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ABOUT THE LIBRARY
The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
The library contains a computer lab and several study spaces available to visiting students, scientists, or groups (such as attendees of a writing retreat).
The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
- 4,600 monographs
- 5,800 bound volumes
- 200 journal titles
- 26 current journal subscriptions
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- 35 atlases
- 3,600 government documents
- 1,500 reprints
In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
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The LUMCON Library is available as an internship site for graduate-level students who have completed at least two semesters toward a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science. Applications will be accepted on a continuing basis and internships may be completed during any semester. Prior library experience or an undergraduate degree in science is desirable, but not necessary. Credits will be awarded based on the number of person-hours completed (40 person-hours per credit hour).
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Contact the Librarian for more information or to apply for an internship.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
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- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
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The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
Lindén, O.; Rosemarin, A.; Lindskog, A.; Höglund, C.; Johansson, S. 1987. Effects of oil and oil dispersant on an enclosed marine ecosystem. Environmental Science and Technology, 21 (4): 374-382. ISSN: 0013-936X. doi:10.1021/es00158a007.
Abstract
The effects of a North Sea oil with and without the addition of an oil spill dispersant were studied in a model of the littoral ecosystem of the Baltic Sea. Measured ecosystem parameters included abundance of heterotrophic bacteria, periphyton and phytoplankton photosynthesis, growth of bladderwrack, zooplankton abundance and diversity, physiological responses of certain crustaceans and molluscs, and growth of blue mussels. In addition, net photosynthesis and respiration of the ecosystem were studied. Concentrations of oil in water and blue mussels were monitored. The results of the experiments showed that almost all the measured parameters were affected, although several of the results indicated a stronger response to oil alone than to oil plus dispersant. On the basis of the results of this experiment, it may be concluded that the use of oil dispersants on diverse shallow water communities may produce greater acute effects than if a dispersant is not used. The long-term effects, however, may prove to be less severe than the dispersion of oil by natural processes
Reproduced with permission from Environmental Science and Technology, Volume 21, O. Lindén, A. Rosemarin, A. Lindskog, C. Höglund, Johansson, S. Copyright 1987 American Chemical SocietyThe effects of a North Sea oil with and without the addition of an oil spill dispersant were studied in a model of the littoral ecosystem of the Baltic Sea. Measured ecosystem parameters included abundance of heterotrophic bacteria, periphyton and phytoplankton photosynthesis, growth of bladderwrack, zooplankton abundance and diversity, physiological responses of certain crustaceans and molluscs, and growth of blue mussels. In addition, net photosynthesis and respiration of the ecosystem were studied. Concentrations of oil in water and blue mussels were monitored. The results of the experiments showed that almost all the measured parameters were affected, although several of the results indicated a stronger response to oil alone than to oil plus dispersant. On the basis of the results of this experiment, it may be concluded that the use of oil dispersants on diverse shallow water communities may produce greater acute effects than if a dispersant is not used. The long-term effects, however, may prove to be less severe than the dispersion of oil by natural processes
Lindén, O. 1977. Effects of Oils and Dispersants on the Early Development of Baltic Herring and Some Invertebrates from the Baltic Sea, Thesis (Ph.D.), Stockholm University. (no page information available).
Lindgren, C.; Lager, H.; Fejes, J. 2001. Oil Spill Dispersants: Risk Assessment for Swedish Waters, Stockholm: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute. 22p..
Lindstadt-Siva, J.; Albers, P.H.; Fucik, K.W.; Maynard, N.G. 1984. Ecological considerations for the use of dispersants in oil spill response. Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants: Research, Experience and Recommendations. A Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, West Palm Beach, Florida, October 12-13, 1982, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 363-377. ISBN: 0803104006.
Abstract
A multidisciplinary task force with membership from government agencies, academia, and industry is developing ecologically based guidelines for dispersant use in marine and estuarine environments. The guidelines are organized by habitat type (e.g., coral reefs, rocky shores, bird habitats) and consider dispersant use to protect the habitats from impact, to mitigate impacts, and to clean the habitats after a spill. Each guideline contains a description of the habitat type covered, recommendations for dispersant use, and a background section reviewing the relevant literature. The goal is to minimize the ecological impacts of oil spills. Aesthetic, socioeconomic, and political factors are not considered, although it is recognized that these are important concerns during spill response. Use of dispersants is considered along with other appropriate countermeasures and compared with the “no cleanup" alternative
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalA multidisciplinary task force with membership from government agencies, academia, and industry is developing ecologically based guidelines for dispersant use in marine and estuarine environments. The guidelines are organized by habitat type (e.g., coral reefs, rocky shores, bird habitats) and consider dispersant use to protect the habitats from impact, to mitigate impacts, and to clean the habitats after a spill. Each guideline contains a description of the habitat type covered, recommendations for dispersant use, and a background section reviewing the relevant literature. The goal is to minimize the ecological impacts of oil spills. Aesthetic, socioeconomic, and political factors are not considered, although it is recognized that these are important concerns during spill response. Use of dispersants is considered along with other appropriate countermeasures and compared with the “no cleanup" alternative
Lindstedt-Siva, J. 1987. Advance planning for dispersant use. In Proceedings: 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), April 6-9, 1987, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 329-333.
Abstract
Dispersant use is most effective in the early stages of an oil spill, yet because there is thought to be so much case-by-case variation, decisions about whether and where to use dispersants have been made only after a spill occurs. These decisions require, at a minimum, hours, and, may require days. Two major efforts to shorten this decision-making process have recently been completed. A multidisciplinary, multiagency task force under the auspices of the American Society for Testing and Materials developed ecologically based guidelines for dispersant use in marine environments. The guidelines for 13 different marine and coastal habitat types consider dispersant use both to protect and to clean the habitat. They also identify those habitats that should be in the event of a spill. These guidelines should be useful references for regional response teams and other spill response planners as they develop site-specific dispersant use plans. The second project was developed by an American Petroleum Institute task force and contractor with input from federal and state government agencies. It is a site-specific method for planning whether to use dispersants in marine environments. It divides an offshore region into “dispersant use zones” based on ecological considerations. The method was applied to selected areas offshore southern California as a test
© 1987 with permission from APIDispersant use is most effective in the early stages of an oil spill, yet because there is thought to be so much case-by-case variation, decisions about whether and where to use dispersants have been made only after a spill occurs. These decisions require, at a minimum, hours, and, may require days. Two major efforts to shorten this decision-making process have recently been completed. A multidisciplinary, multiagency task force under the auspices of the American Society for Testing and Materials developed ecologically based guidelines for dispersant use in marine environments. The guidelines for 13 different marine and coastal habitat types consider dispersant use both to protect and to clean the habitat. They also identify those habitats that should be in the event of a spill. These guidelines should be useful references for regional response teams and other spill response planners as they develop site-specific dispersant use plans. The second project was developed by an American Petroleum Institute task force and contractor with input from federal and state government agencies. It is a site-specific method for planning whether to use dispersants in marine environments. It divides an offshore region into “dispersant use zones” based on ecological considerations. The method was applied to selected areas offshore southern California as a test
Lindstedt-Siva, J. 1989. Approaches to planning for dispersant use in oil spill response. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 104-113. ISBN: 0803111940.
Abstract
Using dispersants to control oil spills has been highly controversial since the 1967 Torrey Canyon spill. Since that time many spill responders have viewed dispersants only as a “last resort” option. Dispersant use is most effective in the early stages of an oil spill, yet most response plans call for dispersant use decisions to be made only after a spill occurs. These decisions require, at a minimum, hours, and may require days. Recently, there have been efforts to shorten this decision making process. Two of these are discussed in detail. A multidisciplinary, multi-agency task force under the auspices of ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) developed ecologically based guidelines for dispersant use in marine environments. The guidelines for 13 different marine and coastal habitat types consider dispersant use both to protect and to clean the habitat. They also identify those habitats that are the highest priority to receive protection in the event of a spill. The other project was developed by an American Petroleum Institute (API) task force and contractor with input from federal and state government agencies. It is a site-specific method for planning in advance where to use or not use dispersants in marine environments. It involves dividing an offshore region into “dispersant use zones” based on ecological considerations. This method was applied to selected areas offshore southern California as a test
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalUsing dispersants to control oil spills has been highly controversial since the 1967 Torrey Canyon spill. Since that time many spill responders have viewed dispersants only as a “last resort” option. Dispersant use is most effective in the early stages of an oil spill, yet most response plans call for dispersant use decisions to be made only after a spill occurs. These decisions require, at a minimum, hours, and may require days. Recently, there have been efforts to shorten this decision making process. Two of these are discussed in detail. A multidisciplinary, multi-agency task force under the auspices of ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) developed ecologically based guidelines for dispersant use in marine environments. The guidelines for 13 different marine and coastal habitat types consider dispersant use both to protect and to clean the habitat. They also identify those habitats that are the highest priority to receive protection in the event of a spill. The other project was developed by an American Petroleum Institute (API) task force and contractor with input from federal and state government agencies. It is a site-specific method for planning in advance where to use or not use dispersants in marine environments. It involves dividing an offshore region into “dispersant use zones” based on ecological considerations. This method was applied to selected areas offshore southern California as a test
Lindstedt-Siva, J. 1987. Advance planning for dispersant use. Minimizing the impacts of oil spills. Standardization News, 15 (4): 36-40. ISSN: 1094-4656.
Lindstrom, J.E.; White, D.M.; Braddock, J.M. 1999. Biodegradation of Dispersed Oil Using Corexit 9500: A Report, Juneau, Ak: Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Spill Prevention and Response. 35p. URL
Lindstrom, J.E.; Braddock, J.F. 2002. Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons at low temperature in the presence of the dispersant Corexit 9500. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44 (8): 739-747. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00050-4.
Abstract
Our study examined the effects of Corexit 9500 and sediment on microbial mineralization of specific aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons found in crude oil. We also measured gross mineralization of crude oil, dispersed crude oil and dispersant by a marine microbial consortium in the absence of sediment. When provided as carbon sources, our consortium mineralized Corexit 9500 the most rapidly, followed by fresh oil, and finally weathered oil or dispersed oil. However, mineralization in short term assays favored particular components of crude oil (2-methyl-aphthalene>dodecane>phenanthrene>hexadecane>pyrene) and was not affected by addition of nutrients or sediment (high sand, low organic carbon). Adding dispersant inhibited hexadecane and phenanthrene mineralization but did not affect dodecane and 2-methyl-naphthalene mineralization. Thus, the effect of dispersant on biodegradation of a specific hydrocarbon was not predictable by class. The results were consistent for both high and low oiling experiments and for both fresh and weathered oil. Overall, our results indicate that environmental use of Corexit 9500 could result in either increases or decreases in the toxicity of residual oil through selective microbial mineralization of hydrocarbons
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 44, J.E. Lindstrom, J.F. Braddock, Copyright 2002 with permission from ElsevierOur study examined the effects of Corexit 9500 and sediment on microbial mineralization of specific aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons found in crude oil. We also measured gross mineralization of crude oil, dispersed crude oil and dispersant by a marine microbial consortium in the absence of sediment. When provided as carbon sources, our consortium mineralized Corexit 9500 the most rapidly, followed by fresh oil, and finally weathered oil or dispersed oil. However, mineralization in short term assays favored particular components of crude oil (2-methyl-aphthalene>dodecane>phenanthrene>hexadecane>pyrene) and was not affected by addition of nutrients or sediment (high sand, low organic carbon). Adding dispersant inhibited hexadecane and phenanthrene mineralization but did not affect dodecane and 2-methyl-naphthalene mineralization. Thus, the effect of dispersant on biodegradation of a specific hydrocarbon was not predictable by class. The results were consistent for both high and low oiling experiments and for both fresh and weathered oil. Overall, our results indicate that environmental use of Corexit 9500 could result in either increases or decreases in the toxicity of residual oil through selective microbial mineralization of hydrocarbons
Ling, H.; Shen, B.; Chen, X. 2005. Research and evaluation on high efficiency series oil spill dispersant. Jing Xi Shi You Hua Gong (Speciality Petrochemicals), 2005 (2): 15-19. ISSN: 1003-9384.
Abstract
Authors describe the emulsification and biodegradation properties of a new sereies of dispersants, made by combining ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, Span, Tween and a synthesized anion surfactant
Authors describe the emulsification and biodegradation properties of a new sereies of dispersants, made by combining ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, Span, Tween and a synthesized anion surfactant
Linton, T.L.; Koons, C.B. 1983. Oil dispersant field evaluation Ixtoc 1 blowout, Bay of Campeche, Mexico. Oil and Petrochemical Pollution, 1 (3): 183-188. ISSN: 0143-7127. doi:10.1016/S0143-7127(83)90158-8.
Abstract
Dispersants were applied from the air to an oil slick at 2 gallons per acre. Chemical analysis of dispersant collected after spraying showed no significant change in chemical composition, when compared to the composition of dispersant in holding tanks from the spray plane. Elevated concentrations of hydrocarbons were found in water samples under the slick, when compared to water samples taken before dispersant application. Visual observations indicated that dispersant application did not cause lateral displacement of the oil
Dispersants were applied from the air to an oil slick at 2 gallons per acre. Chemical analysis of dispersant collected after spraying showed no significant change in chemical composition, when compared to the composition of dispersant in holding tanks from the spray plane. Elevated concentrations of hydrocarbons were found in water samples under the slick, when compared to water samples taken before dispersant application. Visual observations indicated that dispersant application did not cause lateral displacement of the oil
Literathy, P.; Haider, S.; Samhan, O.; Morel, G. 1989. Experimental studies on biological and chemical oxidation of dispersed oil in seawater. Water Science and Technology, 21 (8-9 pt 3): 845-856. ISSN: 0273-1223.
Abstract
With an understanding of the different physical, chemical and biological weathering processes, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to describe biological and chemical oxidation processes at realistically low concentrations of physically and chemically dispersed oil in seawater by incubating living and sterilized samples spiked with oil alone, oil-dispersant mixture and dispersant alone, under light and dark conditions. Biological oxygen demand and photosynthetic oxygen production were characterized by the variation in dissolved oxygen whereas the degradation of oil and dispersant was followed by the variation in total extractable matter and surfactant concentration, respectively. Gas chromatography, infrared and fluorescence spectrophotometry were used for the characterization of the petroleum and its degradation compounds
© CSA, 1989With an understanding of the different physical, chemical and biological weathering processes, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to describe biological and chemical oxidation processes at realistically low concentrations of physically and chemically dispersed oil in seawater by incubating living and sterilized samples spiked with oil alone, oil-dispersant mixture and dispersant alone, under light and dark conditions. Biological oxygen demand and photosynthetic oxygen production were characterized by the variation in dissolved oxygen whereas the degradation of oil and dispersant was followed by the variation in total extractable matter and surfactant concentration, respectively. Gas chromatography, infrared and fluorescence spectrophotometry were used for the characterization of the petroleum and its degradation compounds
Little, D.; Baker, J.M.; Abbis, T.P.; Rowland, S.J.; Tibbetts, P.J.C. 1981. The fate and effects of dispersant-treated compared with untreated crude oil, with particular reference to sheltered intertidal sediments. Chemical Dispersion of Oil Spills: An International Research Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Toronto, Canada, November 17-19, 1980, Toronto, Ont: University of Toronto, Institute for Environmental Studies. pp. 117-151.
Little, D.I.; Little, A.E. 1991. Estuarine oil spill effects in the context of dispersant use changes. In Proceedings: 1991 International Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 4-7, 1991, San Diego, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 507-518.
Abstract
Surveys of rock, cobble, gravel, and salt marsh shores, intertidal macrobenthos, hydrocarbons, and estuarine bird populations were carried out over twelve months following the El Omar spill of 3 December 1988, when 100 metric tons (t) of Iranian light crude oil were spilled in Milford Haven, United Kingdom. Although small, this incident resulted in more widespread shoreline oiling than any previous spill in 30 years of operations at Milford Haven. About 20 t of chemical dispersant were used in the lower estuary. Dispersants were not used where there was a danger of oil and dispersant mixtures impinging on fish farms. Rock/cobble shores have been studied since the arrival of the oil industry in 1960 and spill impacts were, therefore, discernible at some sites against the baseline data. Serious impacts occurred locally due to excessive oiled algae and substrate removal. On gravel and salt marsh study sites, natural removal of oil was an efficient cleanup option. Some evidence was detected, however, that oil deposited on seed heads of Spartina was later transferred to the sediment surface as part of the litter fall. The marsh vegetation recovered by the end of the 1989 growing season, confirming the resilience of this community to single oil spills, provided intrusive cleanup is not attempted. The increase in aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations found in the surface sediments of the salt marsh was found also in mudflats adjacent to heavily-oiled areas, although no biological effects on the infauna of the inner estuary detected (compared to a macrobenthic and hydrocarbon survey of 1984). No significant impacts were recorded on the population of 20,000 waders, wildfowl, and gulls present at the time of the spill. This is believed to be partly fortuitous due to the mild 1988/89 winter. The arrival in Milford Haven of intensive fish farming means that the previously routine use of chemical dispersants in the oil port will now be increasingly challenged. From the El Omar, it may be predicted that, in future spills, more oil will become stranded in marshes and rock and cobble shorelines. Not only are guidelines and scientific advice during shoreline cleanup essential, but also it is recommended that scientific monitoring, which lapsed in the early 1980s, be reinstated. These data would help make the important tradeoff between commercial and conservation interests in future spills
© 1991 with permission from APISurveys of rock, cobble, gravel, and salt marsh shores, intertidal macrobenthos, hydrocarbons, and estuarine bird populations were carried out over twelve months following the El Omar spill of 3 December 1988, when 100 metric tons (t) of Iranian light crude oil were spilled in Milford Haven, United Kingdom. Although small, this incident resulted in more widespread shoreline oiling than any previous spill in 30 years of operations at Milford Haven. About 20 t of chemical dispersant were used in the lower estuary. Dispersants were not used where there was a danger of oil and dispersant mixtures impinging on fish farms. Rock/cobble shores have been studied since the arrival of the oil industry in 1960 and spill impacts were, therefore, discernible at some sites against the baseline data. Serious impacts occurred locally due to excessive oiled algae and substrate removal. On gravel and salt marsh study sites, natural removal of oil was an efficient cleanup option. Some evidence was detected, however, that oil deposited on seed heads of Spartina was later transferred to the sediment surface as part of the litter fall. The marsh vegetation recovered by the end of the 1989 growing season, confirming the resilience of this community to single oil spills, provided intrusive cleanup is not attempted. The increase in aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations found in the surface sediments of the salt marsh was found also in mudflats adjacent to heavily-oiled areas, although no biological effects on the infauna of the inner estuary detected (compared to a macrobenthic and hydrocarbon survey of 1984). No significant impacts were recorded on the population of 20,000 waders, wildfowl, and gulls present at the time of the spill. This is believed to be partly fortuitous due to the mild 1988/89 winter. The arrival in Milford Haven of intensive fish farming means that the previously routine use of chemical dispersants in the oil port will now be increasingly challenged. From the El Omar, it may be predicted that, in future spills, more oil will become stranded in marshes and rock and cobble shorelines. Not only are guidelines and scientific advice during shoreline cleanup essential, but also it is recommended that scientific monitoring, which lapsed in the early 1980s, be reinstated. These data would help make the important tradeoff between commercial and conservation interests in future spills
Little, D.I.; Abiss, T.P.; Baker, J.M.; Dicks, B.M.; Tibbetts, P.J.C. 1986. The effects of chemical dispersants on the flux of stranded crude oil into fine intertidal sand. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions - Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 186 219-233. ISSN: 0074-4336.
Little, D.I.; Scales, D.L. 1987. The effectiveness of a new type III dispersant in the treatment of weathered crude and emulsified fuel oils on saltmarshes and sandflats. Fate and Effects of Oil in Marine Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Conference on Oil Pollution, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 217-219. ISBN: 9024734894.
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to assess the effectiveness of BP Enersperse 1037 chemical dispersant on stranded lightly weathered crude oil and emulsified medium fuel oil (mousse). The oils were applied to field plots on contrasting shorelines (saltmarsh and sandflat) where both oils had previously been persistent. Type III dispersants were formulated for aerial spraying and are intended to be effective on weathered oils. The oil:dispersant ratio was 5:1
© CSA, 1987The aim of this experiment was to assess the effectiveness of BP Enersperse 1037 chemical dispersant on stranded lightly weathered crude oil and emulsified medium fuel oil (mousse). The oils were applied to field plots on contrasting shorelines (saltmarsh and sandflat) where both oils had previously been persistent. Type III dispersants were formulated for aerial spraying and are intended to be effective on weathered oils. The oil:dispersant ratio was 5:1
Little, D.I. (undated). Water Table and Drainage Characteristics of Intertidal Sediments as a Factor Determining the Fate of Untreated and Dispersant-Treated Oil, Pembroke, Wales, U.K: Oil Pollution Research Unit. (no page information available).
Little, D.I. 1982. The Fate of Dispersant-Treated Compared with Untreated Crude Oil in the Sediments of a Sheltered Intertidal Sand Flat (Final Report), Pembroke, Wales, U.K: Pembroke Oil Pollution Research Unit. (no page information available).
Little, D.I.; Scales, D.L. 1987. Effectiveness of a type III dispersant on low-energy shorelines. In Proceedings: 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), April 6-9, 1987, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 263-267.
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to assess the effectiveness of a new Type III chemical dispersant on stranded, lightly weathered crude oil and emulsified medium fuel oil (mousse). The oils were applied to field plots on contrasting sediment shorelines (salt marsh and sand flat), where both oils had been shown to be persistent. On the salt marsh, dispersant-treated oils usually were detected at lower sediment total hydrocarbon (THC) concentrations than were the untreated oils. However, clear trends were not visible until heavy rain removed the oiled, dead vegetation. Subsequently, the THC concentrations measured in the treated crude plots were reduced by half and stable, lower concentrations were measured in the mousse plots. On the sand flat, the dispersant-treated mousse was detected at consistently lower THC concentrations than was the untreated mousse. The crude-oil-treated plots showed more temporal variability than the mousse-treated plots. Dispersant-treated crude ultimately was detected at half the concentration found in the untreated crude plots. Although on the salt marsh both dispersant-treated oils were more damaging in the short term to the plant community, the longer-term effects of higher untreated oil concentrations may prove more destabilizing to salt-marsh habitat as a whole. After erosion, untreated oil may be resuspended to form oil slicks, when public interest in the original spill and the sense of responsibility for its cleanup have all but disappeared. Under the slightly higher-energy conditions of the sand flat, dispersant use did not dramatically alter the fate of most of the oil. The approximately 10% that remained in the beach was less obvious visually and was removed faster than the untreated oil. The practical implication of this is that if the cleanup authorities can resist amenity and conservationist pressures to disperse the residual oil, such tidal flats will eventually self-clean. Earlier formulations of chemical dispersant either have been relatively ineffective or have increased contamination on low-energy sediment shores. Several explanations may be advanced for the effectiveness of this dispersant on both oil types. First, it helped prevent the formation of surface oiled pavements and, thus, the burial of oil layers. Second, the contact time of oils and dispersant (>2 hours pre-tidal coverage) may have contributed to the reductions in oil concentrations. Third, at both sites there was sufficient energy input to assist dispersion
© 1987 with permission from APIThe objective of this experiment was to assess the effectiveness of a new Type III chemical dispersant on stranded, lightly weathered crude oil and emulsified medium fuel oil (mousse). The oils were applied to field plots on contrasting sediment shorelines (salt marsh and sand flat), where both oils had been shown to be persistent. On the salt marsh, dispersant-treated oils usually were detected at lower sediment total hydrocarbon (THC) concentrations than were the untreated oils. However, clear trends were not visible until heavy rain removed the oiled, dead vegetation. Subsequently, the THC concentrations measured in the treated crude plots were reduced by half and stable, lower concentrations were measured in the mousse plots. On the sand flat, the dispersant-treated mousse was detected at consistently lower THC concentrations than was the untreated mousse. The crude-oil-treated plots showed more temporal variability than the mousse-treated plots. Dispersant-treated crude ultimately was detected at half the concentration found in the untreated crude plots. Although on the salt marsh both dispersant-treated oils were more damaging in the short term to the plant community, the longer-term effects of higher untreated oil concentrations may prove more destabilizing to salt-marsh habitat as a whole. After erosion, untreated oil may be resuspended to form oil slicks, when public interest in the original spill and the sense of responsibility for its cleanup have all but disappeared. Under the slightly higher-energy conditions of the sand flat, dispersant use did not dramatically alter the fate of most of the oil. The approximately 10% that remained in the beach was less obvious visually and was removed faster than the untreated oil. The practical implication of this is that if the cleanup authorities can resist amenity and conservationist pressures to disperse the residual oil, such tidal flats will eventually self-clean. Earlier formulations of chemical dispersant either have been relatively ineffective or have increased contamination on low-energy sediment shores. Several explanations may be advanced for the effectiveness of this dispersant on both oil types. First, it helped prevent the formation of surface oiled pavements and, thus, the burial of oil layers. Second, the contact time of oils and dispersant (>2 hours pre-tidal coverage) may have contributed to the reductions in oil concentrations. Third, at both sites there was sufficient energy input to assist dispersion
Little, D.I. 2000. Advice on the Use of Chemical Dispersants for Oil Spills in Natura 2000 Sites: Final Report to English Nature and Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor, Wales: Countryside Council for Wales. 186p.
Liu, B. 2003. Toxicity of South Louisiana Crude Oil, Alaskan North Slope Crude Oil, and Dispersant COREXIT 9500 to Gulf Killifish, White Shrimp, and Eastern Oyster, Thesis (M.S.), Louisiana State University. 108 leaves. URL
Abstract
To address public concern over potential ecological effects on commercially and ecologically important species following use of dispersants during oil spill response efforts, toxicity data was generated for three estuarine species indigenous to the Gulf of Mexico including juvenile Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis, white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus, and Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. The acute toxicity of the dispersant Exxon Corexit 9500, South Louisiana crude oil (SLC), Alaskan north slope crude oil (ANSC) and dispersed oils (SLC+9500 and ANSC+9500) to the species was determined for both nominal concentrations (NC) and hydrocarbon concentrations (HC). Two 24-h field toxicity trials were conducted with the same species in a Louisiana coastal marsh, using ANSC and ANSC+9500, dosed at a NC of 30 ppm. White shrimp were more sensitive to dispersant, crude oils, and dispersed oils than killifish and oysters. The 96-h NC LC50 for crude oil and dispersed oil ranged from 370 to 4,500 ppm for killifish (HC 7.6 to 18.7 ppm) and 60 to 180 ppm for shrimp (HC 5 to 7.5 ppm). Mortality in oysters was not positively correlated with increasing levels of crude oils, or dispersed oils. Dispersed oils were more toxic than crude oils based on nominal concentrations, but no difference in toxicity of crude oils and dispersed oils was observed based on HC concentrations. No synergistic toxicity action was found between SLC or ANSC and dispersant Corexit 9500 based on HC concentrations. Survival was relatively high for all three species during the two 24-h field trials, generally exceeding 83% in crude oil and dispersed oil enclosures. Mortality of white shrimp was slightly higher than observed in killifish and oysters. The HC concentration in ANSC+9500 and ANSC enclosures ranged from 14 to 24 ppm and 10 to 11 ppm, respectively, at 0 h and declined to near 0 ppm in 3 hours. The rapid decrease was attributed to dilution from vertical mixing and tidal action. Both laboratory finding and field studies indicate that short-term exposure to nominal concentrations of ANSC or ANSC+9500 of 30 ppm or less are not likely to have an acute toxic effect on these species
(Author's abstract)To address public concern over potential ecological effects on commercially and ecologically important species following use of dispersants during oil spill response efforts, toxicity data was generated for three estuarine species indigenous to the Gulf of Mexico including juvenile Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis, white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus, and Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. The acute toxicity of the dispersant Exxon Corexit 9500, South Louisiana crude oil (SLC), Alaskan north slope crude oil (ANSC) and dispersed oils (SLC+9500 and ANSC+9500) to the species was determined for both nominal concentrations (NC) and hydrocarbon concentrations (HC). Two 24-h field toxicity trials were conducted with the same species in a Louisiana coastal marsh, using ANSC and ANSC+9500, dosed at a NC of 30 ppm. White shrimp were more sensitive to dispersant, crude oils, and dispersed oils than killifish and oysters. The 96-h NC LC50 for crude oil and dispersed oil ranged from 370 to 4,500 ppm for killifish (HC 7.6 to 18.7 ppm) and 60 to 180 ppm for shrimp (HC 5 to 7.5 ppm). Mortality in oysters was not positively correlated with increasing levels of crude oils, or dispersed oils. Dispersed oils were more toxic than crude oils based on nominal concentrations, but no difference in toxicity of crude oils and dispersed oils was observed based on HC concentrations. No synergistic toxicity action was found between SLC or ANSC and dispersant Corexit 9500 based on HC concentrations. Survival was relatively high for all three species during the two 24-h field trials, generally exceeding 83% in crude oil and dispersed oil enclosures. Mortality of white shrimp was slightly higher than observed in killifish and oysters. The HC concentration in ANSC+9500 and ANSC enclosures ranged from 14 to 24 ppm and 10 to 11 ppm, respectively, at 0 h and declined to near 0 ppm in 3 hours. The rapid decrease was attributed to dilution from vertical mixing and tidal action. Both laboratory finding and field studies indicate that short-term exposure to nominal concentrations of ANSC or ANSC+9500 of 30 ppm or less are not likely to have an acute toxic effect on these species
Liu, B.; Romaire, R.P.; Delaune, R.D.; Lindau, C.W. 2006. Field investigation on the toxicity of Alaska North Slope crude oil (ANSC) and dispersed ANSC crude to Gulf killifish, Eastern oyster and white shrimp. Chemosphere, 62 (4): 520-526. ISSN: 0045-6535. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.06.054.
Abstract
A field investigation was conducted on a Louisiana Spartina alterniflora shoreline to evaluate the toxic effects of crude oil (Alaska North Slope crude oil, ANSC) and dispersed oil (ANSC + dispersant Corexit 9500) on three aquatic species indigenous to the Gulf of Mexico: Fundulus grandis (Gulf killifish), Crassostrea virginica (Eastern oyster), and Litopenaeus setiferus (white shrimp). Results indicated that total hydrocarbons concentration value in oiled treatments decreased rapidly in 3 h and were below 1 ppm at 24 h after initial treatment. Corexit 9500 facilitated more ANSC fractions to dissolve and disperse into the water column. L. setiferus showed short-term sensitivity to the ANSC and ANSC + 9500 at 30 ppm. However, most test organisms (>83%) of each species survived well after 24 h exposure to the treatments. Laboratory tests conducted concurrent with the field investigation indicated that concentrations of crude oil higher than 30 ppm were required for any significant toxic effect on the juvenile organisms tested
Reprinted from Chemosphere, Volume 62, B. Liu, R.P. Romaire, R.D. Delaune, C.W. Lindau, Copyright 2006, with permission from ElsevierA field investigation was conducted on a Louisiana Spartina alterniflora shoreline to evaluate the toxic effects of crude oil (Alaska North Slope crude oil, ANSC) and dispersed oil (ANSC + dispersant Corexit 9500) on three aquatic species indigenous to the Gulf of Mexico: Fundulus grandis (Gulf killifish), Crassostrea virginica (Eastern oyster), and Litopenaeus setiferus (white shrimp). Results indicated that total hydrocarbons concentration value in oiled treatments decreased rapidly in 3 h and were below 1 ppm at 24 h after initial treatment. Corexit 9500 facilitated more ANSC fractions to dissolve and disperse into the water column. L. setiferus showed short-term sensitivity to the ANSC and ANSC + 9500 at 30 ppm. However, most test organisms (>83%) of each species survived well after 24 h exposure to the treatments. Laboratory tests conducted concurrent with the field investigation indicated that concentrations of crude oil higher than 30 ppm were required for any significant toxic effect on the juvenile organisms tested
Liu, D. 1983. Fate of oil dispersants in aquatic environments. Science of the Total Environment, 32 (1): 93-98. ISSN: 0048-9697. doi:10.1016/0048-9697(83)90137-7.
Abstract
Test revealed that certain microbes found in aquatic environments are capable of degrading oil dispersants. Dispersants were ranked in order of their ability to be degraded by bacteria: Magnus 101 > BP1100X > BP1100 > Linco No. 4 > Corexit 8666. Results indicate that the use of chemical dispersants is not likely to cause long-term accretion of organic contaminants
Test revealed that certain microbes found in aquatic environments are capable of degrading oil dispersants. Dispersants were ranked in order of their ability to be degraded by bacteria: Magnus 101 > BP1100X > BP1100 > Linco No. 4 > Corexit 8666. Results indicate that the use of chemical dispersants is not likely to cause long-term accretion of organic contaminants
Liu, H.; Zhan, Y.; Wang, W.; Wang, Z. 1995. Interfacial properties of oil dispersants and their effects on dispersion effectiveness. In Proceedings, Eighteenth Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, June 14-16, 1995, West Edmonton Mall Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 355-365.
Lloyd, R. 1981. Toxicity testing of oils in relation to dispersant testing. In Second Environmental Research Programme, 1976-80, Indirect Action: Reports on Research Sponsored Under the Second Phase, 1979-80, Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. pp. 733-735. ISBN: 9282529770.
Lockhart, W.L.; Duncan, D.A.; Billeck, B.N.; Danell, R.A.; Ryan, M.J. 1996. Chronic toxicity of the 'water-soluble fraction' of Norman Wells crude oil to juvenile fish. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, 3 (4): 259-262. ISSN: 1353-2561. doi:10.1016/S1353-2561(97)00024-8.
Abstract
Young rainbow trout were exposed to Norman Wells crude oil for periods as long as 55 d. Mortality was light for the first few days, but it continued throughout exposure with more rapid and increased mortality at the higher exposure levels. The mortality was generally exacerbated by the presence of oil dispersants Corexit 7664 or 9600. Fish surviving the 55-day experiment showed severe fin erosion and apparent 'flooding', since mean body water content was increased from about 84% to over 90%. We hypothesize that the oil affected the ability of the fish to regulate their water content
Reprinted from Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, Volume 3, W.L. Lockhart, D.A. Duncan, B.N. Billeck, R.A. Danell, M.J. Ryan, Copyright 1996, with permission from Elsevier.Young rainbow trout were exposed to Norman Wells crude oil for periods as long as 55 d. Mortality was light for the first few days, but it continued throughout exposure with more rapid and increased mortality at the higher exposure levels. The mortality was generally exacerbated by the presence of oil dispersants Corexit 7664 or 9600. Fish surviving the 55-day experiment showed severe fin erosion and apparent 'flooding', since mean body water content was increased from about 84% to over 90%. We hypothesize that the oil affected the ability of the fish to regulate their water content
Lockhart, W.L.; Billeck, B.N.; Danell, R.W.; deMarch, B.G.E.; Duncan, D.A. 1984. Comparative toxicity of several oil/dispersant mixtures to representative freshwater organisms. In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Artic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1984, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Protection Service, Environmental Emergency. pp. 202-207.
Logan, J.W.M.; Perkins, E.J. 1972. Toxicity of Essolvene. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 3 (10): 155-157. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(72)90359-1.
Abstract
Essolvene is one of the older, more toxic, oil spill removers. Although new, low toxicity products are replacing it, it is still widely used, particularly in fresh and brackish waters where oil spills are becoming more common. The chronic toxicity and sublethal effects of Essolvene on a number of freshwater organisms are examined. The test shows Essolvene to be very toxic, crustaceans being most susceptible and gastropod mollusks less so. Sphaerium was most resistant, probably due to its ability to close its valves firmly and exclude the oil emulsifier. The toxicity was directly related to temperature, but decreased with aeration. Asellus aquaticus exposed to 2.75 and 5.5 ppm (i.e. one half and one fourth 24 hours LC5, respectively) showed delayed mortality response over a 16 weeks period. Anaesthetic effects were observed in Asellus, Physa and Gammarus. Of the oils tested, diesel oil was most toxic and Kuwait crude less so. Mortality resulted when the organisms were trapped in the viscous fluid at 12 °C. Aeration had no effect on the toxicity. Total immersion in crude oil had little effect
© CSA, 1973Essolvene is one of the older, more toxic, oil spill removers. Although new, low toxicity products are replacing it, it is still widely used, particularly in fresh and brackish waters where oil spills are becoming more common. The chronic toxicity and sublethal effects of Essolvene on a number of freshwater organisms are examined. The test shows Essolvene to be very toxic, crustaceans being most susceptible and gastropod mollusks less so. Sphaerium was most resistant, probably due to its ability to close its valves firmly and exclude the oil emulsifier. The toxicity was directly related to temperature, but decreased with aeration. Asellus aquaticus exposed to 2.75 and 5.5 ppm (i.e. one half and one fourth 24 hours LC5, respectively) showed delayed mortality response over a 16 weeks period. Anaesthetic effects were observed in Asellus, Physa and Gammarus. Of the oils tested, diesel oil was most toxic and Kuwait crude less so. Mortality resulted when the organisms were trapped in the viscous fluid at 12 °C. Aeration had no effect on the toxicity. Total immersion in crude oil had little effect
Long, S.M.; Holdway, D.A. 2002. Acute toxicity of crude and dispersed oil to Octopus pallidus (Hoyle, 1885) hatchlings. Water Research, 36 (11): 2769-2776. ISSN: 0043-1354. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00520-6.
Abstract
There is an increasing risk of a major oil spill in Australian waters over the next 20 years but there have been few studies on the impact of oil spills, and subsequent remedial action, on native Australian fauna. Octopus pallidus is a native Australian octopus species found in south-eastern Australia. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effects of acute exposure to crude and dispersed crude oil and 4-chlorophenol (a reference toxicant) on recently hatched O. pallidus by calculating the 48-h LC50. Water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait crude oil was prepared using a ratio of one part crude oil to nine parts filtered seawater and mixing for 23h. Dispersed-WAF was prepared using a ratio of one part Corexit 9527 to 50 parts crude oil and an oil to water ratio of one to nine and mixing for 23h. Mean (SE) 48h LC50 values were 0.39 (0.04), 1.83 (0.64) and 0.89 (0.08) ppm for WAF, dispersed-WAF and 4 chlorophenol, respectively. These results demonstrate that addition of the chemical dispersant Corexit 9527 to WAF does not increase the toxicity of WAF to O. pallidus hatchlings
Reprinted from Water Research, Volume 36, S.M. Long, D.A. Holdway, Copyright 2002, with permission from ElsevierThere is an increasing risk of a major oil spill in Australian waters over the next 20 years but there have been few studies on the impact of oil spills, and subsequent remedial action, on native Australian fauna. Octopus pallidus is a native Australian octopus species found in south-eastern Australia. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effects of acute exposure to crude and dispersed crude oil and 4-chlorophenol (a reference toxicant) on recently hatched O. pallidus by calculating the 48-h LC50. Water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait crude oil was prepared using a ratio of one part crude oil to nine parts filtered seawater and mixing for 23h. Dispersed-WAF was prepared using a ratio of one part Corexit 9527 to 50 parts crude oil and an oil to water ratio of one to nine and mixing for 23h. Mean (SE) 48h LC50 values were 0.39 (0.04), 1.83 (0.64) and 0.89 (0.08) ppm for WAF, dispersed-WAF and 4 chlorophenol, respectively. These results demonstrate that addition of the chemical dispersant Corexit 9527 to WAF does not increase the toxicity of WAF to O. pallidus hatchlings
Lönning S.; Hagström B.E. 1975. The effects of crude oils and the dispersant Corexit 8666 on sea urchin gametes and embryos. Norwegian Journal of Zoology, 23 (2): 121-129. ISSN: 0029-6864.
Abstract
The gametes and embryos of sea urchins (Psammechinus miliaris and Paracentrotus lividus) were used in a study of the effects inflicted by Kuwait or Ekofisk crude oil and/or oil dispersant Corexit 8666. In most experiments the substances were present throughout the development, but also short-term treatments were carried out. The test substances had a moderate effect on fertilization and early development, whereas harmful influences were observed during the further differentiation of the embryo. The ultramicrographs did not indicate any morphological changes in the cytoplasm after oil treatment. Corexit 8666 brought about an increase and an aggregation of oil droplets within the cells
© CSA, 1975The gametes and embryos of sea urchins (Psammechinus miliaris and Paracentrotus lividus) were used in a study of the effects inflicted by Kuwait or Ekofisk crude oil and/or oil dispersant Corexit 8666. In most experiments the substances were present throughout the development, but also short-term treatments were carried out. The test substances had a moderate effect on fertilization and early development, whereas harmful influences were observed during the further differentiation of the embryo. The ultramicrographs did not indicate any morphological changes in the cytoplasm after oil treatment. Corexit 8666 brought about an increase and an aggregation of oil droplets within the cells
Lönning, S.; Hagström, B.E. 1975. The effects of oil dispersants on the cell in fertilization and development. Norwegian Journal of Zoology, 23 (2): 131-134. ISSN: 0029-6864.
Lönning, S.; Falk-Petersen, I.B. 1978. The effects of oil dispersants on marine eggs and larvae. Astarte, 11 (2): 135-138. ISSN: 0044-9768.
Abstract
The effects of the oil dispersants Corexit 7664, 9527, 9600, BP 1100 X, 1100 WD, and Finasol OSR2, OSR5, and OSR7 were tested on eggs and larvae from sea urchins and marine fishes, on nauplii, and on some other plankton organisms. A comparison of the different dispersants shows that the concentrates Corexit 9527 and Finasol OSR5 and OSR7 produce most effects in all types of experiments. A comparison of various organisms and stages shows that the fertilization process of sea urchins and the early development of fish are particularly sensitive to oil dispersants. However, effects are obtained in all kinds of experiments, not only with larvae, but also with adult plankton organisms (medusae and copepods)
© CSA, 1979The effects of the oil dispersants Corexit 7664, 9527, 9600, BP 1100 X, 1100 WD, and Finasol OSR2, OSR5, and OSR7 were tested on eggs and larvae from sea urchins and marine fishes, on nauplii, and on some other plankton organisms. A comparison of the different dispersants shows that the concentrates Corexit 9527 and Finasol OSR5 and OSR7 produce most effects in all types of experiments. A comparison of various organisms and stages shows that the fertilization process of sea urchins and the early development of fish are particularly sensitive to oil dispersants. However, effects are obtained in all kinds of experiments, not only with larvae, but also with adult plankton organisms (medusae and copepods)
Lönning, S.; Hagström, B.E. 1976. Deleterious effects of Corexit 9527 on fertilization and development. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 7 (7): 124-127. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(76)90197-1.
Abstract
The effect of the water soluble oil dispersant Corexit 9527 was tested on larvae from several species of sea urchins and marine fishes. Severe effects on fertilization and development were registered often resulting in pathological larvae and rapid cytolysis. The combination of Corexit 9527 with oil was found to be even more dangerous to the embryo than Corexit or oil alone
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 7, S. Lönning, B.E. Hagström, Copyright 1976, with permission from Elsevier.The effect of the water soluble oil dispersant Corexit 9527 was tested on larvae from several species of sea urchins and marine fishes. Severe effects on fertilization and development were registered often resulting in pathological larvae and rapid cytolysis. The combination of Corexit 9527 with oil was found to be even more dangerous to the embryo than Corexit or oil alone
Lunel, T. 1993. Dispersion: oil droplet size measurements at sea. In Proceedings: 1993 International Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Preparedness, Response): March 29-April 1, 1993, Tampa, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 794-795.
Abstract
Dispersion, although one of the most important processes in determining the fate of oil in the sea, is still poorly understood. This poster presents the first successful field measurements of oil droplet size distribution below oil slicks, a major step in understanding the dispersion process at sea and in designing a dispersant efficiency test that relates to conditions at sea. If simplified, the process of dispersion can be divided in two states: the formation of oil droplets in the water column form the surface slick, and advection of these droplets by near-surface turbulence down into the water column to prevent resurfacing. By Stoke’s law, smaller oil droplets rise more slowly than large droplets. Thus, conditions that result in increased near-surface turbulence and generate a greater number of smaller oil droplets produce faster dispersion rates. The measurement of oil droplet size distributions at sea is, therefore, central to understanding this dispersion process. It also provides a means of quantifying the effects of different environmental conditions and chemical surfactants on surface slicks, and hence a way of predicting dispersion rates. Currently available dispersant efficiency tests, such as the Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL), Mackay-Nadeau-Steelman (MNS), and Institute Francais de Petrole (IFP) tests, produce different efficiency values for the same combinations of oil and dispersant. These different efficiency values have been shown to be related in part to the different amounts of energy each test imparts to the system and hence the different sizes of oil droplet sizes produced. These test have not been designed to relate to oil droplet sizes observed at sea
© 1993 with permission from APIDispersion, although one of the most important processes in determining the fate of oil in the sea, is still poorly understood. This poster presents the first successful field measurements of oil droplet size distribution below oil slicks, a major step in understanding the dispersion process at sea and in designing a dispersant efficiency test that relates to conditions at sea. If simplified, the process of dispersion can be divided in two states: the formation of oil droplets in the water column form the surface slick, and advection of these droplets by near-surface turbulence down into the water column to prevent resurfacing. By Stoke’s law, smaller oil droplets rise more slowly than large droplets. Thus, conditions that result in increased near-surface turbulence and generate a greater number of smaller oil droplets produce faster dispersion rates. The measurement of oil droplet size distributions at sea is, therefore, central to understanding this dispersion process. It also provides a means of quantifying the effects of different environmental conditions and chemical surfactants on surface slicks, and hence a way of predicting dispersion rates. Currently available dispersant efficiency tests, such as the Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL), Mackay-Nadeau-Steelman (MNS), and Institute Francais de Petrole (IFP) tests, produce different efficiency values for the same combinations of oil and dispersant. These different efficiency values have been shown to be related in part to the different amounts of energy each test imparts to the system and hence the different sizes of oil droplet sizes produced. These test have not been designed to relate to oil droplet sizes observed at sea
Lunel, T.; Lewis, A. 1993. Effectiveness of demulsifiers in sea trials: the use of fluorometry, surface sampling, and remote sensing to determine effectiveness. Formation and Breaking of Water-in-Oil Emulsions: Workshop Proceedings, June 14-15, 1993, Kananaskis Village, Alberta, Canada, Washington, D.C: Marine Spill Response Corporation. pp. 179-202.
Lunel, T.; Lewis, A. 1993. Oil concentrations below a demulsifier treated slick. In Proceedings, Sixteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 7-9, 1993, Westin Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Technology Development Branch. pp. 955-972.
Lunel, T. 1994. Dispersion of a large experimental slick by aerial application of dispersant. In Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 8-10, 1994, Coast Plaza Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Ottawa, Ont: Technology Development Branch. pp. 951-978.
Lunel, T. 1994. Field trials to determine quantitative estimates of dispersant efficiency at sea. In Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 8-10, 1994, Coast Plaza Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Ottawa, Ont: Technology Development Branch. pp. 1011-1021.
Lunel, T. 1995. The Braer spill: oil fate governed by dispersion. In Proceedings: 1995 International Oil Spill Conference (Achieving and Maintaining Preparedness): February 27-March 2, 1995, Long Beach, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 955-956. URL
Abstract
The fate of 86,000 metric tons (t) of Gullfaks crude oil at the Braer incident was governed by the process of natural dispersion. The overall impact of the spill was minimal in time and extent indicating that dispersing oil spilled at sea can reduce the impact of oil spills. Experimental work in the North Sea has shown that the characteristics of the oil played a critical role in promoting the dispersion process. The Braer incident provides support for the use of dispersants to reduce the environmental impact of a spill in cases where the oil type is less amenable to natural dispersion
© 1995 with permission from APIThe fate of 86,000 metric tons (t) of Gullfaks crude oil at the Braer incident was governed by the process of natural dispersion. The overall impact of the spill was minimal in time and extent indicating that dispersing oil spilled at sea can reduce the impact of oil spills. Experimental work in the North Sea has shown that the characteristics of the oil played a critical role in promoting the dispersion process. The Braer incident provides support for the use of dispersants to reduce the environmental impact of a spill in cases where the oil type is less amenable to natural dispersion
Lunel, T. 1995. Creating an appropriate energy regime in laboratory dispersant effectiveness tests. In The Use of Chemical Countermeasure Product Data for Oil Spill Planning and Response: Workshop Proceedings, April 4-6, 1995, Xerox Document University and Conference Center, Leesburg, VA, Alexandria, Va: Scientific and Environmental Associates. Volume 2. pp. 83-132.
Lunel, T. 1995. Dispersant effectiveness at sea. In Proceedings: 1995 International Oil Spill Conference (Achieving and Maintaining Preparedness): February 27-March 2, 1995, Long Beach, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 147-155. URL
Abstract
Information from five incidents in U.K. waters since 1980 in which dispersants have been used in responses, and two experimental spills using dispersants in 1993, shed light on the questions of whether dispersion of oil can reduce the overall environmental impact at a spill whether we can demonstrate that dispersants enhance the rate of natural dispersion, and whether we can quantify how effective dispersants are
© 1995 with permission from APIInformation from five incidents in U.K. waters since 1980 in which dispersants have been used in responses, and two experimental spills using dispersants in 1993, shed light on the questions of whether dispersion of oil can reduce the overall environmental impact at a spill whether we can demonstrate that dispersants enhance the rate of natural dispersion, and whether we can quantify how effective dispersants are
Lunel, T. 1995. Research requirements to determine dispersant effectiveness at sea. In Second International Oil Spill Research and Development Forum, London: International Maritime Organization. pp. 271-285.
Lunel, T. 1995. Effectiveness criteria for dispersant use at sea. In The Use of Chemical Countermeasure Product Data for Oil Spill Planning and Response: Workshop Proceedings, April 4-6, 1995, Xerox Document University and Conference Center, Leesburg, VA, Alexandria, Va: Scientific and Environmental Associates. Volume 2. pp. 133-156.
Lunel, T. 1995. Understanding the mechanism of dispersion through oil droplet size measurements at sea. The Use of Chemicals in Oil Spill Response, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 240-285. ISBN: 0803119992.
Abstract
Measuring the oil droplet size produced when oil is dispersed at sea is a critical stage in understanding the process of dispersion. A laser Phase Doppler Particle Size Analyzer (PDPA) with a measurement range of 1-300 µm has been developed which can distinguish between oil and the background signal from air bubbles, suspended sediment and plankton at sea. The resulting improvement in the signal to noise ratio has enabled us to measure oil droplet size in situ below an oil slick. Measurements in the North Sea indicate that the droplet size distributions for a variety of oils and oil-dispersant combinations have a number median around 20 microns and are independent of the oil/oil-dispersant combination. Although the droplet size distribution is similar what is very different for these different oil-dispersant combinations is the number of droplets in the 1-70µm size range. On the basis of the measured size distribution and model predictions of the vertical movement of these droplets at sea we define dispersed droplets ≤ 70µm and suspended droplets > 70µm. Efficient dispersants produced a large number of droplets in the 1-70µm size range while poor dispersants or an untreated slick produces a smaller number of oil droplets in this size range. Comparison of the oil droplet size distribution of naturally and chemically dispersed oil indicates that the rate determining step in the process of dispersion is the splitting of large droplets (70-300µm diameter) to produce oil droplets in the size range 1-70µm. The consistency of the oil droplet size distribution for a variety of oil and oil-dispersant combinations suggests that the splitting process is via the shear forces imparted by microscale turbulence. The proposed mechanism has implications for both the modelling of the process at sea and the design of laboratory dispersant tests
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalMeasuring the oil droplet size produced when oil is dispersed at sea is a critical stage in understanding the process of dispersion. A laser Phase Doppler Particle Size Analyzer (PDPA) with a measurement range of 1-300 µm has been developed which can distinguish between oil and the background signal from air bubbles, suspended sediment and plankton at sea. The resulting improvement in the signal to noise ratio has enabled us to measure oil droplet size in situ below an oil slick. Measurements in the North Sea indicate that the droplet size distributions for a variety of oils and oil-dispersant combinations have a number median around 20 microns and are independent of the oil/oil-dispersant combination. Although the droplet size distribution is similar what is very different for these different oil-dispersant combinations is the number of droplets in the 1-70µm size range. On the basis of the measured size distribution and model predictions of the vertical movement of these droplets at sea we define dispersed droplets ≤ 70µm and suspended droplets > 70µm. Efficient dispersants produced a large number of droplets in the 1-70µm size range while poor dispersants or an untreated slick produces a smaller number of oil droplets in this size range. Comparison of the oil droplet size distribution of naturally and chemically dispersed oil indicates that the rate determining step in the process of dispersion is the splitting of large droplets (70-300µm diameter) to produce oil droplets in the size range 1-70µm. The consistency of the oil droplet size distribution for a variety of oil and oil-dispersant combinations suggests that the splitting process is via the shear forces imparted by microscale turbulence. The proposed mechanism has implications for both the modelling of the process at sea and the design of laboratory dispersant tests
Lunel, T.; Baldwin, G.; Merlin, F. 1995. Comparison of meso-scale and laboratory dispersant tests with dispersant effectiveness measured at sea. In Proceedings, Eighteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 14-16, 1995, West Edmonton Mall Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 629-651.
Lunel, T.; Davies, L.; Brandvik, P.J. 1995. Field trials to determine dispersant effectiveness at sea. In Proceedings, Eighteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 14-16, 1995, West Edmonton Mall Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 603-627.
Lunel, T.; Davies, L.; Chen, A.C.T.; Major, R.A. 1995. Field test of dispersant application by fire monitor. In Proceedings, Eighteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 14-16, 1995, West Edmonton Mall Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 559-602.
Lunel, T.; Davis, L. 1996. Dispersant effectiveness in the field on fresh oils and emulsions. In Proceedings, Nineteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1996, Sandman Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, Technical Services Branch. pp. 1355-1393.
Lunel, T.; Wood, P. 1996. A laboratory dispersant effectiveness test which reflects dispersant efficiency in the field. In Proceedings, Nineteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1996, Sandman Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, Technical Services Branch. pp. 461-480.
Lunel, T.; Russin, J.; Bailey, N.; Halliwell, C.; Davies, L. 1996. A successful at sea response to the Sea Empress spill. In Proceedings, Nineteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1996, Sandman Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, Technical Services Branch. pp. 1499-1519.
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Quarterly Issues
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Compilations
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- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.