LIBRARY
MAIN CATALOG (Electronic Resources/LUMCON Library)
Click here to search the Dispersants Bibliography
Click here to search Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development Bibliography
ABOUT THE LIBRARY
The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
The library contains a computer lab and several study spaces available to visiting students, scientists, or groups (such as attendees of a writing retreat).
The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
- 4,600 monographs
- 5,800 bound volumes
- 200 journal titles
- 26 current journal subscriptions
- 850 maps
- 35 atlases
- 3,600 government documents
- 1,500 reprints
In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
HOURS OF OPERATION
- The LUMCON Library is staffed Monday through Friday from 7:00 AM to 3:30 PM. All visitors are welcome during these hours.
- The Library is closed to the public on weekends, state holidays, and when the librarian is not on site. Before visiting the facility, please call 985-851-2875 to ensure the Library will be open.
- All LUMCON staff, summer students, and resident visitors have 24-hour access to the Library. If the doors to the Library are locked, the security guard will open them for you.
CIRCULATION
- Books can be checked out by filling out a card at the circulation desk. The length of time a book can be checked out varies depending on the patron’s status. Books may be renewed by contacting the department, but all items are subject to recall at any time.
- Interlibrary loan service is available for LUMCON faculty, postdocs, lab personnel, and summer students. Although we strive to get items at no charge, the patron may be asked to pay for interlibrary loan charges under certain circumstances.
- Reserve items, reference materials, and journals must remain in the Library. The Library has no photocopier, but copies or scans can be made in the LUMCON main office.
- All materials must be checked out before removal from the Library, without exception.
- Library materials can be placed on reserve for summer classes. A list of items to be placed on reserve should be provided to the librarian as soon as possible.
- When returning material that has been checked out, please drop off items at the circulation counter.
Food is not allowed in the Library under any circumstance. Drinks are only allowed with prior approval by the librarian or the security guard.
INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
The LUMCON Library is available as an internship site for graduate-level students who have completed at least two semesters toward a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science. Applications will be accepted on a continuing basis and internships may be completed during any semester. Prior library experience or an undergraduate degree in science is desirable, but not necessary. Credits will be awarded based on the number of person-hours completed (40 person-hours per credit hour).
The internship will consist of both field experience, encompassing many operations of a special library, and a special project in technical services. The Librarian will give the intern an overview of reference services, technical services, library administration, and budgeting, and will guide the intern through special projects. The LUMCON Library uses SIRSI/Dynix’s Symphony Integrated Library System as well as OCLC for Cataloging/Interlibrary Loan services.
Contact the Librarian for more information or to apply for an internship.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
-
- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
 |
 |
 |
The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
Kaku, V.J.; Boufadel, M.C.; Venosa, A.D.; Weaver, J. 2006. Flow dynamics in eccentrically rotating flasks used for dispersant effectiveness testing. Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 6 (4): 385-406. ISSN: 1567-7419. doi:10.1007/s10652-006-0003-3. URL
Abstract
The evaluation of dispersant effectiveness used for oil spills is commonly done using tests conducted in laboratory flasks. We used a Hot Wire Anemometer (HWA) to characterize mixing dynamics in the Swirling Flask (SF) and the Baffled Flask (BF), the latter is being considered by the EPA to replace the prior to test dispersant effectiveness in the laboratory. Five rotation speeds of the orbital shaker carrying the flasks were considered, Ω = 50, 100, 150, 175 and 200 rpm. The radial and azimuthal water speeds were measured for each Ω. It was found that the flow in the SF is, in general, two-dimensional changing from horizontal at low Ω to axi-symmetric at high Ω. The flow in the BF appeared to be three-dimensional at all rotation speeds. This indicates that the BF is more suitable for representing the (inherently) 3-D flow at sea. In the SF, the speeds and energy dissipation rates ε increased gradually as the rotation speed increased. Those in the BF increased sharply at rotation speeds greater than 150 rpm. At 200 rpm, the Kolmogorov scale (i.e., size of smallest eddies) was about 250 and 50 μm in the SF and BF, respectively. Noting that the observed droplet sizes of dispersed oils range from 50 to 400 μm (hence most of it is less than 250 μm), one concludes that the mixing in the SF (even at 200 rpm) is not representative of the vigorous mixing occurring at sea
© Springer, 2006. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business MediaThe evaluation of dispersant effectiveness used for oil spills is commonly done using tests conducted in laboratory flasks. We used a Hot Wire Anemometer (HWA) to characterize mixing dynamics in the Swirling Flask (SF) and the Baffled Flask (BF), the latter is being considered by the EPA to replace the prior to test dispersant effectiveness in the laboratory. Five rotation speeds of the orbital shaker carrying the flasks were considered, Ω = 50, 100, 150, 175 and 200 rpm. The radial and azimuthal water speeds were measured for each Ω. It was found that the flow in the SF is, in general, two-dimensional changing from horizontal at low Ω to axi-symmetric at high Ω. The flow in the BF appeared to be three-dimensional at all rotation speeds. This indicates that the BF is more suitable for representing the (inherently) 3-D flow at sea. In the SF, the speeds and energy dissipation rates ε increased gradually as the rotation speed increased. Those in the BF increased sharply at rotation speeds greater than 150 rpm. At 200 rpm, the Kolmogorov scale (i.e., size of smallest eddies) was about 250 and 50 μm in the SF and BF, respectively. Noting that the observed droplet sizes of dispersed oils range from 50 to 400 μm (hence most of it is less than 250 μm), one concludes that the mixing in the SF (even at 200 rpm) is not representative of the vigorous mixing occurring at sea
Kang, D.W. 2003. Preparation of poly(oxyethylene) decyl ethers, low toxicity oil dispersant and dispersing efficiency to weathered crude oils. Journal of the Korean Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 14 (5): 592-598. ISSN: 1225-0112. URL
Abstract
Using a shaking flask method, a poly(oxyethylene) decyl ether (PDE) based dispersant was tested for its ability to disperse fresh and weathered crude oils. Tests showed the PDE type dispersant had excellent dispersing efficiency with heavy crude oils and high-viscosity weathered emulsions when dispersant was combined with organic acid, palm oil, sorbita, monooleate, and poly(oxyethylene) sorbitan monolaurate
Using a shaking flask method, a poly(oxyethylene) decyl ether (PDE) based dispersant was tested for its ability to disperse fresh and weathered crude oils. Tests showed the PDE type dispersant had excellent dispersing efficiency with heavy crude oils and high-viscosity weathered emulsions when dispersant was combined with organic acid, palm oil, sorbita, monooleate, and poly(oxyethylene) sorbitan monolaurate
Kaser, R.M.; Gahn, J.; Henry, C. 2001. Blue Master: use of Corexit 9500 to disperse IFO 180 spill. In 2001 International Oil Spill Conference: Global Strategies for Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: March 26-29, 2001, Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 815-819. URL
Abstract
COREXIT®9500 was used to disperse 100 barrels (bbls) of Intermediate Fuel oil (IFO) 180 30 nautical miles south of Galveston, Texas. The dispersant was highly effective in dispersing this heavy fuel oil. Efficacy was based on the fact that only 1.5 barrels of oil washed up on the beach in the form of tarballs a week later. No reports of oiled birds or wildlife related to the incident were received. The pre-authorization limits of the Regional Response Team (RRT) Region VI On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual were outdated; COREXIT®9500 was placed on the National Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule list of approved dispersants after the manual was written. COREXIT®9500 enables dispersal of heavier products than those originally considered by the RRT. The specific gravity of IFO 180 is 0.988 while the OSC Pre Approved Dispersant Use Manual considered 0.953 an upper limit. The dispersant was applied outside the 6-hour time limit because an overflight showed little to no emulsification of the oil because of calm weather conditions. Although current conditions were calm, thunderstorms were expected to develop in the area that would provide the mixing action needed to enhance dispersal. The Unified Command considered this dispersant application a “cautious success”. The small amount of oil that reached the beach and the absence of oiled birds support a statement of success but, because of time limitations, Tier II SMART (Specialized Monitoring of Applied Response Technologies) data were not obtained to substantiate this conclusion. Following this case, RRT Region VI convened a committee to review the Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual, to evaluate whether the pre-approved protocols were still relevant, and to develop changes to Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual if needed for consideration and approval by the RRT. At its January 2000 meeting, RRT Region VI approved several short-term changes to the manual and authorized continued work on several mid- and long-term revisions. These changes not only give the OCS more flexibility in choosing the right dispersant tools, but also give greater requirements to document dispersant operations
© 2001 with permission from APICOREXIT®9500 was used to disperse 100 barrels (bbls) of Intermediate Fuel oil (IFO) 180 30 nautical miles south of Galveston, Texas. The dispersant was highly effective in dispersing this heavy fuel oil. Efficacy was based on the fact that only 1.5 barrels of oil washed up on the beach in the form of tarballs a week later. No reports of oiled birds or wildlife related to the incident were received. The pre-authorization limits of the Regional Response Team (RRT) Region VI On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual were outdated; COREXIT®9500 was placed on the National Contingency Plan (NCP) Product Schedule list of approved dispersants after the manual was written. COREXIT®9500 enables dispersal of heavier products than those originally considered by the RRT. The specific gravity of IFO 180 is 0.988 while the OSC Pre Approved Dispersant Use Manual considered 0.953 an upper limit. The dispersant was applied outside the 6-hour time limit because an overflight showed little to no emulsification of the oil because of calm weather conditions. Although current conditions were calm, thunderstorms were expected to develop in the area that would provide the mixing action needed to enhance dispersal. The Unified Command considered this dispersant application a “cautious success”. The small amount of oil that reached the beach and the absence of oiled birds support a statement of success but, because of time limitations, Tier II SMART (Specialized Monitoring of Applied Response Technologies) data were not obtained to substantiate this conclusion. Following this case, RRT Region VI convened a committee to review the Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual, to evaluate whether the pre-approved protocols were still relevant, and to develop changes to Pre-Approved Dispersant Use Manual if needed for consideration and approval by the RRT. At its January 2000 meeting, RRT Region VI approved several short-term changes to the manual and authorized continued work on several mid- and long-term revisions. These changes not only give the OCS more flexibility in choosing the right dispersant tools, but also give greater requirements to document dispersant operations
Katz, W.B. 1977. Handling flammable product spills without doing environmental damage. Fire Engineering, 130 (8): 36-40. ISSN: 0015-2587.
Katz, W.B. 1989. A new pair of eyes II. Looking at dispersants from a different point of view. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 179-193. ISBN: 0803111940.
Abstract
Those concerned with managing oil spills have been struggling for the past 15 to 20 years to improve the application and effectiveness of dispersants. Progress has been slow and uneven, especially in the United States where the attitude of regulatory agencies has been to downplay the use of dispersants. This paper takes a serious (occasionally irreverent) approach to the problem of dispersing oil, using some different viewpoints than have been used in the past
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalThose concerned with managing oil spills have been struggling for the past 15 to 20 years to improve the application and effectiveness of dispersants. Progress has been slow and uneven, especially in the United States where the attitude of regulatory agencies has been to downplay the use of dispersants. This paper takes a serious (occasionally irreverent) approach to the problem of dispersing oil, using some different viewpoints than have been used in the past
Kaufmann, S. 1978. Chemical control of oil spills and hazards. Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills: A Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 50-65. ISBN: 0465900024.
Abstract
The use of chemical dispersants on hazardous petroleum spills has become standard practice. Fire departments inject small percentages of chemical into the firehose stream to disperse gasoline and other flammable petroleum fractions into the water column to eliminate explosion and fire hazard. There are also economical and practical considerations why this should be done with a variety of accidental oil spills on land or water. Past practices in this field are reviewed and future directions indicated
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalThe use of chemical dispersants on hazardous petroleum spills has become standard practice. Fire departments inject small percentages of chemical into the firehose stream to disperse gasoline and other flammable petroleum fractions into the water column to eliminate explosion and fire hazard. There are also economical and practical considerations why this should be done with a variety of accidental oil spills on land or water. Past practices in this field are reviewed and future directions indicated
Kaufmann, S. 1989. Crisis in response training. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 91-97. ISBN: 0803111940.
Abstract
The need for training of first responders, contractors, government agencies, and insurance companies to use chemical dispersants effectively is demonstrated by the loss of opportunities both to reduce cleanup costs and to gain helpful data in evaluating the advantages of using dispersants. The interest shown in a new method of training in the use of chemical countermeasures emphasizes the need to be prepared to use them on actual spills as they occur
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalThe need for training of first responders, contractors, government agencies, and insurance companies to use chemical dispersants effectively is demonstrated by the loss of opportunities both to reduce cleanup costs and to gain helpful data in evaluating the advantages of using dispersants. The interest shown in a new method of training in the use of chemical countermeasures emphasizes the need to be prepared to use them on actual spills as they occur
Keizer, P.D.; Wells, P.G. 1975. The Effectiveness and Toxicity of the Oil Dispersant, Oilsperse 43, in Large Outdoor Tanks, Dartmouth, N.S: Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Service, Atlantic Region, Surveillance Report. 24p.
Abstract
Use of the dispersant, Oilsperse 43, increased the dispersion of Venezuelan Guanipa crude oil. The resulting mixture was more homogeneous and the oil slick less viscous than in the oil tank. The dispersant appeared to retard formation of the familiar 'crust' on the surface. A weathered crude oil plus dispersant mixture with an oil concentration of 250 {mu}g/l was lethal to > 50% of the test organisms (green sea urchins) within 4 days. No mortalities occurred among urchins exposed to the crude oil treatment. If similarly effective, 'low-toxicity' dispersants are used on this crude oil spilled in an inshore marine area, concentrations of oil and dispersant lethal to the green sea urchin could conceivably be attained
© CSA, 1975Use of the dispersant, Oilsperse 43, increased the dispersion of Venezuelan Guanipa crude oil. The resulting mixture was more homogeneous and the oil slick less viscous than in the oil tank. The dispersant appeared to retard formation of the familiar 'crust' on the surface. A weathered crude oil plus dispersant mixture with an oil concentration of 250 {mu}g/l was lethal to > 50% of the test organisms (green sea urchins) within 4 days. No mortalities occurred among urchins exposed to the crude oil treatment. If similarly effective, 'low-toxicity' dispersants are used on this crude oil spilled in an inshore marine area, concentrations of oil and dispersant lethal to the green sea urchin could conceivably be attained
Kelley, A. 1995. The Effectiveness of Chemical Dispersants on North Slope Crude, Thesis (B.S.), California Polytechnic State University. 30 leaves.
Kerr, D.; Mansfield, W.W.; Pirani, K.C.; Tranter, D.J. 1974. Dispersing oil on the sea. Search, 5 (9): 424-428. ISSN: 0748-5468.
Abstract
In 1971, the Commonwealth Department of Transport in Australia established a committee to assist in preparing to meet the problem of oil spills from ships. The authors were called upon to prepare specifications for, and to assess, materials and equipment capable of removing oil slicks in an acceptable manner, which could be stockpiled and readily transported throughout Australia. Dispersal was chosen as the most universally satisfactory method of controlling oil slicks in this particular case. Tests are described which were carried out to classify various commercial dispersants according to their ability to disperse the oil. Some work has been done to assess the toxicity of various dispersants, and attempts made to find a dispersant combining high efficiency with low toxicity
© CSA, 1975In 1971, the Commonwealth Department of Transport in Australia established a committee to assist in preparing to meet the problem of oil spills from ships. The authors were called upon to prepare specifications for, and to assess, materials and equipment capable of removing oil slicks in an acceptable manner, which could be stockpiled and readily transported throughout Australia. Dispersal was chosen as the most universally satisfactory method of controlling oil slicks in this particular case. Tests are described which were carried out to classify various commercial dispersants according to their ability to disperse the oil. Some work has been done to assess the toxicity of various dispersants, and attempts made to find a dispersant combining high efficiency with low toxicity
Khan, R.A.; Payne, J.F. 2005. Influence of a crude oil dispersant, Corexit 9527, and dispersed oil on capelin (Mallotus villosus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus), and cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 75 (1): 50-56. ISSN: 0007-4861. doi:10.1007/s00128-005-0717-9.
Khelifa, A.; Fingas, M.F.; Hollebone, B.P.; Brown, C.E. 2007. Effects of chemical dispersants on oil: physical properties and dispersion. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar: June 5-7, 2007, Edmonton (Alberta) Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp.105-116.
Kiceniuk, J.W.; Payne, J.F. 1977. An evaluation of death by hypoxia in a marine fish as an indicator of oil depresant toxicity. Proceedings of the 3rd Aquatic Toxicity Workshop Nov. 2-3, 1976, Halifax, N.S: Environmental Protection Service. pp. 119-122.
Abstract
Dispersants were used to investigate a possible correlation between toxicity of a substance and oxygen tension after death by hypoxia. When exposed to concentrations of 2000-2500 ppm, did not impact the oxygen tension at death of Mallotus villosus. There were higher residual oxygen tensions when alkylphenol polyethoxylate type detergents were used, especially at higher concentrations than the bradycardia threshold for M. villosus. Test results indicate that oxygen tension after death by hypoxia is not a reliable sensitive indicator for general use in toxicity studies
Dispersants were used to investigate a possible correlation between toxicity of a substance and oxygen tension after death by hypoxia. When exposed to concentrations of 2000-2500 ppm, did not impact the oxygen tension at death of Mallotus villosus. There were higher residual oxygen tensions when alkylphenol polyethoxylate type detergents were used, especially at higher concentrations than the bradycardia threshold for M. villosus. Test results indicate that oxygen tension after death by hypoxia is not a reliable sensitive indicator for general use in toxicity studies
Kiceniuk, J.W.; Penrose, W.R.; Squires, W.R. 1978. Oil spill dispersants cause bradycardia in a marine fish. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 9 (2): 42-45. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(78)90531-3.
Abstract
The symptoms of detergent poisoning have been observed to be similar to those of asphyxic hypoxia (Marchetti, 1965). If hypoxia is in any way involved in the toxicity of detergents the sublethal physiological effects of the detergents in oil dispersants would be expected to be similar to the effect of hypoxia alone. When subjected to hypoxia fish decrease their heart rate and increase the ventilation volume (Holeton & Randall, 1967; Butler & Taylor, 1975; Randall, 1966). Heart rate in fish is precisely controlled and compensated (Kiceniuk, 1975; Kiceniuk & Jones, in press). This study was undertaken to determine (a) whether heart rate of a marine fish is affected by oil dispersants and if so, (b) what components of oil dispersants are effective in producing the response, and (c) at what relative concentrations?
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 9, J.W. Kiceniuk, W.R. Penrose, W.R. Squires, Copyright 1978, with permission from Elsevier.The symptoms of detergent poisoning have been observed to be similar to those of asphyxic hypoxia (Marchetti, 1965). If hypoxia is in any way involved in the toxicity of detergents the sublethal physiological effects of the detergents in oil dispersants would be expected to be similar to the effect of hypoxia alone. When subjected to hypoxia fish decrease their heart rate and increase the ventilation volume (Holeton & Randall, 1967; Butler & Taylor, 1975; Randall, 1966). Heart rate in fish is precisely controlled and compensated (Kiceniuk, 1975; Kiceniuk & Jones, in press). This study was undertaken to determine (a) whether heart rate of a marine fish is affected by oil dispersants and if so, (b) what components of oil dispersants are effective in producing the response, and (c) at what relative concentrations?
Kiesling, R.W.; Alexander, S.K.; Webb, J.W. 1988. Evaluation of alternative oil spill cleanup techniques in a Spartina alterniflora salt marsh. Environmental Pollution, 55 (3): 221-238. ISSN: 0269-7491. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(88)90153-4.
Abstract
Three oil spill situations which cause long-term impact were simulated in 1 m2 salt marsh plots to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative cleanup techniques at removing oil and reducing damage to Spartina alterniflora. Cleanup techniques, implemented 18-24 h after oiling, were not effective at removing oil after sediment penetration. When oil remained on the sediment surface, flushing techniques were most effective at removal, reducing levels of added oil by 73% to 83%. The addition of dispersant to the flushing stream only slightly enhanced oil removal. Clipping of vegetation followed by sorbent pad application to sediment was moderately effective, reducing added oil by 36% to 44%. In contrast to flushing and clipping, burning increased the amount of oil in sediment by 27% to 72%. Although flushing and clipping were effective at oil removal, neither technique reduced initial damage to plants or enhanced long-term recovery. While flushed plots sustained no additional plant damage due to cleanup, clipped and burned plots sustained additional initial plant damage. Based on these results, first consideration should be given to natural tidal flushing as the means to remove oil, especially in salt marshes subject to ample tidal inundation. Although our results do not support cleanup in salt marshes with ample tidal inundation, low pressure flushing may be warranted when fuel oils or large quantities of crude oil impact salt marshes subject to reduced tidal flushing. Flushing, when warranted, should be initiated prior to oil penetration into the substrate. Clipping may be considered as a cleanup response only when heavy oil cannot be effectively removed from vegetation by flushing. Burning is not recommended because it enhances oil penetration into sediment and causes substantial initial plant damage
Reprinted from Environmental Pollution, Volume 55, R.W. Kiesling, S.K. Alexander, J.W. Webb, Copyright 1988, with permission from ElsevierThree oil spill situations which cause long-term impact were simulated in 1 m2 salt marsh plots to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative cleanup techniques at removing oil and reducing damage to Spartina alterniflora. Cleanup techniques, implemented 18-24 h after oiling, were not effective at removing oil after sediment penetration. When oil remained on the sediment surface, flushing techniques were most effective at removal, reducing levels of added oil by 73% to 83%. The addition of dispersant to the flushing stream only slightly enhanced oil removal. Clipping of vegetation followed by sorbent pad application to sediment was moderately effective, reducing added oil by 36% to 44%. In contrast to flushing and clipping, burning increased the amount of oil in sediment by 27% to 72%. Although flushing and clipping were effective at oil removal, neither technique reduced initial damage to plants or enhanced long-term recovery. While flushed plots sustained no additional plant damage due to cleanup, clipped and burned plots sustained additional initial plant damage. Based on these results, first consideration should be given to natural tidal flushing as the means to remove oil, especially in salt marshes subject to ample tidal inundation. Although our results do not support cleanup in salt marshes with ample tidal inundation, low pressure flushing may be warranted when fuel oils or large quantities of crude oil impact salt marshes subject to reduced tidal flushing. Flushing, when warranted, should be initiated prior to oil penetration into the substrate. Clipping may be considered as a cleanup response only when heavy oil cannot be effectively removed from vegetation by flushing. Burning is not recommended because it enhances oil penetration into sediment and causes substantial initial plant damage
Kim, J.Y.; Song, M.G.; Kim, T.S.; Kim, J.D. 1999. Effectiveness of a new water-based oil spill dispersant comprised of an alkyl polyglycoside. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 2 (4): 539-544. ISSN: 1097-3958.
Abstract
Alkyl polyglycoside (AP) used in a water-based oil dispersant system showed maximal performance at typical concentrations. Premixtures of AP aqueous solutions and fuel oil contributed to higher performance, and therefore its physicochemical characteristics, such as rheology and conductivity, were studied and compared with effectiveness. When an AP containing an lectrolyte (NaCl) is used, effectiveness and stability improve further
© Springer, 1991. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business MediaAlkyl polyglycoside (AP) used in a water-based oil dispersant system showed maximal performance at typical concentrations. Premixtures of AP aqueous solutions and fuel oil contributed to higher performance, and therefore its physicochemical characteristics, such as rheology and conductivity, were studied and compared with effectiveness. When an AP containing an lectrolyte (NaCl) is used, effectiveness and stability improve further
Kim, S.J.; Choi, D.H.; Sim, D.S.; Oh, Y.S. 2005. Evaluation of bioremediation effectiveness on crude oil-contaminated sand. Chemosphere, 59 (6): 845-852. ISSN: 0045-6535. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.10.058.
Abstract
A treatability study was conducted using sea sand spiked with 3% or 6% (w/w) of Arabian light crude oil to determine the most effective bioremediation strategies for different levels of contamination. The sea sand used in the study was composed of gravel (0.1%), sand (89.0%), and silt and clay (10.9%). The water content of the sea sand was adjusted to 12.6% (w/w) for the study. Different combinations of the following treatments were applied to the sand in biometer flasks: the concentration of oil (3% or 6%), the concentration of a mixture of three oil-degrading microorganisms (Corynebacterium sp. IC-10, Sphingomonas sp. KH3-2 and Yarrowia sp. 180, 1 × 106 or 1 × 108 cells g-1 sand), the concentration of the surfactant Tween 80 (1 or 10 times the critical micelle concentration), and the addition of SRIF in a C:N:P ratio of 100:10:3. Three biometer flasks per combination of experimental conditions were incubated, and the performance of each treatment was examined by monitoring CO2 evolution, microbial activity, and oil degradation rate. The results suggest that the addition of inorganic nutrients accelerated the rate of CO2 evolution by a factor of 10. The application of oil-degrading microorganisms in a concentration greater than that of the indigenous population clearly increased biodegradation efficiency. The application of surfactant slightly enhanced the oil degradation rate in the contaminated sand treated with the higher concentration of oil-degrading microorganisms. The initial CO2 evolution rate was shown to efficiently evaluate the treatability test by providing significant data within a short period, which is critical for the rapid determination of the appropriate bioremediation approach. The measurements of microbial activity and crude oil degradation also confirmed the validity of the CO2 evolution rate as an appropriate criterion
Reprinted from Chemosphere, Volume 59, S.J. Kim, D.H. Choi, D.S. Sim, Y.S Oh, Copyright 2006, with permission from ElsevierA treatability study was conducted using sea sand spiked with 3% or 6% (w/w) of Arabian light crude oil to determine the most effective bioremediation strategies for different levels of contamination. The sea sand used in the study was composed of gravel (0.1%), sand (89.0%), and silt and clay (10.9%). The water content of the sea sand was adjusted to 12.6% (w/w) for the study. Different combinations of the following treatments were applied to the sand in biometer flasks: the concentration of oil (3% or 6%), the concentration of a mixture of three oil-degrading microorganisms (Corynebacterium sp. IC-10, Sphingomonas sp. KH3-2 and Yarrowia sp. 180, 1 × 106 or 1 × 108 cells g-1 sand), the concentration of the surfactant Tween 80 (1 or 10 times the critical micelle concentration), and the addition of SRIF in a C:N:P ratio of 100:10:3. Three biometer flasks per combination of experimental conditions were incubated, and the performance of each treatment was examined by monitoring CO2 evolution, microbial activity, and oil degradation rate. The results suggest that the addition of inorganic nutrients accelerated the rate of CO2 evolution by a factor of 10. The application of oil-degrading microorganisms in a concentration greater than that of the indigenous population clearly increased biodegradation efficiency. The application of surfactant slightly enhanced the oil degradation rate in the contaminated sand treated with the higher concentration of oil-degrading microorganisms. The initial CO2 evolution rate was shown to efficiently evaluate the treatability test by providing significant data within a short period, which is critical for the rapid determination of the appropriate bioremediation approach. The measurements of microbial activity and crude oil degradation also confirmed the validity of the CO2 evolution rate as an appropriate criterion
Kirby, M.F.; Matthiessen, P.; Rycroft, R.J. 1996. Procedures for the Approval of Oil Spill Treatment Products, Lowestoft, U.K: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Directorate of Fisheries Research. 19p. URL
Klerks, P.L.; Nyman, J.A.; Bhattacharyya, S. 2004. Relationship between hydrocarbon measurements and toxicity to a chironomid, fish larva and daphnid for oils and oil spill chemical treatments in laboratory freshwater marsh microcosms. Environmental Pollution, 129 (3): 345-353. ISSN: 0269-7491. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2003.12.001.
Abstract
This research investigated the extent to which various common hydrocarbon measures can be used to predict toxicity to freshwater aquatic organisms due to fouling by oil. Actual toxicity results, on laboratory freshwater marsh microcosms using two water-column species and a benthic species, were described earlier. The hydrocarbon measures used were TPHg, TPHFID, TPHMS, TTAH (sum of 41 target aromatic hydrocarbons), principal components of 41 TAHs, and each individual TAH. In general, toxicity was more closely related to TPHMS levels than to TPHFID and (especially) TPHg levels. The strongest relationships were found for TTAH levels and for the principal components of the TAHs. Regressions of toxicity on many individual TAHs were also strong, with a single group of compounds explaining as much as 59% of the variation in survival. While the various regressions were highly significant statistically and at times able to accurately predict broad differences in toxicity, the high variation in survival at a specific hydrocarbon concentration indicates that these hydrocarbon measures cannot substitute for actual toxicity determinations in accurately ranking the toxicity of samples from oiled freshwater marshes
Reprinted from Environmental Pollution, Volume 129, P.L. Klerks, J.A. Nyman, S. Bhattacharyya, Copyright 2004, with permission from ElsevierThis research investigated the extent to which various common hydrocarbon measures can be used to predict toxicity to freshwater aquatic organisms due to fouling by oil. Actual toxicity results, on laboratory freshwater marsh microcosms using two water-column species and a benthic species, were described earlier. The hydrocarbon measures used were TPHg, TPHFID, TPHMS, TTAH (sum of 41 target aromatic hydrocarbons), principal components of 41 TAHs, and each individual TAH. In general, toxicity was more closely related to TPHMS levels than to TPHFID and (especially) TPHg levels. The strongest relationships were found for TTAH levels and for the principal components of the TAHs. Regressions of toxicity on many individual TAHs were also strong, with a single group of compounds explaining as much as 59% of the variation in survival. While the various regressions were highly significant statistically and at times able to accurately predict broad differences in toxicity, the high variation in survival at a specific hydrocarbon concentration indicates that these hydrocarbon measures cannot substitute for actual toxicity determinations in accurately ranking the toxicity of samples from oiled freshwater marshes
Klokk, T. 1986. Effects of oil and clean-up methods on shoreline vegetation. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. Seminar Sponsored by Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, June 10-12, 1986, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Beauregard Press. pp. 113-118. ISBN: 0662148126.
Klokk, T. 1986. Effects of Oil and Dispersant on the Germination and Growth of Festuca rubra and Trifolium repens, Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian Institute of Technology, Applied Chemistry Division. 13p.
Knap A.H. et al. 1983. The effects of oil spills and dispersant use on corals. A review and multidisciplinary experimental approach. Oil and Petrochemical Pollution, 1 (3): 157-169. ISSN: 0143-7127. doi:10.1016/S0143-7127(83)90134-5.
Abstract
In order for long-term effects of oil, dispersants, and oil/dispersant mixtures on coral histology and growth to be known, the authors describe a multi-step experimental design involving 1) a flow-through laboratory system, 2) comparative laboratory and field experiments, 3) real-time measurements of pollutant and coral tissue, 4) and non-destructive bioassays allowing repeated data collection from the same specimens
In order for long-term effects of oil, dispersants, and oil/dispersant mixtures on coral histology and growth to be known, the authors describe a multi-step experimental design involving 1) a flow-through laboratory system, 2) comparative laboratory and field experiments, 3) real-time measurements of pollutant and coral tissue, 4) and non-destructive bioassays allowing repeated data collection from the same specimens
Knap, A.H. 1987. Effects of chemically dispersed oil on the brain coral, Diploria strigosa. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 18 (3): 119-122. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(87)90131-7.
Abstract
The frequency of oil spills in tropical seas may threaten coral reef survival and some of the past research has indicated that oil alone as well as oil dispersed with chemical dispersants is toxic to corals. These experiments were probably realistic of intertidal reef zones and sheltered shallow reef areas. However, few experiments have incorporated analytical chemistry necessary to relate reported biological effects to actual oil spill concentrations and exposure times. This paper outlines some new results with emphasis on a 3 year programme carried out in Bermuda using a flow-through laboratory dosing system, comparative laboratory and field experiments, real time measurements of oil concentrations, and non-destructive bioassays to allow repetitive data collection from the same specimens. Suggestions for future research programmes are given in light of these results. In addition to research on the effects of oil and chemically dispersed oil on other coral species and associated organisms in the coral reef, the relative sensitivity of the various ecosystems comprising the tropical coastal zone (mangroves, seagrasses and reef) must also be addressed. It is hoped that such advances will ensure that overall oil spill clean-up decisions will give due consideration to the individual physical and biological characteristics of each of these tropical environments
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 18, A.H. Knap, Copyright 1987, with permission from ElsevierThe frequency of oil spills in tropical seas may threaten coral reef survival and some of the past research has indicated that oil alone as well as oil dispersed with chemical dispersants is toxic to corals. These experiments were probably realistic of intertidal reef zones and sheltered shallow reef areas. However, few experiments have incorporated analytical chemistry necessary to relate reported biological effects to actual oil spill concentrations and exposure times. This paper outlines some new results with emphasis on a 3 year programme carried out in Bermuda using a flow-through laboratory dosing system, comparative laboratory and field experiments, real time measurements of oil concentrations, and non-destructive bioassays to allow repetitive data collection from the same specimens. Suggestions for future research programmes are given in light of these results. In addition to research on the effects of oil and chemically dispersed oil on other coral species and associated organisms in the coral reef, the relative sensitivity of the various ecosystems comprising the tropical coastal zone (mangroves, seagrasses and reef) must also be addressed. It is hoped that such advances will ensure that overall oil spill clean-up decisions will give due consideration to the individual physical and biological characteristics of each of these tropical environments
Knap, A.H.; Dodge, R.E.; Baca, B.A.; Sleeter, T.D.; Snedaker, S. 1995. The effects of oil and oil dispersants on tropical ecosystems. In International Conference on Marine Pollution and Ecotoxicology. January 22-25, 1995, Hong Kong, Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong. pp. 53.
Knap, A.H. et al. 1985. Effects of chemically and physically dispersed oil on the brain coral Diploria strigosa (Dana) - a summary review. In Proceedings: 1985 Oil Spill Conference, (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 25-28, 1985, Los Angeles, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 547-551.
Abstract
The Coroil project in Bermuda has been an intensive, multidisciplinary study of the effects of physically and chemically dispersed Arabian light crude oil on the main reef-building coral in Bermuda, Diploria strigosa. This paper reviews the results of this three year study. Corals were exposed to dispersed oil in a flow system, using spectrofluorimetry and gas chromatography to characterize and quantify the dose. Appropriate controls were included in all experiments. The studies included effects of dispersed oil on survival and behavior, the uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons, photosynthesis by symbiotic zooxanthellae, and skeletal growth. In behavioral and growth studies, corals were dosed in the laboratory or in the field. Laboratory-dosed colonies were returned to the field to determine long-term effects. Exposure to 20 ppm of chemically dispersed oil for 24 hours induced various behavioral reactions, including tentacle retraction, tissue contraction and mesenterial filament extrusion. However, effects were typically sublethal, and recovery was usually evident within four days. These symptoms were not significant in long-term transplants. Using the alizarin red staining technique, no long-term effects on skeletal growth could be detected following any of our treatments. Depuration studies using (9-14C)-phenanthrene and gas chromatographic analysis showed that the uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons by the tissue of Diploria was rapid, but 75 percent of the hydrocarbon dose was eliminated within 14 days. Photosynthesis studies showed a short-term inhibition of photosynthesis only by chemically dispersed oil, with lipid synthesis being most severely affected. Total recovery occurred within 24 hours of exposure
© 1985 with permission from APIThe Coroil project in Bermuda has been an intensive, multidisciplinary study of the effects of physically and chemically dispersed Arabian light crude oil on the main reef-building coral in Bermuda, Diploria strigosa. This paper reviews the results of this three year study. Corals were exposed to dispersed oil in a flow system, using spectrofluorimetry and gas chromatography to characterize and quantify the dose. Appropriate controls were included in all experiments. The studies included effects of dispersed oil on survival and behavior, the uptake and depuration of petroleum hydrocarbons, photosynthesis by symbiotic zooxanthellae, and skeletal growth. In behavioral and growth studies, corals were dosed in the laboratory or in the field. Laboratory-dosed colonies were returned to the field to determine long-term effects. Exposure to 20 ppm of chemically dispersed oil for 24 hours induced various behavioral reactions, including tentacle retraction, tissue contraction and mesenterial filament extrusion. However, effects were typically sublethal, and recovery was usually evident within four days. These symptoms were not significant in long-term transplants. Using the alizarin red staining technique, no long-term effects on skeletal growth could be detected following any of our treatments. Depuration studies using (9-14C)-phenanthrene and gas chromatographic analysis showed that the uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons by the tissue of Diploria was rapid, but 75 percent of the hydrocarbon dose was eliminated within 14 days. Photosynthesis studies showed a short-term inhibition of photosynthesis only by chemically dispersed oil, with lipid synthesis being most severely affected. Total recovery occurred within 24 hours of exposure
Knudsen, O.Ø.; Brandvik, P.J. 1997. Optimisation of Oil Spill Dispersant for Arctic Conditions – Low Temperature and Varying Salinity, Trondheim, Norway: SINTEF. 38p.
Knudsen, O.Ø.; Brandvik, P.J.; Lewis, A. 1994. Treating oil spills with W/O emulsion inhibitors: a laboratory study of surfactant leaching from the oil to the water phase. In Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 8-10, 1994, Coast Plaza Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Ottawa, Ont: Technology Development Branch. pp. 1023-1034.
Knudsen, O.Ø.; Hokstad, J.N.; Brandvik, P.J. 1997. Leaching of Surfactants Used in Oil Spill Chemicals From the Oil to the Water Phase, Trondheim, Norway: SINTEF. 16p. ISBN: 825959128-6.
Knudsen, O.Ø.; Brandvik, P.J. 1997. Procedures for Analysis of Oil Spill Chemicals, Trondheim, Norway: SINTEF. 56p.
Kobayashi, N. 1981. Comparative toxicity of various chemicals, oil extracts and oil dispersant extracts to Canadian and Japanese sea urchin eggs. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 26 (1-3): 123-133. ISSN: 0037-2870.
Kondo, G. 1972. About the propriety of dispersing method for spilled oil. In The 2nd International Ocean Development Conference: Preprints: October 5-7, 1972, Keidanren Kaikan, Tokyo, Tokyo: Secretariat, International Ocean Development Conference and Exhibition. pp. 99-117.
Kondo, G.; Murakami, Y.; Honda, S. 1970. Development of highly-effective and low-toxic oil-dispersers. Osaka Industrial Technical Institute Quarterly, 21 129-133.
Koons, C.B.; Gould, H.R. 1984. Worldwide Status of Research on Fate and Effect of Oil in the Marine Environment - 1982, Houston, Tx: Exxon Production Research Company. 117p.
Koops, W. 1988. A discussion of limitations on dispersant application. Oil and Chemical Pollution, 4 (2): 139-153. ISSN: 0269-8579. doi:10.1016/S0269-8579(88)80017-0.
Abstract
Dispersants have been used with mixed success since the Torrey Canyon incidence in 1967. Although in recent years the use of mechanical recovery methods has been increasing, dispersants still continue to be the main method of pollution control in many countries. This paper presents a discussion on the limitations of dispersants and provides criteria for determining whether the dispersant approach will provide an acceptable means of treating a particular spill. It concludes that, non-spreading high viscosity oils, water-in-oil emulsions and oil slicks in the final phases of spreading, i.e. very thin slicks, are effectively non treatable with dispersants. It also suggests that as an alternative to dispersant treatment for dispersable oils, consideration should be given to increasing natural dispersion rates by agitation from the passage of boats through the slicks
Reprinted from Oil and Chemical Pollution, Volume 4, W. Koops, Copyright 1988, with permission from ElsevierDispersants have been used with mixed success since the Torrey Canyon incidence in 1967. Although in recent years the use of mechanical recovery methods has been increasing, dispersants still continue to be the main method of pollution control in many countries. This paper presents a discussion on the limitations of dispersants and provides criteria for determining whether the dispersant approach will provide an acceptable means of treating a particular spill. It concludes that, non-spreading high viscosity oils, water-in-oil emulsions and oil slicks in the final phases of spreading, i.e. very thin slicks, are effectively non treatable with dispersants. It also suggests that as an alternative to dispersant treatment for dispersable oils, consideration should be given to increasing natural dispersion rates by agitation from the passage of boats through the slicks
Koops, W.; Jak, R.G.; van der Veen, D.P.C. 2004. Use of dispersants in oil spill response to minimize environmental damage to birds and aquatic organisms. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2004 Conference, Trondheim, Norway (CD-ROM), Horten, Norway: Norwegian Oil Spill Control Association (NOSCA). 21p..
Koops, W.; de Vos, R.; van der Veen, D.P.C. 2004. Most optimum response option based on a NEEBA approach. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2004 Conference, Trondheim, Norway (CD-ROM), Horten, Norway: Norwegian Oil Spill Control Association (NOSCA). 17p..
Koops, W.; Tamis, J.E.; Jongbloed, R.H. 2004. Chemicals in combating oil spills. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2004 Conference, Trondheim, Norway (CD-ROM), Horten, Norway: Norwegian Oil Spill Control Association (NOSCA). 21p..
Kopperdahl, F.; Hazel, C.; Morgan, N. 1975. Oil Spills in California and Effects of Cleanup Agents. Sacramento, Ca: California State Water Resource Control Board. 106p..
Abstract
The objective of this study was to provide technical data that could be used to evaluate the extent of oil spillage and use of oil spill cleanup agents in California; the relationship between the accumulation of petroleum residues in fish and the use of dispersant-type oil spill cleanup agents; and the time required for weathering and biological removal of oil residues on exposed surfaces at intertidal depths. Tainting of fish flesh by petroleum products was investigated by organoleptic and gas chromatography methods. Experiments on the weathering of oils and recolonization of plant and animal life on oil-coated surfaces were designed to determine feasible methods to evaluate the time required for oil-polluted shores to cleanse themselves by natural process
The objective of this study was to provide technical data that could be used to evaluate the extent of oil spillage and use of oil spill cleanup agents in California; the relationship between the accumulation of petroleum residues in fish and the use of dispersant-type oil spill cleanup agents; and the time required for weathering and biological removal of oil residues on exposed surfaces at intertidal depths. Tainting of fish flesh by petroleum products was investigated by organoleptic and gas chromatography methods. Experiments on the weathering of oils and recolonization of plant and animal life on oil-coated surfaces were designed to determine feasible methods to evaluate the time required for oil-polluted shores to cleanse themselves by natural process
Kornberg, H. 1981. Oil Pollution of the Sea, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. 307p. ISBN: 0101835809.
Koroleva, A.M. 1977. The change in zooplankton number under the influence of oil contaminates and dispersants. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriia 16 Biologiia, 1 30-33. ISSN: 0137-0952.
Abstract
Zooplankton were used to examine the effects of various concentrations of diesel fuel and motor oil either alone or mixed with dispersants Diproxamine 157 and Corexit 7664. Results indicate that toxicity levels of the oil products were not decreased when mixed with dispersants
Zooplankton were used to examine the effects of various concentrations of diesel fuel and motor oil either alone or mixed with dispersants Diproxamine 157 and Corexit 7664. Results indicate that toxicity levels of the oil products were not decreased when mixed with dispersants
Kortelainen, I.; Rousku, T. 1991. Toxicity of oil spill dispersants to a harpacticoid copepod Nitorka spinipes Boeck in brackish water. Revue Internationale d'Océanographie Médicale, 101-104 47-52. ISSN: 0035-3493.
Koyama, J.; Kakuno, A. 2004. Toxicity of heavy fuel oil, dispersant, and oil-dispersant mixtures to a marine fish, Pagrus major. Fisheries Science, 70 (4): 587-594. ISSN: 0919-9268. doi:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2004.00845.x.
Abstract
Red Sea bream (Pagrus major) were used in experiments investigating the toxicity of heavy fuel oil and three dispersants, as well as a combination of the oil and the least toxic of the three dispersants. 24 h LC50 values for the dispersants were at least 1500 mg/L. the mean lethal concentration of the WAF of the oil was 325 µg/L. oil/dispersant mixtures were more toxic than either oil or dispersant alone. Toxicity decreased with increased amounts of dispersants in the tests. A 1:5 dispersant/oil ratio resulted in higher mortality than higher combinations of dispersant to oil
Red Sea bream (Pagrus major) were used in experiments investigating the toxicity of heavy fuel oil and three dispersants, as well as a combination of the oil and the least toxic of the three dispersants. 24 h LC50 values for the dispersants were at least 1500 mg/L. the mean lethal concentration of the WAF of the oil was 325 µg/L. oil/dispersant mixtures were more toxic than either oil or dispersant alone. Toxicity decreased with increased amounts of dispersants in the tests. A 1:5 dispersant/oil ratio resulted in higher mortality than higher combinations of dispersant to oil
Kraly, J. et al. 2001. Ecological risk assessment principles applied to oil spill response planning. In 2001 International Oil Spill Conference: Global Strategies for Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: March 26-29, 2001, Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 177-183. URL
Abstract
This paper summarizes the process of a cooperative ecological risk assessment (ERA) that was used to examine the potential environmental consequences of oil spill scenarios in San Francisco Bay, California; Galveston Bay, Texas; and Puget Sound, Washington. The purpose of the ERA process is to evaluate the ecological trade-offs associated with the use of each of five potential oil spill removal options--natural recovery, on-water mechanical recovery, shoreline cleanup, dispersant use, and on-water in situ burning. The desired outcome of the evaluation is identification of the optimum mix of response options in reducing injury to each specific environment. Evaluations at each location were accomplished through a series of facilitated workshops involving technical experts and resource managers from as many stakeholder organizations as possible. At these workshops, the participants developed relative ecological risk evaluations for response options. At the conclusion of each ERA, the workshop participants felt that the cooperative ERA process had the potential to become an integral part of the area contingency planning process by facilitating the assessment of the effectiveness of response strategies contained in an Area Contingency Plan (ACP). Repeated application of the process for various scenarios should enable an area committee to optimize response strategies over time by maximizing net environmental benefit. This paper describes the process used by the participants and presents a simplified version of the ERA process amenable to shorter timeframes and consequently more scenarios
© 2001 with permission from APIThis paper summarizes the process of a cooperative ecological risk assessment (ERA) that was used to examine the potential environmental consequences of oil spill scenarios in San Francisco Bay, California; Galveston Bay, Texas; and Puget Sound, Washington. The purpose of the ERA process is to evaluate the ecological trade-offs associated with the use of each of five potential oil spill removal options--natural recovery, on-water mechanical recovery, shoreline cleanup, dispersant use, and on-water in situ burning. The desired outcome of the evaluation is identification of the optimum mix of response options in reducing injury to each specific environment. Evaluations at each location were accomplished through a series of facilitated workshops involving technical experts and resource managers from as many stakeholder organizations as possible. At these workshops, the participants developed relative ecological risk evaluations for response options. At the conclusion of each ERA, the workshop participants felt that the cooperative ERA process had the potential to become an integral part of the area contingency planning process by facilitating the assessment of the effectiveness of response strategies contained in an Area Contingency Plan (ACP). Repeated application of the process for various scenarios should enable an area committee to optimize response strategies over time by maximizing net environmental benefit. This paper describes the process used by the participants and presents a simplified version of the ERA process amenable to shorter timeframes and consequently more scenarios
Krumbein, W.E.; Frank, P.; Jens, K. 1984. Experimental investigations about effects of crude oil and dispersed crude oil in tidal flat environments. III. Development of benthic microflora. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 16 (1-6): 31-56. ISSN: 0080-889X.
Kucklick, J.H. 1994. Proceedings of the First Meeting of the Chemical Response to Oil Spills, Ecological Effects Research Forum: Santa Cruz, CA, August 9-10, 1994, Washington, D.C: Marine Spill Response Corporation. 83p.
Kucklick, J.H. 1995. Proceedings of the Second Meeting of the Chemical Response to Oil Spills, Ecological Effects Research Forum: Baton Rouge, LA, March 21 -22, 1995, Washington, D.C: Marine Spill Response Corporation. 30p.
Kucklick, J.H.; Aurand, D. 1995. An Analysis of Historical Opportunities for Dispersant and In-situ Burning Use in the Coastal Waters of the United States, Except Alaska, Washington, D.C: Marine Spill Response Corporation. 82p.
Kucklick, J.H.; Walker, A.H. 1995. Laboratory aquatic toxicity testing of chemical treating agents. In The Use of Chemical Countermeasure Product Data for Oil Spill Planning and Response: Workshop Proceedings, April 4-6, 1995, Xerox Document University and Conference Center, Leesburg, VA, Alexandria, Va: Scientific and Environmental Associates. Volume 2. pp. 3-20.
Kucklick, J.H.; Walker, A.H. 1995. Laboratory effectiveness testing of chemical treating agents. In The Use of Chemical Countermeasure Product Data for Oil Spill Planning and Response: Workshop Proceedings, April 4-6, 1995, Xerox Document University and Conference Center, Leesburg, VA, Alexandria, Va: Scientific and Environmental Associates. Volume 2. pp. 59-72.
Kucklick, J.H.; Walker, A.H.; Pond, R. 1996. Workshop Summary: A Workshop Using a Risk-based Approach to Consider Dispersant Use in the Upper 10 Meters of the Water Column, Alexandria, Va: Scientific and Environmental Associates, Inc. 41p.
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
|
Quarterly Issues
|
Compilations
|
- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.