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The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
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The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
- 4,600 monographs
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- 200 journal titles
- 26 current journal subscriptions
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In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
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- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
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The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
Nelson-Smith, A. 1978. Effects of dispersant use on shore life. Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills: A Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 253-265. ISBN: 0465900024.
Abstract
Damage to Cornish seashore life resulting from the chemical dispersal of oil spilled from the Torrey Canyon is often taken as typical of dispersant use, although primitive mixtures were badly misapplied there. When more modern dispersants are used with care, as in recent Milford Haven spills, serious consequences can be avoided. All effective dispersants offer some biological hazards, especially to sedentary or planktonic filter-feeding animals, which are not revealed by short-term acute toxicity testing. Spilled oil should therefore be removed mechanically whenever possible. Careful spraying is recommended to prevent an oil slick reaching the shore and to protect seabird colonies. It may also be necessary on rocky or built-up amenity areas but should be avoided on coasts rarely visited by humans and distant from bird colonies. Spraying may worsen matters on sandy shores, while any form of treatment will further damage oiled salt marshes
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalDamage to Cornish seashore life resulting from the chemical dispersal of oil spilled from the Torrey Canyon is often taken as typical of dispersant use, although primitive mixtures were badly misapplied there. When more modern dispersants are used with care, as in recent Milford Haven spills, serious consequences can be avoided. All effective dispersants offer some biological hazards, especially to sedentary or planktonic filter-feeding animals, which are not revealed by short-term acute toxicity testing. Spilled oil should therefore be removed mechanically whenever possible. Careful spraying is recommended to prevent an oil slick reaching the shore and to protect seabird colonies. It may also be necessary on rocky or built-up amenity areas but should be avoided on coasts rarely visited by humans and distant from bird colonies. Spraying may worsen matters on sandy shores, while any form of treatment will further damage oiled salt marshes
Nelson-Smith, A. 1977. Recovery of some British rocky seashores from oil spills and cleanup operations. Recovery and Restoration of Damaged Ecosystems: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Recovery of Damaged Ecosystems Held at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, on March 23-25, 1975, Charlottesville, Va: University Press of Virginia. pp. 191-207. ISBN: 0813906768.
Neralla, V.R.; Venkatesh, S. 1989. Real-time application of an oil spill movement prediction system. Natural Hazards, 2 (1): 31-44. ISSN: 0921-030X. doi:10.1007/BF00124757.
Abstract
Three sets of test spills were used to judge the effectiveness of a real time spill forecast model, and, at the same time, to test the effectiveness of various chemical dispersants in treating spill incidents
Three sets of test spills were used to judge the effectiveness of a real time spill forecast model, and, at the same time, to test the effectiveness of various chemical dispersants in treating spill incidents
Nes, H. 1984. Effectiveness of Oil Dispersants; Laboratory Experiments, Trondheim, Norway: Institutt for Kontinentalsokkelundersøkelser. 51 leaves. ISBN: 8272240823.
Nes, H.; Norland, S. 1983. Effectiveness and Toxicity Experiments with Oil Dispersants, Oslo: Program for Oljevernberedskap. 98 leaves. ISBN: 8272240505.
Nes, H.; Norland, S. 1983. Effectiveness and toxicity of oil dispersants. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar; June 14-16, 1983, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Technical Services Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 132-139.
Nes, H.; Sandstad, M.; Knapstad, A. 1985. Effectiveness Testing of Oil Dispersants, Trondheim, Norway: Institutt for Kontinentalsokkelundersøkelser. 21p..
Netherlands. TNO. 1984. The Development of a Test Procedure for the Determination of the Biodegradability of Dispersants, The Hague: TNO. 18p..
Neugebohrn, L.; Jittler-Strahlendorff, M. 1984. Influence of Crude Oil and Dispersing Agents (Dispersants) on the Ecology and Physiology of Special Dike Plants, Hamburg: Universität Hamburg, Institut für Angewandte Botanik. 24p.
Nevissi, A.E.; Nakatani, R.E. 1990. Effects of crude oil spill on homing migration of Pacific salmon. The Northwest Environmental Journal, 6 (1): 79-84. ISSN: 0749-7962.
New Jersey. Northeast Region Research and Development Program. 1969. Cleaning Oil Contaminated Beaches with Chemicals: A Study of the Effects of Cleaning Oil Contaminated Beaches with Chemical Dispersants, Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of the Interior. 22p.
New Zealand. Maritime Safety Authority. 2000. Oil Spill Dispersants. Guidelines for Use in New Zealand, Wellington, N.Z: Maritime Safety Authority. 43p.
New Zealand. Maritime Safety Authority. 1998. Dispersants and Demulsifiers, Wellington, New Zealand: Maritime Safety Authority of New Zealand. 12p.. ISBN: 047821636X. URL
Nicholls, J.A. 1976. Dispersant Gels for Treating Surfaces Contaminated with Residual Oils, Stevenage, U.K: Warren Spring Laboratory. 5p.
Nichols, J.A.; Cormack, D. 1977. Feasibility Study of Aerial Application of Oil Dispersant Concentration for Oil Spill Clearance, Stevenage, U.K: Warren Spring Laboratory. 8p..
Nichols, J.A.; Parker, H.D. 1985. Dispersants: comparison of laboratory tests and field trials with practical experience at spills. In Proceedings: 1985 Oil Spill Conference, (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 25-28, 1985, Los Angeles, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 421-427.
Abstract
Laboratory tests can demonstrate the effectiveness of dispersants relatively easily but it is far more difficult to assess effectiveness in field conditions. In many oil spills, timely application of dispersants is the best approach. It is therefore necessary to study their use in field trials and actual incidents to see what lessons can be learned about the amounts used relative to the amount of oil spilled, types of oil on which dispersants are relatively effective, methods of application, the period after release into the sea during which dispersants remain effective, and the influence of sea conditions and temperatures. This paper discusses these questions, reviewing published data on the performance of dispersants in field trials and in actual oil spills in which staff of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. have been involved in recent years. Recommendations are made regarding further work in the laboratory and field that appears necessary to determine the conditions under which dispersants are likely to be most effective
© 1985 with permission from APILaboratory tests can demonstrate the effectiveness of dispersants relatively easily but it is far more difficult to assess effectiveness in field conditions. In many oil spills, timely application of dispersants is the best approach. It is therefore necessary to study their use in field trials and actual incidents to see what lessons can be learned about the amounts used relative to the amount of oil spilled, types of oil on which dispersants are relatively effective, methods of application, the period after release into the sea during which dispersants remain effective, and the influence of sea conditions and temperatures. This paper discusses these questions, reviewing published data on the performance of dispersants in field trials and in actual oil spills in which staff of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. have been involved in recent years. Recommendations are made regarding further work in the laboratory and field that appears necessary to determine the conditions under which dispersants are likely to be most effective
Nichols, J.A.; White, I.C. 1979. Aerial application of dispersants in Bantry Bay following the Betelgeuse incident. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 10 (7): 193-197. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(79)90531-9.
Abstract
For the first time during a significant oil spill, aircraft were used in preference to surface vessels to apply chemical dispersants, following the tragic accident to the French registered tanker in Bantry Bay, south-west Eire. In this particular case, with an ideally situated landing strip, close to the source of the spill of fresh crude oil, the response proved to be highly effective and prevented the vast majority of the oil lost after the 6th day from reaching the nearby shorelines. The ability of the pilot of the spray aircraft to rapidly locate and to select for treatment only those slicks or parts of slicks posing a significant threat also resulted in the minimum amount of dispersant being used to maximum effect
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 10, J.A. Nichols, I.C. White, Copyright 1979, with permission from Elsevier.For the first time during a significant oil spill, aircraft were used in preference to surface vessels to apply chemical dispersants, following the tragic accident to the French registered tanker in Bantry Bay, south-west Eire. In this particular case, with an ideally situated landing strip, close to the source of the spill of fresh crude oil, the response proved to be highly effective and prevented the vast majority of the oil lost after the 6th day from reaching the nearby shorelines. The ability of the pilot of the spray aircraft to rapidly locate and to select for treatment only those slicks or parts of slicks posing a significant threat also resulted in the minimum amount of dispersant being used to maximum effect
Nightingale, J.F.; Thomas, D.H. 1984. Evaluation of Oil Spill Dispersant Concentrates for Beach Cleaning: 1984 Trials, Stevenage, U.K: Warren Spring Laboratory. 19p. ISBN: 0856243779.
Nilsen, J.; Naess, A.; Volent, Z. 1985. Measurements of Oil Concentrations in the Water Column, Under Breaking Waves, Trondheim, Norway: Norsk Hydroteknisk Laboratory. 103p.. ISBN: 8259540800.
Abstract
New fiber-optical transmittance meters were constructed to measure oil concentrations in water continuously. The instruments have been calibrated using different particle size distributions of Statfjord crude oil, 70/30 water-in-oil emulsion, and chemically dispersed Statfjord crude oil. The results of the calibration tests showed that it was possible to measure oil concentrations from 500 ppb to 5000 ppm depending on the particle size distribution. Stokes expression for the settling velocity and the continuous concentration measurements, were used to calculate a dominating oil-particle diameter. Slicks of Statfjord crude oil, 70/30 water-in-oil emulsion and chemically dispersed crude oil (Corexit 9527) were exposed both to single and series of breaking waves
New fiber-optical transmittance meters were constructed to measure oil concentrations in water continuously. The instruments have been calibrated using different particle size distributions of Statfjord crude oil, 70/30 water-in-oil emulsion, and chemically dispersed Statfjord crude oil. The results of the calibration tests showed that it was possible to measure oil concentrations from 500 ppb to 5000 ppm depending on the particle size distribution. Stokes expression for the settling velocity and the continuous concentration measurements, were used to calculate a dominating oil-particle diameter. Slicks of Statfjord crude oil, 70/30 water-in-oil emulsion and chemically dispersed crude oil (Corexit 9527) were exposed both to single and series of breaking waves
Nordvik, A.; Hudon, T.; Osborn, H. 1995. Interlaboratory Calibration Testing of Dispersant Effectiveness: Phases 1, 2, and 3, Washington, D.C: Marine Spill Response Corporation, Research and Development Program. 3 vols..
Norland. S.; Heldal, M.; Lien, T.; Knutsen G. 1978. Toxicity testing with synchronized cultures of the green alga Chlamydomonas. Chemosphere, 7 (3): 231-245. ISSN: 0045-6535. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(78)90075-9.
Abstract
The authors outline the main features of the synchronous culture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and describe its use in bioassays for the detection of substances toxic to algae. Synchronization of sporulation is achieved by the intermittent illumination/culture dilution principle. Data on the mean sporulation time, relative progeny numbers, average spore number, dry weight increase, total protein content are presented in graph form. The data presented show that this cell system is simple to manage, reproducible and accurate. The Chlamydomonas system was tested by studying the toxicity of the oil dispersant Corexit 9527. The results and their interpretation are discussed. Corexit 9527 had an estimated LC50 at 575 ppm. The value of this Chlamydomonas system in toxicity testing is summarized
© CSA, 1978The authors outline the main features of the synchronous culture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and describe its use in bioassays for the detection of substances toxic to algae. Synchronization of sporulation is achieved by the intermittent illumination/culture dilution principle. Data on the mean sporulation time, relative progeny numbers, average spore number, dry weight increase, total protein content are presented in graph form. The data presented show that this cell system is simple to manage, reproducible and accurate. The Chlamydomonas system was tested by studying the toxicity of the oil dispersant Corexit 9527. The results and their interpretation are discussed. Corexit 9527 had an estimated LC50 at 575 ppm. The value of this Chlamydomonas system in toxicity testing is summarized
Norton, M.G.; Franklin, F.L. 1980. Research into Toxicity Evaluation and Control Criteria of Oil Disperants, Lowestoft, U.K: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Directorate of Fisheries Research. 20p.
Norton, M.G.; Franklin, F.L.; Blackman, R.A.A. 1978. Toxicity testing in the United Kingdom for the evaluation of oil slick dispersants. Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills: A Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 18-34. ISBN: 0465900024.
Abstract
Until recently, the toxicity of dispersants approved for use in U.K. waters was evaluated by a static bioassay on the dispersant alone. Following the 1974 Dumping at Sea Act, dispersant evaluation methods were reviewed and dispersants are now licensed at sea (offshore) or for beach use, based on two tests to assess the environmental effect of the dispersant use. The “sea” test assesses the toxicity to Crangon crangon of a chemically dispersed oil and compares it with the toxicity of the oil alone. Mortality is measured over a period of 100 min at an oil concentration of 1000 ppm. The “beach” test assesses the toxicity of the dispersant alone to a typical intertidal organism, Patella vulgate, by spraying with dispersant and rinsing in a simulated tidal cycle. Mortalities are measured after 72 h and compared with those of an oil control. The rationale behind the development of these tests is described, together with the experimental results. The U.K. criteria for licensing products on the basis of these test results are also discussed
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalUntil recently, the toxicity of dispersants approved for use in U.K. waters was evaluated by a static bioassay on the dispersant alone. Following the 1974 Dumping at Sea Act, dispersant evaluation methods were reviewed and dispersants are now licensed at sea (offshore) or for beach use, based on two tests to assess the environmental effect of the dispersant use. The “sea” test assesses the toxicity to Crangon crangon of a chemically dispersed oil and compares it with the toxicity of the oil alone. Mortality is measured over a period of 100 min at an oil concentration of 1000 ppm. The “beach” test assesses the toxicity of the dispersant alone to a typical intertidal organism, Patella vulgate, by spraying with dispersant and rinsing in a simulated tidal cycle. Mortalities are measured after 72 h and compared with those of an oil control. The rationale behind the development of these tests is described, together with the experimental results. The U.K. criteria for licensing products on the basis of these test results are also discussed
Núñez García, M.J.; Vázquez, U.G. 1988. The characteristics of non-ionic dispersants of the Span and Tween series - dispersing power. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 19 (2): 66-68. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(88)90782-5.
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed both an increase in marine oil spillage and a parallel intensification of research on dispersants used to fight the pollution so caused. The oxygen demand and biodegradability of these compounds are in general adequately determined but, about dispersing power, due to differences in national opinions, most countries prefer their own 'home-grown' test methods. This article reports a study of emulsification of non-ionic dispersants of the Span and Tween series; although often dispersants used in oil spills contain an anionic surfactant in addition to non-ionic components, Span and Tween series demonstrated favourable properties in previous assays. Dispersing power (capacity of the dispersant to separate crude oil in small droplets that display no tendency to merge once agitation has ceased) is identified with the time taken for a stable emulsion to be formed when the dispersant is agitated with the polluted sample. The quantity employed to measure degree of emulsification is turbidity, and dimensional analysis allows an expression to be arrived at which for the dispersants studied relates turbidity to agitation time with an accuracy of ± 10%
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 19, M.J. Núñez García, U.G. Vázquez, Copyright 1988, with permission from ElsevierRecent years have witnessed both an increase in marine oil spillage and a parallel intensification of research on dispersants used to fight the pollution so caused. The oxygen demand and biodegradability of these compounds are in general adequately determined but, about dispersing power, due to differences in national opinions, most countries prefer their own 'home-grown' test methods. This article reports a study of emulsification of non-ionic dispersants of the Span and Tween series; although often dispersants used in oil spills contain an anionic surfactant in addition to non-ionic components, Span and Tween series demonstrated favourable properties in previous assays. Dispersing power (capacity of the dispersant to separate crude oil in small droplets that display no tendency to merge once agitation has ceased) is identified with the time taken for a stable emulsion to be formed when the dispersant is agitated with the polluted sample. The quantity employed to measure degree of emulsification is turbidity, and dimensional analysis allows an expression to be arrived at which for the dispersants studied relates turbidity to agitation time with an accuracy of ± 10%
Nuwayhid, M.A. 1978. Some Effects of Crude Oil and Dispersants on the Limpet, Patella vulgata L, Thesis (Ph.D.), Glasgow University. 360p.
Nuwayhid, M.A.; Davies, P.S.; Elder, H.Y. 1980. Changes in the ultrastructure of the gill epithelium of Patella vulgata after exposure to North Sea crude oil and dispersants. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 60 (2): 439-448. ISSN: 0025-3154.
Abstract
In order to investigate cellular damage associated with exposure to pollutants, the epithelia of the gills of Patella were examined after exposure to either sub-lethal concentrations or to sub-lethal durations of the water soluble fraction of North Sea crude oil and to the dispersants BP 100 X and BP 1100 WD. Lesions were found on parts of all gills at all concentrations used. Both crude oil and dispersants caused damage to surface microvilli and to cilia when viewed under the scanning electron microscope. Transmission electron microscopy revealed severe disruption of normal cellular organization, indicated in extreme cases by a great increase in the numbers of lysosomes, vacuolation of mitochondria and the extrusion of cytoplasm and damaged organelles through the apical surface. The difficulty of separating the primary effects due to the pollutant from secondary effects which are associated with the processes of cell death are discussed and some primary indicators, which might be suitable for the early diagnosis of pollution damage, are suggested
© Cambridge University Press, 1980In order to investigate cellular damage associated with exposure to pollutants, the epithelia of the gills of Patella were examined after exposure to either sub-lethal concentrations or to sub-lethal durations of the water soluble fraction of North Sea crude oil and to the dispersants BP 100 X and BP 1100 WD. Lesions were found on parts of all gills at all concentrations used. Both crude oil and dispersants caused damage to surface microvilli and to cilia when viewed under the scanning electron microscope. Transmission electron microscopy revealed severe disruption of normal cellular organization, indicated in extreme cases by a great increase in the numbers of lysosomes, vacuolation of mitochondria and the extrusion of cytoplasm and damaged organelles through the apical surface. The difficulty of separating the primary effects due to the pollutant from secondary effects which are associated with the processes of cell death are discussed and some primary indicators, which might be suitable for the early diagnosis of pollution damage, are suggested
Nyman, J.A.; Klerks, P.L.; Bhattacharyya, S. 2007. Effects of chemical additives on hydrocarbon disappearance and biodegradation in freshwater marsh microcosms. Environmental Pollution, 149 (2): 227-238. ISSN: 0269-7491. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.12.028.
Abstract
We determined how a cleaner and a dispersant affected hydrocarbon biodegradation in wetland soils dominated by the plant Panicum hemitomon, which occurs throughout North and South America. Microcosms received no hydrocarbons, South Louisiana crude, or diesel; and no additive, a dispersant, or a cleaner. We determined the concentration of four total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) measures and 43 target hydrocarbons in water and sediment fractions 1, 7, 31, and 186 days later. Disappearance was distinguished from biodegradation via hopane-normalization. After 186 days, TPH disappearance ranged from 24% to 97%. There was poor correlation among the four TPH measures, which indicated that each quantified a different suite of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon disappearance and biodegradation were unaltered by these additives under worse-case scenarios. Any use of these additives must generate benefits that outweigh the lack of effect on biodegradation demonstrated in this report, and the increase in toxicity that we reported earlier
Reprinted from Environmental Pollution, Volume 149, J.A. Nyman, P.L. Klerks, S. Bhattacharyya, Copyright 2007, with permission from ElsevierWe determined how a cleaner and a dispersant affected hydrocarbon biodegradation in wetland soils dominated by the plant Panicum hemitomon, which occurs throughout North and South America. Microcosms received no hydrocarbons, South Louisiana crude, or diesel; and no additive, a dispersant, or a cleaner. We determined the concentration of four total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) measures and 43 target hydrocarbons in water and sediment fractions 1, 7, 31, and 186 days later. Disappearance was distinguished from biodegradation via hopane-normalization. After 186 days, TPH disappearance ranged from 24% to 97%. There was poor correlation among the four TPH measures, which indicated that each quantified a different suite of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon disappearance and biodegradation were unaltered by these additives under worse-case scenarios. Any use of these additives must generate benefits that outweigh the lack of effect on biodegradation demonstrated in this report, and the increase in toxicity that we reported earlier
Nyman, J.A. 1999. Effect of crude oil and chemical additives on metabolic activity of mixed microbial populations in fresh marsh soils. Microbial Ecology, 37 (2): 152-162. ISSN: 0095-3628. doi:10.1007/s002489900139.
Abstract
Hydrocarbons increase abundance of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, but also decrease microbial diversity. This could disrupt ecosystem dynamics by altering soil organic matter mineralization and resultant nutrient remineralization rates. Crude oil, which is known to contain toxins and reduce microbial diversity, was hypothesized to reduce gross metabolic activity of mixed microbial populations in wetland soils. Soil respiration and Eh were compared, for 6 months, among microcosms containing marsh soils that differed in soil organic matter (Panicum hemitomon Shult. or Sagittaria lancifolia L. dominated marshes), crude oil (Arabian crude, Louisiana crude, or no oil), and additives (a cleaner, a dispersant, fertilizer, or no additive). No treatment slowed activity; instead, Louisiana plus fertilizer and all Arabian treatments temporarily accelerated activity. Additional C respired from oiled microcosms exceeded C added as crude oil by 1.4 to 3.5 times. Thus, much additional C originated from soil organic matter rather than crude oil. Crude oils temporarily lowered soil Eh, which is consistent with accelerated metabolism and demand for electron acceptors. The lack of inhibition observed at the community level does not necessarily indicate an absence of toxicity. Instead, tolerant species with metabolic versatility probably maintained activity. Stimulation probably resulted from removal of micronutrient limitation, rather than removal of grazing pressure or macronutrient limitation. Regardless, accelerated soil organic matter mineralization surely accelerated nutrient remineralization. This might explain some reports of crude oil stimulating plant growth. These results are not inconsistent with theoretical and experimental conclusions regarding effects of biodiversity on ecosystem stability and productivity, nor are they inconsistent with conclusions that crude oils contain components that are toxic to microbes, vegetation, and fauna. However, these data do indicate that crude oils also contain components that temporarily stimulate metabolic activity of surviving microbes
© Springer, 1999. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business MediaHydrocarbons increase abundance of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, but also decrease microbial diversity. This could disrupt ecosystem dynamics by altering soil organic matter mineralization and resultant nutrient remineralization rates. Crude oil, which is known to contain toxins and reduce microbial diversity, was hypothesized to reduce gross metabolic activity of mixed microbial populations in wetland soils. Soil respiration and Eh were compared, for 6 months, among microcosms containing marsh soils that differed in soil organic matter (Panicum hemitomon Shult. or Sagittaria lancifolia L. dominated marshes), crude oil (Arabian crude, Louisiana crude, or no oil), and additives (a cleaner, a dispersant, fertilizer, or no additive). No treatment slowed activity; instead, Louisiana plus fertilizer and all Arabian treatments temporarily accelerated activity. Additional C respired from oiled microcosms exceeded C added as crude oil by 1.4 to 3.5 times. Thus, much additional C originated from soil organic matter rather than crude oil. Crude oils temporarily lowered soil Eh, which is consistent with accelerated metabolism and demand for electron acceptors. The lack of inhibition observed at the community level does not necessarily indicate an absence of toxicity. Instead, tolerant species with metabolic versatility probably maintained activity. Stimulation probably resulted from removal of micronutrient limitation, rather than removal of grazing pressure or macronutrient limitation. Regardless, accelerated soil organic matter mineralization surely accelerated nutrient remineralization. This might explain some reports of crude oil stimulating plant growth. These results are not inconsistent with theoretical and experimental conclusions regarding effects of biodiversity on ecosystem stability and productivity, nor are they inconsistent with conclusions that crude oils contain components that are toxic to microbes, vegetation, and fauna. However, these data do indicate that crude oils also contain components that temporarily stimulate metabolic activity of surviving microbes
O'Brien, P.S. et al. 1986. Dispersant use guidelines for Cook Inlet, Alaska. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. Seminar Sponsored by Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, June 10-12, 1986, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Beauregard Press. pp. 581-600. ISBN: 0662148126.
Oda, A. 1968. Evaluation of Polycomplex A-11 as an Oil Dispersant, Toronto, Ont: Ontario Water Resources Commission. 31p.
Oda, A. 1968. A Report on the Laboratory Evaluation of Five Chemical Additives Used for the Removal of Oil Slicks on Water, Toronto, Ont: Ontario Water Resources Commission. 21p.
Oda, A. 1969. Laboratory evaluation of chemical oil dispersants. In Proceedings of API/FWPCA Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, New York: American Petroleum Institute. 193-197.
Abstract
This paper describes some of the methods which can be used to evaluate chemical oil dispersants in order to obtain some preliminary data related to their effectiveness as dispersant and problems that may result from their use. Most of the techniques are quite simple and can be done fairly rapidly in the laboratory. Some of these were borrowed from the standard procedures employed in water and wastewater treatment practices and include jar tests, bioassays, oxygen uptake measurements and threshold odor determinations. Data derived from these tests may be of some value in situations where a selection of a suitable dispersant must be made on the basis of only limited knowledge and experience
© 1969 with permission from APIThis paper describes some of the methods which can be used to evaluate chemical oil dispersants in order to obtain some preliminary data related to their effectiveness as dispersant and problems that may result from their use. Most of the techniques are quite simple and can be done fairly rapidly in the laboratory. Some of these were borrowed from the standard procedures employed in water and wastewater treatment practices and include jar tests, bioassays, oxygen uptake measurements and threshold odor determinations. Data derived from these tests may be of some value in situations where a selection of a suitable dispersant must be made on the basis of only limited knowledge and experience
Odokuma, L.O.; Okpokwasili, G.C. 1992. Role of composition in degradability of oil spill dispersants. Waste Management, 12 (1): 39-43. ISSN: 0956-053X. doi:10.1016/0956-053X(92)90007-6.
Abstract
The compositional contribution to degradability of three oil spill dispersants was examined. Analyses by infra-red spectroscopy and turbidimetry revealed differences in the composition while biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand measurements revealed differences in biostability of the dispersants. These results suggest that chemical composition influences dispersant degradability
Reprinted from Waste Management, Volume 12, L.O. Odokuma, G.C. Okpokwasili, Copyright 1992, with permission from ElsevierThe compositional contribution to degradability of three oil spill dispersants was examined. Analyses by infra-red spectroscopy and turbidimetry revealed differences in the composition while biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand measurements revealed differences in biostability of the dispersants. These results suggest that chemical composition influences dispersant degradability
Oebius, H.U. 1999. Physical properties and processes that influence the clean up of oil spills in the marine environment. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, 5 (3-4): 177-289. ISSN: 1353-2561. doi:10.1016/S1353-2561(99)00048-1.
Abstract
This report summarizes the knowledge concerning the control of hazards from discharged oil and other liquid chemicals in both freshwater and at sea. Included in this report dispersion and other means of controlling sinking/sunken chemicals from spills. Reviews of current methods of recovery indicate a relationship between mechanical and chemical methods for effective spill control
This report summarizes the knowledge concerning the control of hazards from discharged oil and other liquid chemicals in both freshwater and at sea. Included in this report dispersion and other means of controlling sinking/sunken chemicals from spills. Reviews of current methods of recovery indicate a relationship between mechanical and chemical methods for effective spill control
Ohlendorf, H.M.; Risebrough, R.W.; Vermeer, K. 1978. Exposure of marine birds to environmental pollutants. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Research Report, 9 1-40. ISSN: 0149-1849.
Ojo, T. et al. 2003. Field simulation experiment of aerial dispersant application for spill of opportunity. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, June 10-12, 2003, Victoria (British Columbia) Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 813-824. URL
Okpokwasili, G.C.; Odokuma, L.O. 1990. Effect of salinity on biodegradation of oil spill dispersants. Waste Management, 10 (2): 141-146. ISSN: 0956-053X. doi:10.1016/0956-053X(90)90118-5.
Abstract
Biochemical oxygen demand and riverwater biodegradation tests of oil spill dispersants were determined at three sodium chloride concentrations - 0, 20, and 40 g/L - and at ambient temperature. Surfactant concentration was monitored by infra red spectroscopy. Results obtained indicated that microbial degradation of all the dispersants used in the study decreased with increasing salt concentration
Reprinted from Waste Management, Volume 10, L.O. Odokuma, G.C. Okpokwasili, Copyright 1990, with permission from ElsevierBiochemical oxygen demand and riverwater biodegradation tests of oil spill dispersants were determined at three sodium chloride concentrations - 0, 20, and 40 g/L - and at ambient temperature. Surfactant concentration was monitored by infra red spectroscopy. Results obtained indicated that microbial degradation of all the dispersants used in the study decreased with increasing salt concentration
Okpokwasili, G.C.; Nnubia, C. 1995. Effects of oil spill dispersants and drilling fluids on substrate specificity of marine bacteria. Waste Management, 15 (7): 515-520. ISSN: 0956-053X. doi:10.1016/0956-053X(95)00045-2.
Abstract
The effects of oil spill dispersants and drilling fluids on the sizes of populations of specific heterotroph subgroups of marine bacteria were monitored in this study. The bacteria were isolated from drill cuttings recovered from Agbara - an offshore oilfield located some 100 nautical miles off the Atlantic coast of Nigeria. Numbers of cellulolytic, proteolytic, starch-hydrolysing and lipolytic bacteria in the drill cuttings were monitored for 28 days in the presence of oil spill dispersants and drilling fluids. The percentages of these bacterial subgroups within the total heterotrophic population enumerated on tryptic soy agar (10% with 3% NaCl) fluctuated between 3.0 and 17.0%, 0.0 and 27.0%, 4.0 and 25.0% and 3.0 and 18.0% for cellulolytic, proteolytic, starch-hydrolysing and lipolytic bacteria respectively. These results indicate that oil spill dispersants and drilling fluids affect the ability of marine bacteria to metabolize these substrates in the environment
Reprinted from Waste Management, Volume 15, G.C. Okpokwasili, C. Nnubia, Copyright 1995, with permission from ElsevierThe effects of oil spill dispersants and drilling fluids on the sizes of populations of specific heterotroph subgroups of marine bacteria were monitored in this study. The bacteria were isolated from drill cuttings recovered from Agbara - an offshore oilfield located some 100 nautical miles off the Atlantic coast of Nigeria. Numbers of cellulolytic, proteolytic, starch-hydrolysing and lipolytic bacteria in the drill cuttings were monitored for 28 days in the presence of oil spill dispersants and drilling fluids. The percentages of these bacterial subgroups within the total heterotrophic population enumerated on tryptic soy agar (10% with 3% NaCl) fluctuated between 3.0 and 17.0%, 0.0 and 27.0%, 4.0 and 25.0% and 3.0 and 18.0% for cellulolytic, proteolytic, starch-hydrolysing and lipolytic bacteria respectively. These results indicate that oil spill dispersants and drilling fluids affect the ability of marine bacteria to metabolize these substrates in the environment
Okubo, K.; Takita, Y.; Sakuma, K. 1972. Study on the oil dispersant - 1. The effects upon aquatic life and the emulsification property of nonionic oil dispersants. Bulletin of Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 71 79-86. ISSN: 0040-8859.
Abstract
(1) Nonionic surfactants of ester type ethoxylate were found to be least toxic to aquatic life, and the nonionic ester type surfactants with longer alkyl chain showed better oil emulsification property. (2) By mixing the nonionic ester type surfactants with a shorter ethylene oxide chain and with a longer one, a special composition of oil dispersant was obtained which had very superior emulsification property, a less toxic effect on aquatic life and high biodegradability
© CSA, 1974(1) Nonionic surfactants of ester type ethoxylate were found to be least toxic to aquatic life, and the nonionic ester type surfactants with longer alkyl chain showed better oil emulsification property. (2) By mixing the nonionic ester type surfactants with a shorter ethylene oxide chain and with a longer one, a special composition of oil dispersant was obtained which had very superior emulsification property, a less toxic effect on aquatic life and high biodegradability
Olagbende, O.T. et al. 1999. Scientific and cleanup response to the Idoho-Qit oil spill, Nigeria. Environmental Technology, 20 (11): 1213-1222. ISSN: 0959-3330.
Abstract
An oil spill of the coast of Nigeria prompted the extended use of dispersants, since the majority of the spill drifted well out to sea. 90% of the spill was dispersed, due to chemical and natural means, as well as evaporation. A short-term impact assessment, comprised of scientists gathered internationally, found limited and localized effects of small amounts of oil that had drifted into estuarine mangrove habitats and beaches. Following this, a follow-up study was put in place to consider effects on offshore fisheries, shoreline fate and effects, long-term impacts to mangrove habitats, and human health impacts
An oil spill of the coast of Nigeria prompted the extended use of dispersants, since the majority of the spill drifted well out to sea. 90% of the spill was dispersed, due to chemical and natural means, as well as evaporation. A short-term impact assessment, comprised of scientists gathered internationally, found limited and localized effects of small amounts of oil that had drifted into estuarine mangrove habitats and beaches. Following this, a follow-up study was put in place to consider effects on offshore fisheries, shoreline fate and effects, long-term impacts to mangrove habitats, and human health impacts
Onstad, L.A.; Lindblom, G.P. 1989. Design and evaluation of a large boat-mounted dispersant spraying system and its integration with other application equipment. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 220-228. ISBN: 0803111940.
Abstract
Oil spill response groups have recognized that it is essential to have the ability to apply dispersants properly when they are needed. Some of these organizations have developed unique application equipment as part of their total capability. Two California industry cooperatives have designed dispersant spray systems that are attached to existing advancing recovery devices, thus providing the largest spray systems yet developed for any surface vessels. Detailed calibration of the systems has been done and has provided tables and charts which can be used by both management and operators for direction of dispersant application programs. Close control of dispersant dosage is a requirement for successful dispersant application and also for accurate documentation for regulatory authorities. The calibration work reported here has also shown the variability that can be found in very similar systems and indicated the need for careful evaluation of educator performance, as well as the value of use of accurate metering pumps for dispersant, whether used diluted or undiluted
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalOil spill response groups have recognized that it is essential to have the ability to apply dispersants properly when they are needed. Some of these organizations have developed unique application equipment as part of their total capability. Two California industry cooperatives have designed dispersant spray systems that are attached to existing advancing recovery devices, thus providing the largest spray systems yet developed for any surface vessels. Detailed calibration of the systems has been done and has provided tables and charts which can be used by both management and operators for direction of dispersant application programs. Close control of dispersant dosage is a requirement for successful dispersant application and also for accurate documentation for regulatory authorities. The calibration work reported here has also shown the variability that can be found in very similar systems and indicated the need for careful evaluation of educator performance, as well as the value of use of accurate metering pumps for dispersant, whether used diluted or undiluted
Ordzie, C.J.; Garofalo, G.C. 1981. Lethal and sublethal effects of short term acute doses of Kuwait crude oil and a dispersant Corexit 9527 on bay scallops, Argopecten irradians (Lamarck) and two predators at different temperatures. Marine Environmental Research, 5 (3): 195-210. ISSN: 0141-1136. doi:10.1016/0141-1136(81)90004-0.
Abstract
Bay scallops and two scallop predators, Urosalpinx cinerea and Asterias forbesi were used to determine short-term acute effects of exposure to Kuwait crude, Corexit 9527, and a mixture of both. Dispersant and oil/dispersant mixtures affected scallops the most, although less in winter months. A. forbesi were only sensitive to dispersant, and U. cinerea didn’t seem to be sensitive to either oil, dispersant, or mixture. Unlike scallops, predators were not more sensitive to pollutants in summer months. Sublethal concentrations of dispersant and oil/dispersant mixtures seemed to impact the scallop’s ability to recognize predators, and the degree of impairment grew as the water temperatures increased
Bay scallops and two scallop predators, Urosalpinx cinerea and Asterias forbesi were used to determine short-term acute effects of exposure to Kuwait crude, Corexit 9527, and a mixture of both. Dispersant and oil/dispersant mixtures affected scallops the most, although less in winter months. A. forbesi were only sensitive to dispersant, and U. cinerea didn’t seem to be sensitive to either oil, dispersant, or mixture. Unlike scallops, predators were not more sensitive to pollutants in summer months. Sublethal concentrations of dispersant and oil/dispersant mixtures seemed to impact the scallop’s ability to recognize predators, and the degree of impairment grew as the water temperatures increased
Organisation Maritime Internationale. 1995. Directives OMI/PNUE sur l'Application de Dispersants Contre les déVersements d'Hydrocarbures et ConsidéRations liées à l'Environnement, Londres, Fr: Organisation Maritime Internationale. 65p. ISBN: 9280122630.
Osamor, C.A.; Ahlert, R.C. 1981. Oil Slick Dispersal Mechanics, Cincinnati, Oh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory. 3p.
Otitoloju, A.A. 2005. Crude oil plus dispersant: always a boon or bane?. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60 (2): 198-202. ISSN: 0147-6513. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.12.021.
Abstract
The toxicities of a Nigerian brand of crude oil (Forcados Light), a newly approved dispersant for use in Nigerian ecosystems (Biosolve), and their mixtures, based on ratios 9:1, 6:1 and 4:1 (v/v), were evaluated against the juvenile stage of prawn, Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, in laboratory bioassays. On the basis of the derived toxicity indices, crude oil with 96-h LC50 value of 0.28 ml/L was found to be about six times more toxic than the dispersant (96-h LC50 1.9 ml/L) when acting alone against M. vollenhovenii. Toxicity evaluations of the mixtures of crude oil and dispersant meant to simulate the environmental control settings of crude oil spillages in aquatic ecosystems revealed that effects of the crude oil/dispersant mixtures varied, depending largely upon the proportion of addition of the mixture components. The interactions between mixture of crude oil and dispersant at the test ratios of 9:1 and 4:1 were found to conform with the model of synergism (RTU=1.2 and 2.1, respectively), while the interactions between the mixture prepared based on ratio 6:1 conformed with the model of antagonism (RTU=0.16), based on the concentration-addition model. Furthermore, the mixtures prepared based on ratios 9:1 and 6:1 were found to be less toxic than crude oil when acting singly against M. vollenhovenii while the mixture prepared based on ratio 4:1 was found to have similar toxicity with crude oil when acting singly, based on the derived synergistic ratio values. The importance of results obtained from the joint-action tests in setting effective and environmentally safe dispersal ratios is discussed
Reprinted from Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 60, A.A. Otitoloju, Copyright 2005, with permission from ElsevierThe toxicities of a Nigerian brand of crude oil (Forcados Light), a newly approved dispersant for use in Nigerian ecosystems (Biosolve), and their mixtures, based on ratios 9:1, 6:1 and 4:1 (v/v), were evaluated against the juvenile stage of prawn, Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, in laboratory bioassays. On the basis of the derived toxicity indices, crude oil with 96-h LC50 value of 0.28 ml/L was found to be about six times more toxic than the dispersant (96-h LC50 1.9 ml/L) when acting alone against M. vollenhovenii. Toxicity evaluations of the mixtures of crude oil and dispersant meant to simulate the environmental control settings of crude oil spillages in aquatic ecosystems revealed that effects of the crude oil/dispersant mixtures varied, depending largely upon the proportion of addition of the mixture components. The interactions between mixture of crude oil and dispersant at the test ratios of 9:1 and 4:1 were found to conform with the model of synergism (RTU=1.2 and 2.1, respectively), while the interactions between the mixture prepared based on ratio 6:1 conformed with the model of antagonism (RTU=0.16), based on the concentration-addition model. Furthermore, the mixtures prepared based on ratios 9:1 and 6:1 were found to be less toxic than crude oil when acting singly against M. vollenhovenii while the mixture prepared based on ratio 4:1 was found to have similar toxicity with crude oil when acting singly, based on the derived synergistic ratio values. The importance of results obtained from the joint-action tests in setting effective and environmentally safe dispersal ratios is discussed
Owens, C.K.; Belore, R.S. 2004. Dispersant effectiveness testing in cold water and brash ice. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar: June 8-10, 2004, Edmonton (Alberta) Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 819-841.
Abstract
Ice fields were simulated within 3-m diameter circular booms by differing quantities of ice blocks 30 and 60 sq cm and small ice fragments. COREXIT 9527 was applied to Alaska North Slope, Hibernia, and Chayvo crude oils within the booms. Ice improved the dispersion process better than what would occur in similar open water conditions. Higher wave energy levels were needed to disperse oil in rings containing a 40% ice cover than in rings containing an 80% ice cover. More than 90% dispersion was observed in all tests with fresh crude in ice. Brash ice cover increased the amount of mixing energy and led to increased dispersion compared to open water controls
Ice fields were simulated within 3-m diameter circular booms by differing quantities of ice blocks 30 and 60 sq cm and small ice fragments. COREXIT 9527 was applied to Alaska North Slope, Hibernia, and Chayvo crude oils within the booms. Ice improved the dispersion process better than what would occur in similar open water conditions. Higher wave energy levels were needed to disperse oil in rings containing a 40% ice cover than in rings containing an 80% ice cover. More than 90% dispersion was observed in all tests with fresh crude in ice. Brash ice cover increased the amount of mixing energy and led to increased dispersion compared to open water controls
Owens, C.K. 2004. Regional considerations influencing oil spill response in Arctic offshore environments. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2004 Conference, Trondheim, Norway (CD-ROM), Horten, Norway: Norwegian Oil Spill Control Association (NOSCA). 14p..
Owens, E.H.; Foget, C.R.; Robson, W. 1984. Experimental use of dispersants for spill countermeasures on Arctic beaches. Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants: Research, Experience and Recommendations. A Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, West Palm Beach, Florida, October 12-13, 1982, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 324-337. ISBN: 0803104006.
Abstract
Field experiments have been conducted on arctic beaches to assess the effectiveness of dispersants for the cleanup of stranded oil. The application of two commercially available chemical dispersants to aged and emulsified oil plots, in the intertidal zone on a semi-sheltered beach, resulted in a significant reduction of oil loadings immediately following the experiments as compared to loadings on adjacent intertidal control plots. The use of dispersants may, therefore, be of some value in mitigation of the potential adverse effects of oil immediately following stranding. In the semi-sheltered arctic environment in which the 1981 experiments were conducted (fetch up to 100 km; two-month open water season), natural reworking of the oiled intertidal control plots over a 40-day period was effective in removing approximately 85 to 95% of the original oil loading. Further experiments in 1982 replicated the 1981 study in a more sheltered location, with a fetch area of less than 2 km, and indicate that the use of dispersants was not effective in this very low energy environment. The conclusions drawn from this arctic experiment have a direct relevance to other coastal environments in lower latitudes
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalField experiments have been conducted on arctic beaches to assess the effectiveness of dispersants for the cleanup of stranded oil. The application of two commercially available chemical dispersants to aged and emulsified oil plots, in the intertidal zone on a semi-sheltered beach, resulted in a significant reduction of oil loadings immediately following the experiments as compared to loadings on adjacent intertidal control plots. The use of dispersants may, therefore, be of some value in mitigation of the potential adverse effects of oil immediately following stranding. In the semi-sheltered arctic environment in which the 1981 experiments were conducted (fetch up to 100 km; two-month open water season), natural reworking of the oiled intertidal control plots over a 40-day period was effective in removing approximately 85 to 95% of the original oil loading. Further experiments in 1982 replicated the 1981 study in a more sheltered location, with a fetch area of less than 2 km, and indicate that the use of dispersants was not effective in this very low energy environment. The conclusions drawn from this arctic experiment have a direct relevance to other coastal environments in lower latitudes
Oyewo, E.O. 1986. The acute toxicity of three oil dispersants. Environmental Pollution Series A: Ecological and Biological, 41 (1): 23-31. ISSN: 0143-1471. doi:10.1016/0143-1471(86)90104-2.
Abstract
Static bioassay tests were conducted with three oil dispersants at two salinities (32·0 ± 2g litre-1 and 16·0 ± 1g litre-1) using fingerlings of the mullet Mugil sp. and hermit crabs Clibinarius africanus as test animals. The acute toxicity was estimated both by graphical interpolation and the approximate nomographic method of Litchfield & Wilcoxon (1949) and is reported as the 24h, 48h and 96h LC(l)50 (Lloyd & Tooby, 1979) values. Conco-K was the most toxic, and BP 1,100X the least toxic, to the two test organisms at the two test salinities. Simple observations were made on the behavioural responses of the test animals. The role of acute toxicity data in ecological predictions is briefly discussed
Reprinted from Environmental Pollution Series A: Ecological and Biological, Volume 41, E.O. Oyewo, Copyright 1986, with permission from Elsevier.Static bioassay tests were conducted with three oil dispersants at two salinities (32·0 ± 2g litre-1 and 16·0 ± 1g litre-1) using fingerlings of the mullet Mugil sp. and hermit crabs Clibinarius africanus as test animals. The acute toxicity was estimated both by graphical interpolation and the approximate nomographic method of Litchfield & Wilcoxon (1949) and is reported as the 24h, 48h and 96h LC(l)50 (Lloyd & Tooby, 1979) values. Conco-K was the most toxic, and BP 1,100X the least toxic, to the two test organisms at the two test salinities. Simple observations were made on the behavioural responses of the test animals. The role of acute toxicity data in ecological predictions is briefly discussed
Özelsel S. 1983. The acute toxicity of three dispersants on Palaemonetes pugio. Revue Internationale d'Oceanographie Médicale, 70-71 3-14. ISSN: 0035-3493.
Abstract
This investigation is concerned with the acute toxicity of dispersants Cold Clean, Conco dispersant K and Corexit 9527 on P. pugio. The experiments have been conducted at two different temperatures (17° C and 27° C). The animals used in these experiments were juveniles weighing 200 mgs and 25 mm. in length. The LC50 values were determined using the Litchfield-Wilcoxon (1949) and Log concentration verus percent of survival methods. The results show that toxicity increases with increasing temperature
© CSA, 1984This investigation is concerned with the acute toxicity of dispersants Cold Clean, Conco dispersant K and Corexit 9527 on P. pugio. The experiments have been conducted at two different temperatures (17° C and 27° C). The animals used in these experiments were juveniles weighing 200 mgs and 25 mm. in length. The LC50 values were determined using the Litchfield-Wilcoxon (1949) and Log concentration verus percent of survival methods. The results show that toxicity increases with increasing temperature
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Quarterly Issues
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Compilations
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- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.