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ABOUT THE LIBRARY

The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.

The library contains a computer lab and several study spaces available to visiting students, scientists, or groups (such as attendees of a writing retreat).

The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:

4,600 monographs
5,800 bound volumes
200 journal titles
26 current journal subscriptions
850 maps
35 atlases
3,600 government documents
1,500 reprints

In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.

HOURS OF OPERATION

The LUMCON Library is staffed Monday through Friday from 7:00 AM to 3:30 PM. All visitors are welcome during these hours.
The Library is closed to the public on weekends, state holidays, and when the librarian is not on site. Before visiting the facility, please call 985-851-2875 to ensure the Library will be open.
All LUMCON staff, summer students, and resident visitors have 24-hour access to the Library. If the doors to the Library are locked, the security guard will open them for you.

CIRCULATION

Books can be checked out by filling out a card at the circulation desk. The length of time a book can be checked out varies depending on the patron’s status. Books may be renewed by contacting the department, but all items are subject to recall at any time.
Interlibrary loan service is available for LUMCON faculty, postdocs, lab personnel, and summer students. Although we strive to get items at no charge, the patron may be asked to pay for interlibrary loan charges under certain circumstances.
Reserve items, reference materials, and journals must remain in the Library. The Library has no photocopier, but copies or scans can be made in the LUMCON main office.
All materials must be checked out before removal from the Library, without exception.
Library materials can be placed on reserve for summer classes. A list of items to be placed on reserve should be provided to the librarian as soon as possible.
When returning material that has been checked out, please drop off items at the circulation counter.

Food is not allowed in the Library under any circumstance. Drinks are only allowed with prior approval by the librarian or the security guard.

INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

The LUMCON Library is available as an internship site for graduate-level students who have completed at least two semesters toward a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science. Applications will be accepted on a continuing basis and internships may be completed during any semester. Prior library experience or an undergraduate degree in science is desirable, but not necessary. Credits will be awarded based on the number of person-hours completed (40 person-hours per credit hour).

The internship will consist of both field experience, encompassing many operations of a special library, and a special project in technical services. The Librarian will give the intern an overview of reference services, technical services, library administration, and budgeting, and will guide the intern through special projects. The LUMCON Library uses SIRSI/Dynix’s Symphony Integrated Library System as well as OCLC for Cataloging/Interlibrary Loan services.

Contact the Librarian for more information or to apply for an internship.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:

- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.

The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.

Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.

DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Keywords	Search In	Match	Per Page

Total Records Found: 1944

« ‹ 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 › »

McDonagh, M.; Colcomb-Heiliger, K. 1992. Aerial spraying of demulsifiers to enhance the natural dispersion of oil slicks. In Proceedings, Fifteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 10-12, 1992, Westin Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Minister of Supply and Services Canada. pp. 107-121. ISBN: 0662590503.

McDonald, T.J.; Brooks, J.M.; Kennicult, M.C. II. 1984. The effects of dispersants on incorporation of volatile liquid hydrocarbons into the water column. Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants: Research, Experience and Recommendations. A Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, West Palm Beach, Florida, October 12-13, 1982, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 203-223. ISBN: 0803104006.

Abstract
A study was conducted to assess the effect of dispersants on the incorporation of volatile liquid hydrocarbons (C5-C14) into the water column from surface oil slicks. A laboratory tank was used to vary a number of parameters including oil type, dispersant type, time of dispersant application, wind speed, and temperature. Water samples removed from an underwater sampling port indicated that the light aromatics (e.g., benzene to xylene) were the dominant compounds introduced into the water from dispersed oil. At lower temperatures a decreased amount of volatile liquid hydrocarbons (VLH) was incorporated into the water column because of the lower solubility. Wind speed had little effect on the amount of VLH incorporated into the water column within the experimental design. The chemical and physical properties of the oil exerted important influences on the type and concentration of VLH detected in the water column. The more viscous the oil, the less the dissolution of VLH. Immediate application of dispersant introduced the greatest amount of VLH into the water column. If the oil was weathered for 24 h only small amounts of VLH were incorporated into the water column. A comparison of dispersants Corexit© 9527 and 7664 indicated that 9527 was most effective in accelerating VLH incorporation into the water column

McIntosh, H. 1989. Oil spill dispersants: good or bad for the environment?. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 31 (3): 263-264. ISSN: 0145-6296.

McKeown, B.A. 1981. Long-term sublethal and short-term high dose effect of physically and chemically dispersed oil on accumulation and clearance from various tissues of juvenile coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Marine Environmental Research, 5 (4): 295-300. ISSN: 0141-1136. doi:10.1016/0141-1136(81)90013-1.

Abstract
Toxicity of oil, dispersant, and oil/dispersant mixture was tested in salmon in both freshwater and seawater experiments. 96 hour LC50 for BP1100X was 1700 ppm. Exposure to mixtures of 200 ppm for both oil and dispersant led to higher concentrations of hydrocarbons after 3 days’ exposure, but levels were undetectable when tested 3 weeks later. Concentrations of oil/dispersant mixtures at 5 ppm each established hydrocarbon accumulation levels for gill, kidney, liver, and muscle in 64-day exposure tests. Tests undertaken in seawater resulted in lower toxicities than those carried out in freshwater

McKeown, B.A. 1978. The effects of Bunker C oil and an oil dispersant: Part 2—effects on the accumulation of chlorine-labelled Bunker C oil in various fish tissues. Marine Environmental Research, 1 (2): 119-123. ISSN: 0141-1136. doi:90004-110.1016/0141-1136(78)90004-1.

Abstract
Chlorine-labelled Bunker C oil was used to measure the differential accumulation in various fish tissues between a hydrocarbon and a hydrocarbon/oil dispersant mixture. There is an increased movement of the emulsified oil across the gill structure although accumulation by this tissue is similar for both test conditions. The liver and kidney showed significantly higher levels of the oil/dispersant mixture whereas muscle accumulations were less dramatic. The amounts of Bunker C found in the gills, liver and kidney were considerably higher than that found in the muscle. Consideration was given to the varying capability of the blood to carry polar, compared with non-polar, compounds

McKeown, B.A.; March, G.L. 1977. The effect of Bunker C oil and an oil dispersant on blood chemistry and gill morphology in rainbow trout. Spill Technology Newsletter, 2 (2): 36-48. ISSN: 0381-4459.

McKeown, B.A.; March, G.L. 1978. The acute effect of Bunker C oil and an oil dispersant on: 1 Serum glucose, serum sodium and gill morphology in both freshwater and seawater acclimated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Water Research, 12 (3): 157-163. ISSN: 0043-1354. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(78)90003-9.

Abstract
Bunker C oil and an oil dispersant were tested for physiological stress on both freshwater and saltwater acclimated rainbow trout. Both compounds tended to reduce serum glucose levels with Bunker C causing the more significant decrease (P < 0.08), indicating a possible dysfunction of the kidney. The freshwater treatment group showed a significant decrease in sodium levels (P < 0.01) when treated with a dispersant, while under similar conditions, saltwater acclimated fish show a very marked increase in serum sodium concentrations (P < 0.025). Those fluctuations in sodium levels are resultant from direct interference with the energy activated sodium transport systems of the gills. Microphotographs of gill filaments and lamellae show severe damage caused by the dispersant and dispersant/oil mixture with less impairment resultant from Bunker C exposure

McLachlan, A.; Harty, B. 1982. Effects of crude oil on the supralittoral meiofauna of a sandy beach. Marine Environmental Research, 7 (1): 71-79. ISSN: 0141-1136. doi:10.1016/0141-1136(82)90051-4.

Abstract
The supralittoral zone of an open sandy beach was dosed with crude oil and changes in the meiofauna monitored. Treatments included weathered and fresh oil on the surface, fresh oil mixed with dispersant on the surface and weathered oil at the water table, all in layers 0.8 cm thick. In all cases the meiofauna was reduced 1 month after dosing but numbers had returned to normal by 5 months except in the site dosed with fresh oil mixed with dispersant. Oil on the surface had greater effects than oil at the water table; fresh oil had a greater effect than weathered oil and fresh oil with dispersant was more toxic than fresh oil alone. Nematodes were least sensitive to the oil and oligochaetes more sensitive, their numbers being correlated with oil concentrations and depth in the substrate. It is concluded that, under all but the heaviest conditions of pollution in their environment, recovery from oil contamination should occur within 5 months in the meiofauna

McLean, A.Y. 1970. The Removal of Bunker C Oil From Rocky Shorelines Using a Chemical Dispersant. Dartmouth, N.S: Atlantic Oceanography Laboratory, Bedford Institute of Oceanography. (no page information available).

McManus, D.A.; Connell, D.W. 1972. Toxicity of the oil dispersant, Corexit 7664, to certain Australian marine animals. Search, 3 (6): 222-224. ISSN: 0004-9549.

Abstract
Short-term toxicity of Corexit 7664 was investigated in subtropical marine animals that included Fortesque fish, perchlet, hermit crab, and shrimp. Dissolved oxygen levels were also monitored, due to potential biodegradation occurring during the experiments. Results indicated that comparatively high concentrations of Corexit were needed to induce mortality. Developmental stages of organisms might impact overall toxicity results. Test animals showed greatly reduced mobility and reduced reaction to stimuli in various concentrations of Corexit

McNairy, L.B. 1973. Effects of Oil and Dispersant on Growth and Reproduction of Shiner Perch, Cymatogaster aggregate, Thesis (M.S.), Humboldt State University. 40 leaves.

Mearns, A.; Watabayashi, G.; Lankford, J. 2001. Dispersing oil near shore in the California current region. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports, 42 97-109. ISSN: 0575-3317. URL

Abstract
Mathematical models were used to develop scenarios for evaluating alternative nearshore responses to oil spills, including the use of chemical dispersants. The scenarios were used in ecological risk assessment (EPJV) workshops designed to help fisheries, wildlife, and resource managers determine whether they would support preapproving the use of dispersants. Resource managers proposed a worst-case spill scenario for the Gulf of the Farallones. Models were used to compare five options -- no response, mechanical, burning, and two levels of dispersants -- showing the trajectories, fate, and concentration of oil in surface slicks and dispersed oil plumes. Participating biologists used current data on dispersant and dispersed oil toxicity to develop consensus-based toxicity guidelines. During the first several hours following dispersal, the simulated dispersed oil concentrations exceeded guidelines for early life-history stages of fishes and zooplankton; adult fish and crustaceans were at risk for two hours. The benefits and risks to fishes, seabirds, cetaceans, pinnipeds, sea otters, and shoreline resources (marshes, kelp beds, and protected areas) were compared for the five response options. Dispersants substantially reduced the amount of both floating and stranded oil relative to the other options. Furthermore, the higher dispersant level (85%) removed more oil than the lower level (35%). Risk assessments so far indicate that chemical dispersion can reduce the overall ecological effects of a nearshore oil spill. The final decision to preapprove dispersant use along the Pacific Coast will still require input from the political, social, and economic sectors

Mearns, A.; Watabayashi, G.; Lankford, J. 2001. Dispersing oil spills in the Straits: assessing fisheries and ecological tradeoffs. In Proceedings of Puget Sound Research 2001, the Fifth Puget Sound Research Conference, Olympia, Wa: Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team. (no page information available).

Mearns, A.; O’Conner, C.; Watabayashi, G. 2003. Using a new dispersed oil model to support ecological risk assessment. In IOSC 2003 Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Restoration, Perspectives for a Cleaner Environment: April 6-11, 2003, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 523-530. URL

Abstract
A new model is being used to support dispersant Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) workshops. User-driven output includes trajectory maps for both chemically dispersed and undispersed oil, and concentration isopleths reported by depth and over time. To help make toxicological sense of the output, oil concentration isopleths were nominally fixed at concentrations and exposure times of concern developed by consensus during past ERA workshops. Two No. 6 fuel spill scenarios, each with alternative outcomes (not dispersed vs 80% dispersed) were developed, one in open ocean water (10,000 bbls spill), and the other in an estuary (2000 bbls spill). Plume epicenter maximum dispersed oil concentrations peaked in the range of 10-20 ppm but decreased within 24 hours to 1-2 ppm or less. Average concentrations in the most contaminated portions of the dispersion area never exceeded 3 ppm in either scenario. Plankton in a small (

Mearns, A.J. 1993. Recovery of shoreline ecosystems following the Exxon Valdez oil spill and subsequent treatment. Coastal Zone '93: Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, July 19-23, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana, New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. pp. 466-479. ISBN: 087262918X.

Mearns, A.J. 1995. Low solubility materials. In The Use of Chemical Countermeasure Product Data for Oil Spill Planning and Response: Workshop Proceedings, April 4-6, 1995, Xerox Document University and Conference Center, Leesburg, VA, Alexandria, Va: Scientific and Environmental Associates. Volume 2. pp. 47-58.

Mearns, A.J. 1999. Resolving Alaska and West Coast oil dispersant issues. In Oceans '99 MTS/IEEE: Riding the Crest into the 21st Century, Piscataway, N.J: Oceans '99 MTS/IEEE Conference Committee. Volume 3. pp. 1469-1473. ISBN: 0933957246. URL

Abstract
Agencies and spill responders are currently deliberating about the efficacy of pre-approving the use of dispersants to treat oil slicks in nearshore and shallow waters of the U.S. West Coast and Alaska. The decisions rest on understanding the effectiveness of dispersant operations, the long-term fate and effects of dispersed oil, and the effects of oil slicks and shoreline oiling on critical fisheries and marine species. Processes and knowledge leading to this critical decision point are briefly reviewed

Meeks, D.G. 1980. Performance of some oil dispersants on oil slicks of varying thickness. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 11 (12): 348-352. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(80)90280-5.

Abstract
Laboratory tests have shown that thicker layers (up to 2 cm thick) of (heavy) spilled oils can be successfully treated with currently available oil spill dispersants provided certain criteria relating to soaking time or thorough mixing of oil with dispersant can be met

Meeks, D.G. 1981. A view of the laboratory testing and assessment of oil spill dispersant efficiency. In Proceedings: 1981 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 2-5, 1981, Atlanta, Georgia, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 19-29.

Abstract
This paper outlines the role of a dispersant in an oil spill plan and sets out criteria by which the product should be judged in terms of its dispersing efficiency and biodegradation. It reviews the mixing needed in a laboratory test relative to conditions associated with dispersant use at sea. An ideal set of requirements for a laboratory test and ways of assessment are discussed, stressing the importance of confirmation of these results by sea testing. After reviewing currently used tests, the test favored by BP is described. Ideas are expressed for future efficiency-rating improvements

Melbye, A.G.; Altin, D.; Frost, T. 2001. Determination of uptake of dispersed oil in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. In Proceedings: Twenty-Fourth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Eighteenth Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills (TSOCS) and Third Phytoremediation/Biotechnology Solutions for Spills (PHYTO), June 12 to 14, 2001, Sheraton Grande Edmonton Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 223-235.

Menange, M.G. 1981. Determining volume of air-deployed dispersants on oil spills at sea. Ocean Industry, 16 62-67. ISSN: 0029-8026.

Merlin, F.; Bocard, C.; Cabridenc, R.; Oudot, J.; Vindimian, E. 1991. Toward a French approval procedure for the use of dispersants in inland waters. In Proceedings: 1991 International Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 4-7, 1991, San Diego, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 401-404.

Abstract
The use of dispersant at sea has been well defined in many studies. For inland waters the situation is not the same. At the request of the French authorities, a study was performed to assess the use of dispersants in fresh water. This study leads to the conclusion that dispersant use in fresh water is possible only in running and turbulent waters. The toxicity of a light crude oil and diesel oil to some freshwater animals was assessed, leading to preliminary recommendations. In other respects, too, the effectiveness of dispersants has been tested; many products that are effective in seawater give poor results in fresh water. Consequently, dispersants must be controlled prior to their use in rivers. At it has for dispersant use at sea. France is establishing a procedure for approving use of dispersants in fresh water. This procedure involves specific laboratory tests to their effectiveness, toxicity, and biodegradability in fresh water

Merlin, F.; Bocard, C.; Castaing, G. 1989. Optimization of dispersant application, especially by ship. In Proceedings: 1989 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup); February 13-16, 1989, San Antonio, Texas, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 337-342.

Abstract
A lot of information has been made available for 10 years on the use of dispersants through offshore and meso-scale trials. A state-of-the-art review shows that among the key factors that have been identified, the contact between dispersant and oil is of utmost importance. A better knowledge of this parameter should be taken into account in defining operational procedures, especially when applying dispersants by ship, which is considered to be complementary to aerial spraying. Upon request of the French Navy, a series of meso-scale trials was carried out off Brittany in June 1987, according to the methodology previously used in 1984. Three dispersants were sprayed from a boat. It was concluded that a high level of energy at the sea surface mitigates discrepancies in dispersants' efficiencies as measured in laboratory tests. Better results were obtained in the case of relatively thick oil slicks. The low efficiency that was measured when treating downwind was attributed to the already observed herding effect. These complementary results reinforce the actions that have been recently developed to optimize dispersant application by ship: 1) Shipboard equipment for neat dispersant spraying is described. Its main feature is an original nozzle assembly that allows the dispersant to be applied effectively onto the oil at a flow rate that can be widely and very quickly changed according to the estimated oil thickness; 2) An operational treatment procedure is discussed, showing how to map, mark out, prospect and treat oil slicks according to the slick shape, estimated oil thickness, and wind direction

Merlin, F.X. 1997. Les dispersants: sur quells critères environnementaux décider de leur emploi. Bulletin d’Information du Cedre, n°9 4-6. ISSN: 1246-603X.

Merlin, F.X. 1997. Logistique liée à l’utilisation des dispersants: agir vite. Bulletin d’Information du Cedre, n°9 7-8. ISSN: 1246-603X.

Merlin, F.X. 1983. Epandage aerien de dispersants les equipements Francais. Bulletin du Cedre, n° 11 7-14.

Merlin, F.X.; Balluteau, J.P.; Croquette, J. 1981. Épandage Aérien de Dispersant, Brest, France: Cedre. (no page information available).

Merlin, F.X. 1984. Dispersant Treatment. Standard Base Plates for Dispersant Spraying Equipment Recomended by French Manufacturers and Users, Brest, France: Cedre. 5p.

Merlin, F.X.; LeGuerroue, P.; LeGall, A.; Menot, L. 1997. Observations and conclusions from 10 years of periodic quality controls on operational dispersant stockpiles. In Proceedings: Twentieth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 11-13, 1997, Coast Plaza Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 551-559.

Merlin, F.X.; de Nanteuil, E.; Guyomarch, J. 2006. Sea trials on chemical dispersion “DEPOL 04”. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2006 Conference, London (Electronic Media), Brussels: European Maritime Safety Agency. 15p..

Michel, J.; Shigenaka, G.; Hoff, R. 1992. Oil spill response and cleanup techniques. In An Introduction to Coastal Habitats and Biological Resources for Oil Spill Response, Seattle, Wa: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division. (no page information available). URL

Michel, J.; Benggio, B.L. 1995. Testing and use of shoreline cleaning agents during the Morris J. Berman oil spill. In Proceedings: 1995 International Oil Spill Conference (Achieving and Maintaining Preparedness): February 27-March 2, 1995, Long Beach, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 197-202. URL

Abstract
No. 6 fuel oil from the Morris J. Berman spill in January 1994 coated natural beach rock and man-made structures in areas of high visibility and recreational use in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Chemical shoreline cleaning agents were tested to determine if they increased the amount of oil removed from these hard substrates to the degree needed for such high-use areas. Using laboratory effectiveness screening results, two products were selected for testing: Corexit 9580 and PES-51. Also, Corexit 7664 was tested as an after-cleaning flushing agent. Field tests were conducted on both beach rock and riprap, comparing the chemical products with high-pressure, hot-water washing. The objective was to determine the temperature and pressure needed to remove the oil. On beach rock, water alone was not effective below 175° F and 1,000 psi, the pressure at which friable rock began to chip. On riprap, water up to 1,200 psi and 175° F was effective on smooth surfaces but not on rougher pieces. Both chemical products were more effective than water alone. The Corexit 9580 plots appeared to be cleaner, but the differences were not large. There was no dispersion of the oil treated with PES-51, whereas water flushed from the Corexit 9580 plots contained muddy, brown water, indicating some dispersion at the high water pressures used. The Corexit 7664 flush provided no added oil removal. The regional response team approved the use of Corexit 9580 based on relative effectiveness and toxicity

Michel, J.; Henry, Jr., C.B. 1997. Oil uptake and depuration in oysters after use of dispersants in shallow water in El Salvador. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, 4 (2): 57-70. ISSN: 1353-2561. doi:10.1016/S1353-2561(98)00002-4.

Abstract
Dispersants were used in shallow water (4-6 m) and in the surf zone at a small spill (400 bbls) of Venzuelan Recon at the port of Acajutla, El Salvador in June 1994. Subtidal oysters were collected one and four weeks post-spill to determine the degree of exposure of benthic resources to the dispersed oil. Two samples of oysters from the area of dispersed oil contained total PAHs of 147 and 164 ppm, dry weight, compared with background levels less than 1.0 ppm. Four weeks post-spill, PAH levels decreased by 94-98%. Half-lives for individual PAH compounds were estimated and were generally consistent with results from laboratory experiments. Monitoring of bivalves during dispersant applications can document the areal and vertical extent of dispersed oil in the water column

Michel, J. 2006. Understanding oil spill dispersants: efficacy and effects. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2006 Conference, London (Electronic Media), Brussels: European Maritime Safety Agency. 6p..

Michel, P. 1974. Efficiency of Oil Spill Removers, Research Triangle Park, N.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 30p.

Michel, P. 1972. Choice of products for use against the pollution of the marine environment by oil spills. II. Efficiency of antipetroleum products. Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Pêches Maritimes, 36 (1): 85-102. ISSN: 0035-2276.

Abstract
Standard methods were used to assess the effectiveness of 101 products for use against oil slicks. Products were emulsifiers, agglomerants or precipitants and were tested against oil from Edjele, Kuwait and Syria. For each kind of product, a review is given of the previous tests, the choice of methods is discussed, the methodology is described, and results are presented and interpreted. In addition, the relationship between physical properties and effectiveness is discussed, with graphical examples and the advantages and disadvantages are indicated. It is concluded that at present no 'miracle' product exists for use in this field. Agglomerating powders would be ideal were it not for problems in putting them to use, and, similarly, precipitants have the disadvantage of susceptibility to wind because of the need to use them as very fine powders. Emulsifiers are the most easily used, in the most varied circumstances, but their eventual toxicity remains a problem

Middaugh, D.P.; Whiting, D.D. 1995. Responses of embryonic and larval inland silversides, Menidia beryllina, to No. 2 Fuel oil and oil dispersants in seawater. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 29 (4): 535-539. ISSN: 0090-4341. doi:10.1007/BF00208385.

Abstract
Embryonic inland silversides, Menidia beryllina, in the early blastula stage were exposed to the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of No. 2 Fuel oil and the oil dispersants Corexit 7664® and 9527®, singly and in combination. An ordinal ranking system was used to score observed daily craniofacial, cardiovascular, and skeletal responses in control embryos and those exposed to 1%, 10%, and 100% concentrations of the WSF of No. 2 Fuel oil, the dispersants Corexit 7664® and 9527® applied at the recommended field application concentrations, and the combination of No. 2 Fuel oil and respective dispersants in seawater. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analyses were used to identify statistically significant differences for control embryos and those exposed to No. 2 Fuel oil and dispersants. Embryos exposed to No. 2 Fuel oil in 20% salinity seawater showed significant (α≤0.01) responses only at the 100% WSF concentration. Corexit 7664® tested singly elicited significant responses at 10% and 100% concentrations. When No. 2 Fuel oil and Corexit 7664® were combined at recommended field application concentrations of the dispersant, the oil and dispersant mixture resulted in significant (α≤0.01) responses at 1%, 10%, and 100% exposure concentrations. In contrast, Corexit 9527® did not cause significant responses at the three test concentrations of 1%, 10%, and 100% of the recommended field application rate. However, when No. 2 Fuel oil and Corexit 9527® were combined in seawater, the 10% and 100% exposure concentrations resulted in statistically significant (α≤0.01) embryonic responses, relative to controls. Chemical analyses indicated that both dispersants increased the total WSF of No. 2 Fuel oil in seawater

Mielbrecht, E.E. 1999. Oil Spill Dispersants. Their Effects on the Bioavailability and Trophic Transfer of a Petroleum Hydrocarbon to Topsmelt (Atherinops affinis), Thesis (M.S.), University of California, Santa Cruz. 51 leaves.

Mielbrecht, E.E.; Wolfe, M.F.; Tjeerdema, R.S.; Sowby, M.L. 2005. Influence of a dispersant on the bioaccumulation of phenanthrene by topsmelt (Atherinops affinis). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 61 (1): 44-52. ISSN: 0147-6513. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.08.007.

Abstract
Chemical dispersants enhance oil spill dispersion by forming water-accommodated micelles with oil droplets. However, how dispersants alter bioavailability and subsequent bioaccumulation of hydrocarbons is not well understood. Thus, the goal was to investigate the influence of a chemical dispersant on the disposition (uptake, biotransformation, and depuration) of a model hydrocarbon, [14C]-phenanthrene ([14C]PHN), by larval topsmelt (Atherinops affinis). Exposure was via aqueous-only or combined dietary and aqueous routes from a water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (PBCO) or a WAF of Corexit 9527-dispersed PBCO (DO). Trophic transfer was measured by incorporating into exposure media both a rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) as food for the fish and a phytoplankton (Isochrysis galbana) as food for the rotifers. Short-term (≤4 h) bioconcentration of PHN was significantly decreased in topsmelt when oil was treated with dispersant (P

Miles, C. 2004. Regional Tier 2 aerial dispersant service in West Africa. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2004 Conference, Trondheim, Norway (CD-ROM), Horten, Norway: Norwegian Oil Spill Control Association (NOSCA). 8p..

Milgram, J.H. 1974. Technological aspects of the prevention, control, and cleanup of oil spills. Oil Spills and the Marine Environment, Cambridge, Ma: Ballinger Publishing Co. pp. 57-106. ISBN: 0884103122.

Abstract
Three sources of oil pollution are considered-tankers, wells and pipelines. 70% of the tanker-caused oil pollution today is accounted for by the deballasting of tankers- this can be minimized by employing 'load-on-top' procedures. Prevention of spills from tankers in port and on the seas is discussed. Safety devices in drilling and operation of offshore wells include the use of casings as support; drilling mud serves as defense against blowouts, and blowout presenters are required by law when drilling goes below the conductor casing. Safety valves are employed, together with fusable plugs which melt in the case of fire, causing shutdown of the well. Frequent inspection of pipelines provides a major safeguard against pollution from this source. The use of different agents in the cleanup of spills is considered. These agents include dispersants, sinking agents, burning agents, biodegradants, gelling agents, herding agents, sorbents. Oil pollution control barriers are described, and also oil-skimming devices. Finally critical areas most in need of research are highlighted

Miller, D.S. et al. 1980. Crude oil ingestion by seabirds: possible metabolic and reproductive effects. Bulletin of the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, 20 137-138. ISSN: 0097-0883.

Miller, D.S. et al. 1981. Effects of crude oil, dispersant and an oil-dispersant emulsion on herring gulls. Bulletin of the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, 21 50-53. ISSN: 0097-0883.

Mills, E.R.; Culley, Jr., D.D. 1972. Toxicity of Various Offshore Crude Oils and Dispersants to Marine and Estuarine Shrimp, Baton Rouge, La: Louisiana State University, School of Forestry and Wildlife Management. 14p.

Mills, E.R.; Culley, Jr., D.D. 1972. Toxicity of various offshore crude oils and dispersants to marine and estuarine shrimp. Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, 25 642-650. ISSN: 0081-2943.

Mitchell, D.M.; Bennet, H.J. 1972. The susceptibility of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, to emulsifiers and crude oil. The Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences, 35 20-26. ISSN: 0096-9192.

Abstract
The susceptibility of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, to crude oil, 4 emulsifiers, and to mixtures of emulsifiers and crude oil was evaluated by means of static bioassays. The 2 species were equally susceptible to the 4 emulsifiers, and oil and emulsifier mixtures. An increase of CO2 in tests with crude oil alone caused catfish to be more susceptible than bluegill. A water soluble fraction of crude oil alone preparation showed no effects on bluegill or catfish. Supplementary tests with the branchiopod, Daphnia pulex, showed that the concentration of the crude oil preparation in the test medium was proportional to mortality. Other supplementary tests with the marine diatom, Cylindrotheca fusiformis, showed that the oil preparation inhibited growth response and affected chromatophore structure

Mitchell, F.M.; Holdway, D.A. 2000. The acute and chronic toxicity of the dispersants Corexit 9527 and 9500, water accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil, and dispersant enhanced WAF (DEWAF) to Hydra viridissima (green hydra). Water Research, 34 (1): 343-348. ISSN: 0043-1354. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00144-X.

Abstract
The acute and chronic toxicities of the dispersants Corexit 9527 and Corexit 9500 to green hydra (Hydra viridissima) were determined. The mean (SE) 96 h LC50 values for Corexit 9527 and Corexit 9500 were 230 (4.8) ppm and 160 (2.3) ppm. The 7-day no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observed-effect-concentration (LOEC) values based on population growth rates were 0.6 ppm TPH for WAF,

Mitchelmore, C.L.; Baker, J.E. 2005. Acute and Chronic Effects of Oil, Dispersant and Dispersed Oil to Sensitive Symbiotic Cnidarian Species, Including Corals, Durham, N.H: University of New Hampshire, Coastal Response Research Center. 8p.. URL

Mochalova, O.S.; Antonova, N.M.; Gurvich, L.M. 2002. The role of dispersants in the processes of oil transformation and oxidation in aquatic environment. Water Resources, 29 (2): 202-205. ISSN: 0097-8078. doi:10.1023/A:1014961506446.

Abstract
The role of dispersants in the processes of water cleaning from oil is studied, and new physicochemical means to intensify the natural transformation of oil are proposed

Moet, A.; Bakr, M.Y.; Abdelmonim, M.; Abdelwahab, O. 1995. Factors affecting measurements of the efficiency of spilled oil dispersion. Preprints - American Chemical Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 40 (4): 564-566. ISSN: 0569-3799.

Abstract
The authors describe a method of evaluating dispersant effectiveness, using the Rolling Flask Method combined with a measurement of the interfacial tension at the water/oil interface. For this series of tests, Corexit 9527 and Arabian Light crude oil were used

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This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).

EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Quarterly Issues

Compilations

Keywords	Search In	Match

Biology: Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology: Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
Engineering/Physics: Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills: Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
Socioeconomic/Regulation/General: Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.

Biology

Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003; Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.

Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.

Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology

Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995; Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.

Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil

Engineering/Physics

Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002; Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.

This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.

Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989; Volume 15

Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003; Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.

Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.

Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994; Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.

Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem

Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills

1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];

A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill

LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994; Volume 1 635-649.

Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs

Socioeconomic/Regulation/General

3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93; Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey

1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991; Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):

1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990; Volume 32 (10): 5.

1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000; Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.

A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;

Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990; Volume 5 (17): 4.

Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95; Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.

Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs

Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001; Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.

The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.

Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999; Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'

Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004; Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.

Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.

U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995; Volume Circular 1118 20 p..

This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States

This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.

All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.