental quality. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. Seminar Sponsored by Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, June 10-12, 1986, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Beauregard Press. pp. 485-495. ISBN: 0662148126.
Harris, G.W.; Wells, P.G. 1980. Laboratory effectiveness testing of oil spill dispersants. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar: June 3-5, 1980, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 305-316.
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Quarterly Issues
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Compilations
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- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.