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The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
The library contains a computer lab and several study spaces available to visiting students, scientists, or groups (such as attendees of a writing retreat).
The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
- 4,600 monographs
- 5,800 bound volumes
- 200 journal titles
- 26 current journal subscriptions
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- 35 atlases
- 3,600 government documents
- 1,500 reprints
In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
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The LUMCON Library is available as an internship site for graduate-level students who have completed at least two semesters toward a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science. Applications will be accepted on a continuing basis and internships may be completed during any semester. Prior library experience or an undergraduate degree in science is desirable, but not necessary. Credits will be awarded based on the number of person-hours completed (40 person-hours per credit hour).
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
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- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
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The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
Lunel, T.; Rusin, J.; Bailey, N.; Halliwell, C.; Davies, L. 1997. The net environmental benefit of a successful dispersant operation at the Sea Empress incident. In Proceedings: 1997 International Oil Spill Conference: Improving Environmental Protection: Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities: April 7-10, 1997, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 185-194. URL
Abstract
The monitoring of oil concentrations in the water column during a dispersant operation carried out at the Sea Empress incident has clearly demonstrated that, although a monitoring program should not be viewed as a prerequisite to response (since the spill site may be too remote to allow monitoring to be set up for the start of the response operation), if monitoring is planned as part of the response, it enables operations to be executed efficiently. The estimates put forward in this paper indicate that the targeted use of dispersants probably prevented 57,000 to 110,000 tons of emulsion from impacting the shoreline and potentially resulting in greatly increased impacts on sea birds, coastal waders, intertidal vertebrates and invertebrates, and amenity areas. The paper shows that these benefits outweighed the potential disadvantages associated with elevated oil concentrations in the water column. The Sea Empress is the first incident that has been monitored in a timely fashion in sufficient detail. The monitoring program demonstrated that the use of dispersants resulted in a net environmental benefit at the Sea Empress incident
© 1997 with permission from APIThe monitoring of oil concentrations in the water column during a dispersant operation carried out at the Sea Empress incident has clearly demonstrated that, although a monitoring program should not be viewed as a prerequisite to response (since the spill site may be too remote to allow monitoring to be set up for the start of the response operation), if monitoring is planned as part of the response, it enables operations to be executed efficiently. The estimates put forward in this paper indicate that the targeted use of dispersants probably prevented 57,000 to 110,000 tons of emulsion from impacting the shoreline and potentially resulting in greatly increased impacts on sea birds, coastal waders, intertidal vertebrates and invertebrates, and amenity areas. The paper shows that these benefits outweighed the potential disadvantages associated with elevated oil concentrations in the water column. The Sea Empress is the first incident that has been monitored in a timely fashion in sufficient detail. The monitoring program demonstrated that the use of dispersants resulted in a net environmental benefit at the Sea Empress incident
Lunel, T.; Wood, P.; Davies, L.; 1997. Dispersant effectiveness in field trials and in operational response. In Proceedings: 1997 International Oil Spill Conference: Improving Environmental Protection: Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities: April 7-10, 1997, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 923-925. URL
Abstract
The North Sea field tests described in this paper have provided a quantitative data set on dispersant efficiency that can be used to calibrate laboratory dispersant test. Comparisons of efficiency figures from the EXDET, IFP, Swirling Flask, and WSL test with the field dispersant efficiency figures indicate that the WSL test comes closest to replicating the observed dispersion, in terms of both the percentage of oil dispersed and the oil droplet size of the dispersion. This paper, with the accompanying presentation in the Sea Empress session of the conference, demonstrates that a combination of quantitative field tests and the WSL test can be used to guide responders in decisions of whether to use dispersants in response to an oil spill. The WSL test and the field trials indicated that dispersants were likely to be effective against both the Forties Blend crude oil and the weathered oil. These predications were confirmed by the successful dispersant operation of the Sea Empress incident
© 1997 with permission from APIThe North Sea field tests described in this paper have provided a quantitative data set on dispersant efficiency that can be used to calibrate laboratory dispersant test. Comparisons of efficiency figures from the EXDET, IFP, Swirling Flask, and WSL test with the field dispersant efficiency figures indicate that the WSL test comes closest to replicating the observed dispersion, in terms of both the percentage of oil dispersed and the oil droplet size of the dispersion. This paper, with the accompanying presentation in the Sea Empress session of the conference, demonstrates that a combination of quantitative field tests and the WSL test can be used to guide responders in decisions of whether to use dispersants in response to an oil spill. The WSL test and the field trials indicated that dispersants were likely to be effective against both the Forties Blend crude oil and the weathered oil. These predications were confirmed by the successful dispersant operation of the Sea Empress incident
Lunel, T. 1998. Sea Empress spill: dispersant operations, effectiveness, and effectiveness monitoring. In Dispersant Application in Alaska: A Technical Update, Anchorage Hilton Hotel, Anchorage, Alaska, March 18 and 19, 1998, Cordova, Ak: Prince William Sound Oil Spill Recovery Institute. pp. 59-78.
Lunel, T.; Lewis, A. 1999. Optimization of oil spill dispersant use. In Beyond 2000, Balancing Perspectives: Proceedings: 1999 International Oil Spill Conference: March 8-11, 1999, Seattle, Washington, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 187-193. URL
Abstract
The use of oil spill dispersants can, in some circumstances, be an effective response measure that reduces the overall environmental or economic damage caused by oil spills. In recent years, there have been some developments in dispersant formulation and in situ monitoring techniques which have led to an increase in the potential "time window" for dispersant use and also an increase in the number of oil types where dispersant treatment is considered a possibility. Perhaps more importantly, a more realistic understanding of the capabilities and limitations of oil spill dispersants combined with in situ monitoring methods for assessing the different potential impact of oil spills, has led to more informed decision-making about dispersant use. This paper considers recent technological developments that have been made relating to dispersant use, addresses the issues and identifies areas where further effort is needed
© 1999 with permission from APIThe use of oil spill dispersants can, in some circumstances, be an effective response measure that reduces the overall environmental or economic damage caused by oil spills. In recent years, there have been some developments in dispersant formulation and in situ monitoring techniques which have led to an increase in the potential "time window" for dispersant use and also an increase in the number of oil types where dispersant treatment is considered a possibility. Perhaps more importantly, a more realistic understanding of the capabilities and limitations of oil spill dispersants combined with in situ monitoring methods for assessing the different potential impact of oil spills, has led to more informed decision-making about dispersant use. This paper considers recent technological developments that have been made relating to dispersant use, addresses the issues and identifies areas where further effort is needed
Lunel, T.; Lewis, A. 1998. Potential changes in the use of dispersants in Australia SpillCon 98. In Australian Maritime Safety Authority: Eighth Environmental and Scientific Coordinator's Workshop: 24th-26th August, 1998, Cairns, (no publishing information available). pp. 2.2-2.41. URL
Lunel, T. 2001. Dispersant pre-approvals: best practice. In 2001 International Oil Spill Conference: Global Strategies for Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: March 26-29, 2001, Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 441-444. URL
Abstract
Oil spill dispersants are not the only answer in responding to oil spills, nor will they be effective in every case. However, as recent incidents such as the Sea Empress have demonstrated, when they are used immediately on a dispersible oil they can provide a very significant net environmental or economic benefit. Dispersant pre-approvals are required if dispersants are to be used effectively. However, the danger associated with pre-approvals is that dispersant could be used in every response operation without due consideration to whether the oil is likely to be dispersible under the given environmental conditions and whether dispersing some of the oil will result in a net environmental or economic benefit
© 2001 with permission from APIOil spill dispersants are not the only answer in responding to oil spills, nor will they be effective in every case. However, as recent incidents such as the Sea Empress have demonstrated, when they are used immediately on a dispersible oil they can provide a very significant net environmental or economic benefit. Dispersant pre-approvals are required if dispersants are to be used effectively. However, the danger associated with pre-approvals is that dispersant could be used in every response operation without due consideration to whether the oil is likely to be dispersible under the given environmental conditions and whether dispersing some of the oil will result in a net environmental or economic benefit
Lunel, T. 1993. Dispersion: oil droplet size measurements at sea. In Proceedings, Sixteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 7-9, 1993, Westin Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Technology Development Branch. pp. 1023-1056.
Lunel, T. et al. 1995. Monitoring the effectiveness of response operations during the Sea Empress incident: a key component of the successful counter-pollution response. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, 2 (2-3): 99-112. ISSN: 1353-2561. doi:10.1016/S1353-2561(96)00011-4.
Abstract
This note describes elements of the counter-pollution response to the 72,000 t (19 million gallons) of Forties Blend and 370 t of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) spilt during the Sea Empress incident in Milford Haven (U.K.). It is estimated that the successful dispersant operation at the Sea Empress incident prevented 57,000-110,000 t of emulsion impacting the South Wales coastline. Had the volume of oil beaching been around 130,000 t, rather than the 10,000-15,000 t that actually came ashore, then the impact on sea birds, coastal waders, intertidal invertebrates and amenity areas would have been much greater. No significant effects to the marine environment have been attributed to the dispersed oil concentrations, which were observed to dilute rapidly to below 1 ppm. Therefore, the Sea Empress incident has demonstrated how a targeted dispersant response can provide a net environmental benefit in responding to an oil spill
© CSA, 1997This note describes elements of the counter-pollution response to the 72,000 t (19 million gallons) of Forties Blend and 370 t of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) spilt during the Sea Empress incident in Milford Haven (U.K.). It is estimated that the successful dispersant operation at the Sea Empress incident prevented 57,000-110,000 t of emulsion impacting the South Wales coastline. Had the volume of oil beaching been around 130,000 t, rather than the 10,000-15,000 t that actually came ashore, then the impact on sea birds, coastal waders, intertidal invertebrates and amenity areas would have been much greater. No significant effects to the marine environment have been attributed to the dispersed oil concentrations, which were observed to dilute rapidly to below 1 ppm. Therefore, the Sea Empress incident has demonstrated how a targeted dispersant response can provide a net environmental benefit in responding to an oil spill
Lunel, T. et al. 1996. Shoreline cleanup during the Sea Empress incident: the role of the surf washing (clay-oil flocculation), dispersants, and bioremediation. In Proceedings, Nineteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1996, Sandman Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, Technical Services Branch. pp. 1521-1540.
Lutz, P.L. 1989. Methods for determining the toxicity of oil and dispersants to sea turtles. Oil and Dispersant Toxicity Testing: Proceedings of a Workshop on Technical Specifications held in New Orleans, January 17-19, 1989, New Orleans, La: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office. pp. 97-101.
Ly, J.M.; Hansen, O.; Bratfoss, B.; Johansen, Ø.; Singsaas, I. 2004. Assessing the level of Norwegian governmental preparedness using scenarios and model tools in an environmental risk based approach. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2004 Conference, Trondheim, Norway (CD-ROM), Horten, Norway: Norwegian Oil Spill Control Association (NOSCA). 20p..
Lyes, M.C. 1977. Effects of Surface Active Agents on the Behaviour of Selected Crustaceans, Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Southampton. (no page information available).
Lyes, M.C. 1979. The reproductive behavior of Gammarus duebeni and the inhibitory effect of a surface active agent. Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 6 (1): 47-56. ISSN: 0091-181X.
Abstract
Small concentrations of Tween 80 were found to cause a decrease in mating success of G. duebeni. Tween 80 interfered with receptors on the antennae of the male, blocking a chemical cue that normally results in synchronized mating with the suitable phase of ecdysis in the female
Small concentrations of Tween 80 were found to cause a decrease in mating success of G. duebeni. Tween 80 interfered with receptors on the antennae of the male, blocking a chemical cue that normally results in synchronized mating with the suitable phase of ecdysis in the female
Lynch, B.W.J. 1984. At-Sea Assessment of Aerially Applied Dispersants, Stevenage, U.K: Warren Spring Laboratory, Department of Industry. 13p..
Lyons, Z.; Castaneda, X. 2005. History of dispersant development: a dispersant timeline. In 2005 International Oil Spill Conference; Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: May 15-19, 2005, Miami Beach Convention Center, Miami Beach, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 643-645. URL
Abstract
Initial experiences with oil spill dispersants were less than positive somewhat due to the fact that dispersants began their evolution as chemical substances that were perhaps more toxic than the oil that they were intended to disperse. Through time, however, dispersants were formulated to become less toxic. Beginning with caution, testing and evaluation through the U.S. national science community, then through public workshops and hearings, the U.S. began the process of integrating dispersant usage into its repertory of response technologies
© 2005 with permission from APIInitial experiences with oil spill dispersants were less than positive somewhat due to the fact that dispersants began their evolution as chemical substances that were perhaps more toxic than the oil that they were intended to disperse. Through time, however, dispersants were formulated to become less toxic. Beginning with caution, testing and evaluation through the U.S. national science community, then through public workshops and hearings, the U.S. began the process of integrating dispersant usage into its repertory of response technologies
Løvås, S.; Jensen, H.V.; Krogstad, H. 1995. Remote sensing of the 1994 NOFO-dispersant field trial: experiences and results. In Proceedings, Eighteenth Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, June 14-16, 1995, West Edmonton Mall Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 441-452.
Macek, K.J. 1975. Susceptibility of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) to nonionic surfactants. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 13 (3): 377-384. ISSN: 0007-4871. doi:10.1007/BF01685354.
Abstract
The present report provides a basis for direct comparison of the susceptibility of fish to alkylphenol and alcohol ethoxylates of various EO chain lengths. It is obvious from the data provided that susceptibility of bluegill to nonionic surfactants (both types) increases with decreasing EO chain length. Also it appears that bluegill are no more susceptible, and, in fact, are probably less susceptible to the acute effects of alkylphenol ethoxylates than of alcohol ethoxylates
© CSA, 1975The present report provides a basis for direct comparison of the susceptibility of fish to alkylphenol and alcohol ethoxylates of various EO chain lengths. It is obvious from the data provided that susceptibility of bluegill to nonionic surfactants (both types) increases with decreasing EO chain length. Also it appears that bluegill are no more susceptible, and, in fact, are probably less susceptible to the acute effects of alkylphenol ethoxylates than of alcohol ethoxylates
Macinnis-Ng, C.M.O.; Ralph, P.J. 2003. In situ impact of petrochemicals on the photosynthesis of the seagrass Zostera capricorni. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46 (11): 1395-1407. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00290-X.
Abstract
We used photosynthetic activity (measured as chlorophyll a fluorescence) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations to assess the effect of pulsed exposures of aged crude oil (Champion Crude), dispersant (VDC) and an oil + dispersant mixture on the seagrass Zostera capricorni Aschers in laboratory and field experiments, using custom-made chambers. Samples were exposed for 10 h to 0.25% and 0.1% concentrations of aged crude oil and dispersant as well as mixtures of 0.25% oil + 0.05% dispersant and 0.1% oil + 0.02% dispersant. During this time and for the subsequent four day recovery period, the maximum and effective quantum yields of photosystem II (Fv/Fm and ΔF/Fm’ respectively) were measured. In the laboratory experiments, both values declined in response to oil exposure and remained low during the recovery period. Dispersant exposure caused a decline in both values during the recovery period, while the mixture of aged crude oil + dispersant had little impact on both quantum yields. In situ samples were less sensitive than laboratory samples, showing no photosynthetic impact due to dispersant and oil + dispersant mixture. Despite an initial decline in ΔF/Fm’, in situ oil-exposed samples recovered by the end of the experiment. Chlorophyll pigment analysis showed only limited ongoing impact in both laboratory and field situations. This study suggests that laboratory experiments may overestimate the ongoing impact of petrochemicals on seagrass whilst the dispersant VDC can reduce the impact of oil on seagrass photosynthesis
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 11, C.M.O. Macinnis-Ng, P.J. Ralph, Copyright 2003, with permission from ElsevierWe used photosynthetic activity (measured as chlorophyll a fluorescence) and photosynthetic pigment concentrations to assess the effect of pulsed exposures of aged crude oil (Champion Crude), dispersant (VDC) and an oil + dispersant mixture on the seagrass Zostera capricorni Aschers in laboratory and field experiments, using custom-made chambers. Samples were exposed for 10 h to 0.25% and 0.1% concentrations of aged crude oil and dispersant as well as mixtures of 0.25% oil + 0.05% dispersant and 0.1% oil + 0.02% dispersant. During this time and for the subsequent four day recovery period, the maximum and effective quantum yields of photosystem II (Fv/Fm and ΔF/Fm’ respectively) were measured. In the laboratory experiments, both values declined in response to oil exposure and remained low during the recovery period. Dispersant exposure caused a decline in both values during the recovery period, while the mixture of aged crude oil + dispersant had little impact on both quantum yields. In situ samples were less sensitive than laboratory samples, showing no photosynthetic impact due to dispersant and oil + dispersant mixture. Despite an initial decline in ΔF/Fm’, in situ oil-exposed samples recovered by the end of the experiment. Chlorophyll pigment analysis showed only limited ongoing impact in both laboratory and field situations. This study suggests that laboratory experiments may overestimate the ongoing impact of petrochemicals on seagrass whilst the dispersant VDC can reduce the impact of oil on seagrass photosynthesis
Mackay, D. 1985. Chemical dispersion, a mechanism and a model. In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: Seminar Sponsored by the Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada, June 18-20, 1985, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Technical Services Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 260-268.
Mackay, D.; Zagorski, W. 1981. Formation of water-in-oil emulsion. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 16-18, 1981, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 75-86.
Mackay, D. 1993. Effectiveness of Dispersants Applied Following the Exxon Valdez Spill, Alexandria, Va: ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company. (no page information available).
Mackay, D. 1995. Effectiveness of chemical dispersants under breaking wave conditions. The Use of Chemicals in Oil Spill Response, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 310-340. ISBN: 0803119992.
Abstract
A study is described in which the effectiveness of Corexit 9527 on Alaskan North Slope crude oil was assessed by conducting laboratory and wave basin tests. Three laboratory dispersant test systems were used: the MNS, Labofina and EXDET procedures. It was concluded that for the present purposes the EXDET system was most suitable, and it was used for subsequent tests. The dependence of effectiveness on dispersant to oil ratio, extent of weathering, temperature, water salinity, energy level and the presence of emulsified water (mousse) were determined. The results were used to guide a subsequent program of tests at the Esso Resources Canada Ltd. Wave Basin in Calgary in which the effectiveness was determined under breaking wave conditions. From the results a correlating equation was developed to express effectiveness as a function of dispersant to oil ratio and delay time between dispersant application and the onset of breaking waves. Significant quantities of oil were dispersed under breaking wave conditions, even at what are conventionally regarded as low dispersant to oil ratios. The implications of the results for assessing the actual and potential extent of chemical dispersion following the Exxon Valdez spill in March 1989 are discussed. Assuming that the dispersion efficiencies from the wave basin could have been achieved at the incident, it is believed that because of the onset of the storm with breaking wave conditions some 60 hours after the grounding, approximately 38% of the spilled oil could have been dispersed had available dispersants been applied to the spilled oil in the days following the grounding
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM International.A study is described in which the effectiveness of Corexit 9527 on Alaskan North Slope crude oil was assessed by conducting laboratory and wave basin tests. Three laboratory dispersant test systems were used: the MNS, Labofina and EXDET procedures. It was concluded that for the present purposes the EXDET system was most suitable, and it was used for subsequent tests. The dependence of effectiveness on dispersant to oil ratio, extent of weathering, temperature, water salinity, energy level and the presence of emulsified water (mousse) were determined. The results were used to guide a subsequent program of tests at the Esso Resources Canada Ltd. Wave Basin in Calgary in which the effectiveness was determined under breaking wave conditions. From the results a correlating equation was developed to express effectiveness as a function of dispersant to oil ratio and delay time between dispersant application and the onset of breaking waves. Significant quantities of oil were dispersed under breaking wave conditions, even at what are conventionally regarded as low dispersant to oil ratios. The implications of the results for assessing the actual and potential extent of chemical dispersion following the Exxon Valdez spill in March 1989 are discussed. Assuming that the dispersion efficiencies from the wave basin could have been achieved at the incident, it is believed that because of the onset of the storm with breaking wave conditions some 60 hours after the grounding, approximately 38% of the spilled oil could have been dispersed had available dispersants been applied to the spilled oil in the days following the grounding
Mackay, D.; Mascarenhas, R. 1979. Testing dispersants for effectiveness and toxicity. Spill Technology Newsletter, 4 (4): 242-244. ISSN: 0381-4459.
Mackay, D.; Mascarenhas, R.; Hossain, K.; McGee, T. 1980. The effectiveness of chemical dispersants at low temperatures and in the presence of ice. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar: June 3-5, 1980, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 317-327.
Mackay, D.; Szeto, F. 1980. Effectiveness of Oil Spill Dispersants: Development of a Laboratory Method and Results for Selected Commercial Products, Toronto, Ont: Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto. (no page information available).
Mackay, D.; Szeto, F. 1981. The laboratory determination of dispersant effectiveness: method development and results. In Proceedings: 1981 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 2-5, 1981, Atlanta, Georgia, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 11-17.
Abstract
A research project is described in which a previously described effectiveness test for chemical oil spill dispersants was further developed and standardized. The principle of the test is that known volumes of dispersant and crude oil are contacted on the surface of seawater in a laboratory-scale vessel in which there is a circulating air current that imparts a swirling wave action to the water. This flow geometry is believed to simulate ocean surface conditions better than tests that involve shaking, stirring, or pumping as turbulence-generating mechanisms. From the results of a series of tests at various dispersant-to-oil ratios, the ratios that affect the dispersion of 50 and 75 percent of the original amount of oil added to the water surface are calculated and used as an indication of dispersant effectiveness. The corresponding percent of the oil that remains dispersed after settling is also deduced. The results of a series of tests using two crude oils, Murban (light) and La Rosa (heavy), and 17 dispersants are presented. These results show a wide range in the dispersant-to-oil ratio necessary to achieve 50- to 75-percent dispersion. Five products failed to achieve 50-percent dispersion of both crude oils at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 0.2, which is highly regarded as the practical upper limit of dispersant dosage. There was a group of highly effective dispersants requiring a dispersant-to-oil ratio of only 0.005 to 0.007 to accomplish 50-percent dispersion. The test method can discriminate between two dispersant products with effectiveness which differ by approximately 10 percent. The implications of these experimental results are discussed
© 1981 with permission from APIA research project is described in which a previously described effectiveness test for chemical oil spill dispersants was further developed and standardized. The principle of the test is that known volumes of dispersant and crude oil are contacted on the surface of seawater in a laboratory-scale vessel in which there is a circulating air current that imparts a swirling wave action to the water. This flow geometry is believed to simulate ocean surface conditions better than tests that involve shaking, stirring, or pumping as turbulence-generating mechanisms. From the results of a series of tests at various dispersant-to-oil ratios, the ratios that affect the dispersion of 50 and 75 percent of the original amount of oil added to the water surface are calculated and used as an indication of dispersant effectiveness. The corresponding percent of the oil that remains dispersed after settling is also deduced. The results of a series of tests using two crude oils, Murban (light) and La Rosa (heavy), and 17 dispersants are presented. These results show a wide range in the dispersant-to-oil ratio necessary to achieve 50- to 75-percent dispersion. Five products failed to achieve 50-percent dispersion of both crude oils at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 0.2, which is highly regarded as the practical upper limit of dispersant dosage. There was a group of highly effective dispersants requiring a dispersant-to-oil ratio of only 0.005 to 0.007 to accomplish 50-percent dispersion. The test method can discriminate between two dispersant products with effectiveness which differ by approximately 10 percent. The implications of these experimental results are discussed
Mackay, D.; Wells, P.G. 1981. Factors influencing the aquatic toxicity of chemically dispersed oils. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 16-18, 1981, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 445-467.
Mackay, D.; Chang, S.; Wells, P.G. 1982. Calculation of oil concentrations under chemically dispersed slicks, Marine Pollution Bulletin. 13 (8): 278-283. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(82)90546-X.
Abstract
Equations were created to describe the unsteady state diffusion of chemically dispersed oil in the water column. The equations create profiles accounting for concentrations of dispersed oil (volume) by time and depth, with a minimum number of adjustable parameters. The equations could be used to estimate lethal and sublethal effects to organisms in the upper water column
Equations were created to describe the unsteady state diffusion of chemically dispersed oil in the water column. The equations create profiles accounting for concentrations of dispersed oil (volume) by time and depth, with a minimum number of adjustable parameters. The equations could be used to estimate lethal and sublethal effects to organisms in the upper water column
Mackay, D.; Wells, P.G. 1983. Effectiveness, behavior, and toxicity of dispersants. In Proceedings: 1983 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 28 - March 3, 1983, San Antonio, Texas, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 65-71.
Abstract
Three key issues must be addressed when deciding on the desirability of using chemical dispersants for mitigating the adverse effects of oil spills: (1) how effective a given dosage of dispersant will be on a given oil slick; (2) how the dispersed oil and dispersant diffuse into the water column, dissolve, volatilize, degrade, and interact with suspended and bottom sediments; and (3) what effects the dissolved and particulate oil and dispersant will have on water column and benthic biota. It is essential that the first two areas (physical and chemical studies) relate closely to the third (biological aspects) in order that bioassay exposure (in terms of concentration of dispersant, classes of and individual hydrocarbons, and duration) addressing the toxicity issue be realistic. Here, we review the current status of a research program which addresses these issues. Under the program, attempts are being made to quantify dispersant effectiveness (including consideration of effectiveness testing using the Mackay-Nadeau-Steelman system for oils which have evaporated and/or formed water-in-oil emulsions to various extents), water column diffusion, and partitioning of specific hydrocarbons among water, oil, and suspended sediment as well as into the atmosphere. A procedure is described which has been used to quantify the acute toxicity of dispersants to copepods and which is being extended to apply also to the toxic contributions of dissolved and particulate oil. Hopefully, by assembling quantitative expressions for effectiveness, behavior, and toxicity, those situations in which dispersion is desirable can be better identified
© 1983 with permission from APIThree key issues must be addressed when deciding on the desirability of using chemical dispersants for mitigating the adverse effects of oil spills: (1) how effective a given dosage of dispersant will be on a given oil slick; (2) how the dispersed oil and dispersant diffuse into the water column, dissolve, volatilize, degrade, and interact with suspended and bottom sediments; and (3) what effects the dissolved and particulate oil and dispersant will have on water column and benthic biota. It is essential that the first two areas (physical and chemical studies) relate closely to the third (biological aspects) in order that bioassay exposure (in terms of concentration of dispersant, classes of and individual hydrocarbons, and duration) addressing the toxicity issue be realistic. Here, we review the current status of a research program which addresses these issues. Under the program, attempts are being made to quantify dispersant effectiveness (including consideration of effectiveness testing using the Mackay-Nadeau-Steelman system for oils which have evaporated and/or formed water-in-oil emulsions to various extents), water column diffusion, and partitioning of specific hydrocarbons among water, oil, and suspended sediment as well as into the atmosphere. A procedure is described which has been used to quantify the acute toxicity of dispersants to copepods and which is being extended to apply also to the toxic contributions of dissolved and particulate oil. Hopefully, by assembling quantitative expressions for effectiveness, behavior, and toxicity, those situations in which dispersion is desirable can be better identified
Mackay, D.; Chau, A.; Hossain, K. 1983. The effectiveness of chemical dispersants: a discussion of recent progress. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar; June 14-16, 1983, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Technical Services Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 151-153.
Mackay, D.; Chau, A.; Hossain, K.; Bobra, M. 1984. Measurement and prediction of the effectiveness of oil spill chemical dispersants. Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants: Research, Experience and Recommendations. A Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, West Palm Beach, Florida, October 12-13, 1982, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 38-54. ISBN: 0803104006.
Abstract
Recent developments in effectiveness testing of dispersants are discussed, with emphasis on the Mackay-Nadeau-Steelman laboratory test. A novel flume test system is described in which an attempt is made in the laboratory to simulate a sea test involving continuous application by boat. Some recent findings of test programs are discussed and a detailed mechanism proposed for the dispersion process. It is proposed that a mathematical model be sought to express effectiveness as a function of the volumes of oil, water, and dispersant, oil viscosity, water salinity, and application method. It is suggested that this model could form the basis of a procedure for correlating effectiveness and linking laboratory tests to application conditions at sea
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalRecent developments in effectiveness testing of dispersants are discussed, with emphasis on the Mackay-Nadeau-Steelman laboratory test. A novel flume test system is described in which an attempt is made in the laboratory to simulate a sea test involving continuous application by boat. Some recent findings of test programs are discussed and a detailed mechanism proposed for the dispersion process. It is proposed that a mathematical model be sought to express effectiveness as a function of the volumes of oil, water, and dispersant, oil viscosity, water salinity, and application method. It is suggested that this model could form the basis of a procedure for correlating effectiveness and linking laboratory tests to application conditions at sea
Mackay, D.; Chau, A. 1986. The effectiveness of chemical dispersants: a discussion of laboratory and field test results. Oil and Chemical Pollution, 3 (6): 405-415. ISSN: 0269-8579. doi:10.1016/S0269-8579(86)80022-3.
Abstract
The effectiveness of dispersants in the laboratory and at sea is described. Some of the factors influencing effectiveness are: chemical composition of dispersants and oil, ratios of oil to dispersant, and physical properties affecting the ability of dispersants to mix at the surface and in the water column when applied to a spill. The need to quantify dispersant effectiveness at sea is stressed; areas that should be investigated further include how much to apply given the thickness of a slick, understanding the effect of weathering, and the physical processes of the sea at the surface
The effectiveness of dispersants in the laboratory and at sea is described. Some of the factors influencing effectiveness are: chemical composition of dispersants and oil, ratios of oil to dispersant, and physical properties affecting the ability of dispersants to mix at the surface and in the water column when applied to a spill. The need to quantify dispersant effectiveness at sea is stressed; areas that should be investigated further include how much to apply given the thickness of a slick, understanding the effect of weathering, and the physical processes of the sea at the surface
Mackay, D.; Chau, A.; Clara, B. 1986. The dispersion and submergence of oil spills. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. Seminar Sponsored by Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, June 10-12, 1986, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Beauregard Press. pp. 101-111. ISBN: 0662148126.
Abstract
Results are presented from two projects focusing on the behavior of oil spills on ocean surfaces. One study investigated aspects of the process of chemical dispersion of oil spills by observing and quantifying processes that occur when droplets of dispersant land on a slick and induce dispersion. Another investigation looked at factors that lead to an oil slick breaking up into discrete droplets on the ocean surface, how droplets may combine to form larger oil pans or pancakes, and how these droplets and pans of various sizes tend to become submerged and undetected
Results are presented from two projects focusing on the behavior of oil spills on ocean surfaces. One study investigated aspects of the process of chemical dispersion of oil spills by observing and quantifying processes that occur when droplets of dispersant land on a slick and induce dispersion. Another investigation looked at factors that lead to an oil slick breaking up into discrete droplets on the ocean surface, how droplets may combine to form larger oil pans or pancakes, and how these droplets and pans of various sizes tend to become submerged and undetected
Mackay, D.; Chau, A.S.Y.; Poon, Y.C. 1986. A Study of the Mechanism of Chemical Dispersion of Oil Spills, Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Emergencies Technology Division, Environment Canada. 144p.
Mackay, D.; Leinonen, P.J. 1977. Mathematical Model of the Behaviour of Oil Spills on Water with Natural and Chemical Dispersion, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Protection Service, Department of the Environment. 84p. ISBN: 0662012178.
Mackay, D.; Nadeau, J.S.; Ng, C. 1977. A Small Scale Laboratory Dispersant Effectiveness Test, Toronto, Ont: University of Toronto, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry. 23p.
Mackay, D.; Nadeau, J.S.; Ng, C. 1978. A small-scale laboratory dispersant effectiveness test. Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills: A Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 35-49. ISBN: 0465900024.
Abstract
A small scale laboratory system is described in which known amounts of oil and dispersant are introduced on a water surface at a controlled temperature and turbulence and the dispersion behavior observed. Turbulence is provided by circulating an air current over the oil-water surface, thus simulating, to some extent, natural wave action and avoiding the atypical turbulence introduced by mechanical agitation devices. Oil adherence to solid surfaces is minimized. The apparatus is believed to particularly suitable for observing the effectiveness and behavior of dispersants under conditions where little or no artificial turbulence is provided. The design and performance of the apparatus is described and some results presented in which turbulence, oil-to-dispersant ratio, and temperature are varied. The system is suitable for close observation of the dispersion process and subsequent emulsified oil behavior. The advantages and disadvantages of the system are outlined and the possibility of relating sea state to conditions in the apparatus are discussed
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalA small scale laboratory system is described in which known amounts of oil and dispersant are introduced on a water surface at a controlled temperature and turbulence and the dispersion behavior observed. Turbulence is provided by circulating an air current over the oil-water surface, thus simulating, to some extent, natural wave action and avoiding the atypical turbulence introduced by mechanical agitation devices. Oil adherence to solid surfaces is minimized. The apparatus is believed to particularly suitable for observing the effectiveness and behavior of dispersants under conditions where little or no artificial turbulence is provided. The design and performance of the apparatus is described and some results presented in which turbulence, oil-to-dispersant ratio, and temperature are varied. The system is suitable for close observation of the dispersion process and subsequent emulsified oil behavior. The advantages and disadvantages of the system are outlined and the possibility of relating sea state to conditions in the apparatus are discussed
Mackay, D.; Watson, A.; Ng, C.; Nadeau, S. 1979. Behavior and effectiveness of dispersants at sea and at shorelines. In Proceedings of the 1979 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), Los Angeles, Ca., March 1979, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 447-452.
Abstract
A laboratory experimental program was conducted in which the aims were to investigate quantitatively the factors which influence the effectiveness of chemical dispersants (1) when applied to oil under various open sea conditions, and (2) in modifying the behavior of oil advancing on a shoreline. Open sea conditions were simulated in a previously-devised dispersant effectiveness test apparatus. The effectiveness of a dispersant was shown to be profoundly influenced by turbulence level. An approach also was made to relating the turbulence level in the apparatus to natural environmental conditions. A simulated shoreline, impacted by waves from a wave generator, was used to examined the behavior of crude oil and No. 6 fuel oil on the shorelines with and without dispersant additions. Wave action caused sand beaches to “filter” dispersed oil from the water column, resulting in enhanced, but possible reversible, oil penetration. Larger oil particles were observed to capture sand particles and sink. Implications of the results are that in many situations the use of dispersants on oil advancing on shores or even on the shoreline itself could prove advantageous
© 1979 with permission from APIA laboratory experimental program was conducted in which the aims were to investigate quantitatively the factors which influence the effectiveness of chemical dispersants (1) when applied to oil under various open sea conditions, and (2) in modifying the behavior of oil advancing on a shoreline. Open sea conditions were simulated in a previously-devised dispersant effectiveness test apparatus. The effectiveness of a dispersant was shown to be profoundly influenced by turbulence level. An approach also was made to relating the turbulence level in the apparatus to natural environmental conditions. A simulated shoreline, impacted by waves from a wave generator, was used to examined the behavior of crude oil and No. 6 fuel oil on the shorelines with and without dispersant additions. Wave action caused sand beaches to “filter” dispersed oil from the water column, resulting in enhanced, but possible reversible, oil penetration. Larger oil particles were observed to capture sand particles and sink. Implications of the results are that in many situations the use of dispersants on oil advancing on shores or even on the shoreline itself could prove advantageous
Mackay, D.; Watson, A.; Kuhnt, A. 1979. The Behaviour of Oil and Chemically Dispersed Oil at Shorelines; Report Prepared for the Petroleum Association for the Conservation of the Canadian Environment, Ottawa, Ont: Petroleum Association for Conservation of the Canadian Environment. 33p.
Mackay, D.; Houssain, K. 1982. Oil-water Interfacial Tensions In Chemical Dispersant Systems, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. 17p.
Mackay, D.; Paterson, S.; Trudel, K. 1980. Mathematical Model Of Oil Spill Behavior, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. 48p.
Mackay, D.; Kristmanson, D.D.; Smedley, J.B. 1980. Theoretical Assessment and Design Study of the Aerial Application of Oil Spill Dispersants, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. (no page information available).
Mackay, D.; Mascarenhas, R.; Hossain, K.; McGee, T. 1979. The Effectiveness of Chemical Dispersants at Low Temperatures and in the Presence of Ice, Toronto, Ont: Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry and Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto. 23p.
Mackay, D.; Wells, P.G. 1981. The use of dispersants for oil spill treatment. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 16-18, 1981, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 469-476.
Mackay, D.; Wells, P.G. 1982. Recent advances in chemical dispersion of oil spills. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar: Seminar Held June 15-17, 1982, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 275-284.
Mackie, A.M. 1970. Avoidance reactions of marine invertebrates to either steroid glycosides of starfish or synthetic surface-active agents. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 5 (1): 63-69. ISSN: 0022-0981. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(70)90029-8.
Abstract
The substance present in extracts of Marthasterias glacialis (L.) which induces avoidance reactions in Buccinum undatum (L.), Chlamys opercularis (L.), Pecten maximus (L.), Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard) and Patella vulgata L. has been shown to be a steroid glycoside with surface-active properties. Such reactions may also be obtained with equally low amounts of synthetic non-ionic surface-active agents. Maintenance of Buccinum undatum in a sub-lethal concentration of one of these non-ionic surfactants caused damage or fatigue to chemoreceptor cells on the surface of the foot. The possible significance of these results to pollution studies is discussed
Reprinted from Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Volume 5, A.M. Mackie, Copyright 1970, with permission from Elsevier.The substance present in extracts of Marthasterias glacialis (L.) which induces avoidance reactions in Buccinum undatum (L.), Chlamys opercularis (L.), Pecten maximus (L.), Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard) and Patella vulgata L. has been shown to be a steroid glycoside with surface-active properties. Such reactions may also be obtained with equally low amounts of synthetic non-ionic surface-active agents. Maintenance of Buccinum undatum in a sub-lethal concentration of one of these non-ionic surfactants caused damage or fatigue to chemoreceptor cells on the surface of the foot. The possible significance of these results to pollution studies is discussed
MacKinnon, D.S.; Lane, P.A. 1993. Saltmarsh Revisited: The Long-Term Effects of Oil and Dispersant on Saltmarsh Vegetation, Calgary, Alta: Environmental Studies Research Funds. 24p.. ISBN: 0921652240.
Macnaughton, S.J.; Swannell, R.; Daniel, F.; Bristow, L. 2003. Biodegradation of dispersed Forties crude and Alaskan North slope oils in microcosms under simulated marine conditions. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, 8 (2): 179-186. ISSN: 1353-2561. doi:10.1016/S1353-2561(03)00020-3.
Abstract
For oil spills in the open sea, operational experience has found that conventional response techniques, such as mechanical recovery, tend to remove only a small fraction of oil during major spills, a recent exception being the Mississippi River spill in Louisiana [Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 7 (2002) 155]. By contrast, the use of dispersants can enable significant fractions of oil to be removed from the sea surface by dispersing the oil into the water column. It is thought that once dispersed the oil can biodegrade in the water column, although there is little information on the mechanism and rate of biodegradation. Two studies were undertaken on dispersion, microbial colonisation and biodegradation of Forties crude and Alaskan North Slope (ANS) oils under simulated marine conditions. The study using the Forties crude lasted 27 days and was carried out in conditions simulating estuarine and coastal conditions in waters around the UK (15 °C and in the presence of nutrients, 1 mg N-NO3/l), while the ANS study simulated low temperature conditions typical of Prince William Sound (8 °C) and took place over 35 days. The results of both studies demonstrated microbial colonisation of oil droplets after 4 days, and the formation of neutrally buoyant clusters consisting of oil, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes. By day 16, the size of the clusters increased and they sank to the bottom of the microcosms, presumably because of a decrease in buoyancy due to oil biodegradation, however biodegradation of n-alkanes was confirmed only in the Forties study. No colonisation or biodegradation of oil was noted in the controls in which biological action was inhibited. Oil degrading bacteria proliferated in all biologically active microcosms. Without dispersant, the onset of colonisation was delayed, although microbial growth rates and population size in ANS were greater than observed with the Forties. This difference reflected the greater droplet number seen with ANS at 8 °C than with Forties crude at 15 °C. Although these studies differed by more than one variable, complicating comparison, the findings suggest that dispersion (natural or chemical) changes the impact of the oil on the marine environment, potentially having important implications for management of oil spills in relation to the policy of dispersant use in an oil spill event
Reprinted from Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, Volume 8, S.J. Macnaughton, R. Swannell, F. Daniel, L. Bristow, Copyright 2003, with permission from ElsevierFor oil spills in the open sea, operational experience has found that conventional response techniques, such as mechanical recovery, tend to remove only a small fraction of oil during major spills, a recent exception being the Mississippi River spill in Louisiana [Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. 7 (2002) 155]. By contrast, the use of dispersants can enable significant fractions of oil to be removed from the sea surface by dispersing the oil into the water column. It is thought that once dispersed the oil can biodegrade in the water column, although there is little information on the mechanism and rate of biodegradation. Two studies were undertaken on dispersion, microbial colonisation and biodegradation of Forties crude and Alaskan North Slope (ANS) oils under simulated marine conditions. The study using the Forties crude lasted 27 days and was carried out in conditions simulating estuarine and coastal conditions in waters around the UK (15 °C and in the presence of nutrients, 1 mg N-NO3/l), while the ANS study simulated low temperature conditions typical of Prince William Sound (8 °C) and took place over 35 days. The results of both studies demonstrated microbial colonisation of oil droplets after 4 days, and the formation of neutrally buoyant clusters consisting of oil, bacteria, protozoa and nematodes. By day 16, the size of the clusters increased and they sank to the bottom of the microcosms, presumably because of a decrease in buoyancy due to oil biodegradation, however biodegradation of n-alkanes was confirmed only in the Forties study. No colonisation or biodegradation of oil was noted in the controls in which biological action was inhibited. Oil degrading bacteria proliferated in all biologically active microcosms. Without dispersant, the onset of colonisation was delayed, although microbial growth rates and population size in ANS were greater than observed with the Forties. This difference reflected the greater droplet number seen with ANS at 8 °C than with Forties crude at 15 °C. Although these studies differed by more than one variable, complicating comparison, the findings suggest that dispersion (natural or chemical) changes the impact of the oil on the marine environment, potentially having important implications for management of oil spills in relation to the policy of dispersant use in an oil spill event
MacNeill, M.R.; Goodman, R.H.; Bodeux, J.B.; Paddison, B.A.; Corry, K.E. 1985. Dispersant tests in a wave basin. In Proceedings: 1985 Oil Spill Conference, (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 25-28, 1985, Los Angeles, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 463-469.
Abstract
Using dispersants to mitigate oil spills has remained controversial, despite considerable testing, in both the laboratory and the field. One of the major concerns, which has not been satisfactorily resolved, is how effective various dispersants are on different oils over a range of environmental conditions. Laboratory experiments cannot accurately simulate the real world, while field experiments are difficult to monitor and control. To eliminate some of the problems previously encountered when testing dispersants, an experiment was conducted in a large (approximately 30 m x 55 m x 2.5 m deep) outdoor wave test basin. The main objective of the experiment was to test the action of Corexit 9527 on unweathered Issungnak crude oil in low energy, nonbreaking waves. Eight tests were conducted, four on control oil slicks and four on treated slicks. The oil was contained in a 4.6 m diameter boom with a l.85 m deep skirt. The boom was moored at one end of the test basin 6 m from a wave generator, which could generate waves up to 0.4 m high. At the opposite (shallow) end of the wave basin, a gravel beach absorbed the energy of the waves. For each test, the wave generator was run for about 4 hours, with a constant wave height (set from 10 to 28 cm) and period (l.6 s). During this time, water samples were drawn at regular intervals from various depths for measuring oil concentrations in the water column. The data indicated that, in 10 and 20 cm nonbreaking waves, dispersion of oil into the water column from an untreated oil slick was negligible. During all the experiments for treated slicks, concentrations of oil in the boom were dramatically higher than for untreated slicks. Even in quiescent conditions, concentrations as high as 4ppm were observed at 50 cm after 24 hours under a treated slick. Concentrations of up to 60 ppm were observed at 50 cm in the water column in 10 cm waves. Investigations of oil drop size showed that under the treated slicks the oil droplet diameters ranged from 1 µm to 8 µm diameter. Overall, the results showed that, even in low energy waves, there was a significant increase in dispersion from a surface slick of unweathered Issungnak oil when it was treated with Corexit 9527, and the oil in water emulsion formed was more stable than that from an untreated slick
© 1985 with permission from APIUsing dispersants to mitigate oil spills has remained controversial, despite considerable testing, in both the laboratory and the field. One of the major concerns, which has not been satisfactorily resolved, is how effective various dispersants are on different oils over a range of environmental conditions. Laboratory experiments cannot accurately simulate the real world, while field experiments are difficult to monitor and control. To eliminate some of the problems previously encountered when testing dispersants, an experiment was conducted in a large (approximately 30 m x 55 m x 2.5 m deep) outdoor wave test basin. The main objective of the experiment was to test the action of Corexit 9527 on unweathered Issungnak crude oil in low energy, nonbreaking waves. Eight tests were conducted, four on control oil slicks and four on treated slicks. The oil was contained in a 4.6 m diameter boom with a l.85 m deep skirt. The boom was moored at one end of the test basin 6 m from a wave generator, which could generate waves up to 0.4 m high. At the opposite (shallow) end of the wave basin, a gravel beach absorbed the energy of the waves. For each test, the wave generator was run for about 4 hours, with a constant wave height (set from 10 to 28 cm) and period (l.6 s). During this time, water samples were drawn at regular intervals from various depths for measuring oil concentrations in the water column. The data indicated that, in 10 and 20 cm nonbreaking waves, dispersion of oil into the water column from an untreated oil slick was negligible. During all the experiments for treated slicks, concentrations of oil in the boom were dramatically higher than for untreated slicks. Even in quiescent conditions, concentrations as high as 4ppm were observed at 50 cm after 24 hours under a treated slick. Concentrations of up to 60 ppm were observed at 50 cm in the water column in 10 cm waves. Investigations of oil drop size showed that under the treated slicks the oil droplet diameters ranged from 1 µm to 8 µm diameter. Overall, the results showed that, even in low energy waves, there was a significant increase in dispersion from a surface slick of unweathered Issungnak oil when it was treated with Corexit 9527, and the oil in water emulsion formed was more stable than that from an untreated slick
MacNeill, M.R.; Lee, B. 1984. Oceanography at the COAATF 1983 offshore dispersant trials. In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1984, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Protection Service, Environmental Emergency. pp. 471-487.
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Quarterly Issues
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Compilations
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- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
Taylor, Susan. 0.45- to 1.1-æm spectra of Prudhoe crude oil and of beach materials in Prince William Sound, Alaska, [Hanover, NJ]. US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory: 1992;
Volume Special Report (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory) (92-5): 14 p..
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.