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ABOUT THE LIBRARY
The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
The library contains a computer lab and several study spaces available to visiting students, scientists, or groups (such as attendees of a writing retreat).
The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
- 4,600 monographs
- 5,800 bound volumes
- 200 journal titles
- 26 current journal subscriptions
- 850 maps
- 35 atlases
- 3,600 government documents
- 1,500 reprints
In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
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INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
The LUMCON Library is available as an internship site for graduate-level students who have completed at least two semesters toward a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science. Applications will be accepted on a continuing basis and internships may be completed during any semester. Prior library experience or an undergraduate degree in science is desirable, but not necessary. Credits will be awarded based on the number of person-hours completed (40 person-hours per credit hour).
The internship will consist of both field experience, encompassing many operations of a special library, and a special project in technical services. The Librarian will give the intern an overview of reference services, technical services, library administration, and budgeting, and will guide the intern through special projects. The LUMCON Library uses SIRSI/Dynix’s Symphony Integrated Library System as well as OCLC for Cataloging/Interlibrary Loan services.
Contact the Librarian for more information or to apply for an internship.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
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- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
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The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory. 1988. Evaluation of Oil Spill Dispersant Testing Requirements, Cincinnati, Oh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory. 139p.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory. 1984. Response of Crude Oil Slicks to Dispersant Treatment at Sea, Cincinnati, Oh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory. 3p.
Ukeles, R. 1965. Inhibition of unicellular algae by synthetic surface-active agents. Journal of Phycology, 1 (3): 102-110. ISSN: 0022-3646.
Uña, G.V.; García, M.J.N. 1983. Biodegradation of non-ionic dispersants in sea-water. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 18 (5): 315-319. ISSN: 0175-7598. doi:10.1007/BF00500498.
Abstract
Span, Tween, and Corexit dispersants were distributed in seawater to identify amount, extent and processes behind aerobic biodegradation of the chemicals. The process was monitored with absorbance measurements and determination of kinetic coefficients controlling rates of biodegradation
Span, Tween, and Corexit dispersants were distributed in seawater to identify amount, extent and processes behind aerobic biodegradation of the chemicals. The process was monitored with absorbance measurements and determination of kinetic coefficients controlling rates of biodegradation
United Nations Environment Programme. 1989. Comparative Toxicity Test of Water-Accommodated Fractions of Oils and Oil Dispersants to Marine Organisms, Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme. 21p. URL
Abstract
This reference method describes a simple procedure for comparing the toxicity of oil, oil dispersants, and mixtures thereof, to marine animals. It allows the toxicity of different dispersants to be rapidly compared to that of oil, or of a mixture of oil and oil dispersant. It is designed for routine monitoring and screening purposes and is not appropriate as a research method. The physical and chemical properties of oil dispersants create many difficulties in the measurements of their toxicity to marine organisms. Strictly speaking, their toxicity can only be accurately estimated using complex procedures and apparatus. (A relatively simple apparatus for preparing oil/water or oil/water/oil dispersant emulsions is described in Appendix B). Simpler methods can provide useful information, provided their limitations are clearly understood and taken into consideration in the assessment and application of their results. Some of the special considerations relating to the measurement of the toxicity of oil and oil dispersants are described in Appendix A. The Appendix also explains the rationale and limitations of the method described here
This reference method describes a simple procedure for comparing the toxicity of oil, oil dispersants, and mixtures thereof, to marine animals. It allows the toxicity of different dispersants to be rapidly compared to that of oil, or of a mixture of oil and oil dispersant. It is designed for routine monitoring and screening purposes and is not appropriate as a research method. The physical and chemical properties of oil dispersants create many difficulties in the measurements of their toxicity to marine organisms. Strictly speaking, their toxicity can only be accurately estimated using complex procedures and apparatus. (A relatively simple apparatus for preparing oil/water or oil/water/oil dispersant emulsions is described in Appendix B). Simpler methods can provide useful information, provided their limitations are clearly understood and taken into consideration in the assessment and application of their results. Some of the special considerations relating to the measurement of the toxicity of oil and oil dispersants are described in Appendix A. The Appendix also explains the rationale and limitations of the method described here
United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1990. Coping With an Oiled Sea: An Analysis of Oil Spill Response Technologies, Washington, D.C: United States Government Printing Office. 70p. URL
United States Department of Interior. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1969. Use of Chemicals to Treat Oil on Water, Edison, N.J: Northeast Region Research and Development Program. 21p.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Emergency Response & Inspection Branch. Region II. 1978. Dispersant Utilization Report: Dredge Barge Pennsylvania Oil Spill, Rockaway Jetty, New York, 7/31/78 - 8/14/78, Edison, N.J: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 29p..
University of Rhode Island University Energy Center. 1981. Assessment of Treated vs. Untreated Oil Spills: Final Report, Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Environmental and Safety Engineering Division. 1042p.
Abstract
The results of a series of studies conducted to determine the practicability and feasibility of using dispersants to mitigate the impact of an oil spill on the environment are described. The method of approach is holistic in that it combines the physical, chemical, microbial and macro-fauna response to a spill treated with dispersants and compares this with spills that are left untreated. The program integrates mathematical, laboratory, meso-scale (three 20 foot high by three feet in diameter tanks, in-situ experiments and analyses to determine if the use of dispersants is an effective oil spill control agent. In summary, it appears viable to use dispersants as determined on a case by case basis. The case for using dispersants has to be based on whether or not their use will mitigate the environmental impact of the spill. In the case of an open ocean spill that is being driven into a rich inter-tidal community, the use of dispersants could greatly reduce the environmental impact. Even in the highly productive George`s Bank area at the height of the cod spawning season, the impact of the use of dispersants is well within the limits of natural variability when the threshold toxicity level is assumed to be as low as 100 ppb, a level which is often found in the open ocean. Thus, it appears that dispersants can and should be used when it is evident that their use will mitigate the impacts of the spill. Their use in areas where there is poor circulation and therefore little possibility of rapid dilution is more questionable and should be a subject of future studies
The results of a series of studies conducted to determine the practicability and feasibility of using dispersants to mitigate the impact of an oil spill on the environment are described. The method of approach is holistic in that it combines the physical, chemical, microbial and macro-fauna response to a spill treated with dispersants and compares this with spills that are left untreated. The program integrates mathematical, laboratory, meso-scale (three 20 foot high by three feet in diameter tanks, in-situ experiments and analyses to determine if the use of dispersants is an effective oil spill control agent. In summary, it appears viable to use dispersants as determined on a case by case basis. The case for using dispersants has to be based on whether or not their use will mitigate the environmental impact of the spill. In the case of an open ocean spill that is being driven into a rich inter-tidal community, the use of dispersants could greatly reduce the environmental impact. Even in the highly productive George`s Bank area at the height of the cod spawning season, the impact of the use of dispersants is well within the limits of natural variability when the threshold toxicity level is assumed to be as low as 100 ppb, a level which is often found in the open ocean. Thus, it appears that dispersants can and should be used when it is evident that their use will mitigate the impacts of the spill. Their use in areas where there is poor circulation and therefore little possibility of rapid dilution is more questionable and should be a subject of future studies
University of Washington School of Fisheries. 1986. Influence of Crude Oil and Dispersant on the Ability of Coho Salmon to Differentiate Home Water From Non-Home Water, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. 97p.
Ünsal, M. 1991. Comparative toxicity of crude oil, dispersant and oil- dispersant mixture to prawn, Palaemon elegans. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 31-32 451-459. ISSN: 0277-2248.
Abstract
Researchers tested crude oil, dispersant, and oil/dispersant mixtures on Palaemon elegans to determine lethal and sublethal thresholds on the species. Results of 24 h tests indicate that the dispersant was the most toxic substance, and the oil/dispersant mixture was also significantly toxic to the species
Researchers tested crude oil, dispersant, and oil/dispersant mixtures on Palaemon elegans to determine lethal and sublethal thresholds on the species. Results of 24 h tests indicate that the dispersant was the most toxic substance, and the oil/dispersant mixture was also significantly toxic to the species
Urum, K.; Grigson, S.; Pekdemir, T.; McMenamy, S. 2006. A comparison of the efficiency of different surfactants for removal of crude oil from contaminated soils. Chemosphere, 62 (9): 1403-1410. ISSN: 0045-6535. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.016.
Abstract
This paper presents the results from study investigating the efficiency with which different surfactants remove crude oil from contaminated soil using a soil washing process. The surfactants studied were aqueous solutions of rhamnolipid, saponin and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The efficiency of surfactants’ removal was quantified and then GC/MS analysis conducted to investigate the distribution of hydrocarbons remaining on the washed soil samples compared to those on a control. The results showed that SDS removed the most crude oil from soil, followed by rhamnolipid and then saponin. However, the different surfactants showed preferences in terms of which crude oil components they removed from the contaminated soil. SDS removed more of the aliphatics than aromatic hydrocarbons whereas saponin removed the aromatic hydrocarbon preferentially to the aliphatic hydrocarbons. Clearly these results provide important information for the selection of surfactants used to remove crude oil from contaminated soils
Reprinted from Chemosphere, Volume 62, K. Urum, S. Grigson, T. Pekdemir and S. McMenamy, Copyright 2006, with permission from ElsevierThis paper presents the results from study investigating the efficiency with which different surfactants remove crude oil from contaminated soil using a soil washing process. The surfactants studied were aqueous solutions of rhamnolipid, saponin and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The efficiency of surfactants’ removal was quantified and then GC/MS analysis conducted to investigate the distribution of hydrocarbons remaining on the washed soil samples compared to those on a control. The results showed that SDS removed the most crude oil from soil, followed by rhamnolipid and then saponin. However, the different surfactants showed preferences in terms of which crude oil components they removed from the contaminated soil. SDS removed more of the aliphatics than aromatic hydrocarbons whereas saponin removed the aromatic hydrocarbon preferentially to the aliphatic hydrocarbons. Clearly these results provide important information for the selection of surfactants used to remove crude oil from contaminated soils
Urum, K.; Pekdemir, T.; Copur, M. 2005. Screening of biosurfactants for crude oil contaminated soil washing. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, 4 (6): 487-496. ISSN: 1496-2551. doi:10.1139/s04-073.
Abstract
This study reports experimental measurements on the ability of aqueous biosurfactant solutions (aescin, lecithin, rhamnolipid, saponin, and tannin) at removing Ekofisk crude oil from a laboratory contaminated soil under varying washing conditions. The oil removal performance of the biosurfactants was evaluated against a synthetic anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS) using distilled water as a base case. The washing parameters and ranges tested were temperature, time, shaking speed, volume/mass ratio, and surfactant concentrations. Results indicated that washing temperature was the most influential parameter on the oil removal whilst washing time was the least. It was possible to obtain more than 80% oil removal at 50 °C for all the surfactant solutions, except lecithin, which yielded less than 15% removal. However, saponin, lecithin, aescin, and tannin removed less than 50% crude oil when tested at a temperature of 20 °C and other parameters. Soil washing was found to have considerable potential in removing crude oil from the contaminated soil therefore, we suggest further testing be performed with weathered contaminated soils
Copyright 2006, National Research Council Canada. Reprinted with permission from NRC Research PressThis study reports experimental measurements on the ability of aqueous biosurfactant solutions (aescin, lecithin, rhamnolipid, saponin, and tannin) at removing Ekofisk crude oil from a laboratory contaminated soil under varying washing conditions. The oil removal performance of the biosurfactants was evaluated against a synthetic anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS) using distilled water as a base case. The washing parameters and ranges tested were temperature, time, shaking speed, volume/mass ratio, and surfactant concentrations. Results indicated that washing temperature was the most influential parameter on the oil removal whilst washing time was the least. It was possible to obtain more than 80% oil removal at 50 °C for all the surfactant solutions, except lecithin, which yielded less than 15% removal. However, saponin, lecithin, aescin, and tannin removed less than 50% crude oil when tested at a temperature of 20 °C and other parameters. Soil washing was found to have considerable potential in removing crude oil from the contaminated soil therefore, we suggest further testing be performed with weathered contaminated soils
Vacca-Torelli, M.; Geraci, A.L.; Risitano, A. 1987. Dispersant application by hydrofoil: high speed control and cleanup of large spills. In Proceedings: 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), April 6-9, 1987, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 75-80.
Abstract
Experiments undertaken in different parts of the world have shown so far that cleanup at a speed greater than 10 knots is unadvisable due to the bow wave breaking up the oil film on the water. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that a high-speed craft such as a hydrofoil, when flying foilborne, solves this problem
© 1987 with permission from APIExperiments undertaken in different parts of the world have shown so far that cleanup at a speed greater than 10 knots is unadvisable due to the bow wave breaking up the oil film on the water. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that a high-speed craft such as a hydrofoil, when flying foilborne, solves this problem
Vainio, T.; Vesala, A.M. 1990. Öljyntorjuntadispersanttien Käyttö ja Ominaisuudet Murtovedessä Alhaisissa Lämpötiloissa = The Use and Properties of Oil Combatting Dispersants in in Low Temperature Brackish Water, Helsinki: Vesi- ja Ympäristöhallitusken monistesarja. 74p.. ISBN: 9514730216.
van Bernem, K.H. 1984. Experimental investigations about effects of crude oil and dispersed crude oil in tidal flat environments. II. Behaviour of penetration and persistence of crude oil hydrocarbons in tidal flat sediments after artificial contamination. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 16 (1-6): 13-30. ISSN: 0080-889X.
Abstract
In a tidal flat, Arabian Light crude oil was used to contaminate the site, and a portion of the area was exposed to either glycolipids or dispersant Finasol OSR-5. Over a period of 6 months, samples from the site were analyzed using IR and GC methods. Analysis showed that hydrocarbons still existed in large amounts in the dispersant-treated areas after 6 months, with little evidence of microbial activity present
In a tidal flat, Arabian Light crude oil was used to contaminate the site, and a portion of the area was exposed to either glycolipids or dispersant Finasol OSR-5. Over a period of 6 months, samples from the site were analyzed using IR and GC methods. Analysis showed that hydrocarbons still existed in large amounts in the dispersant-treated areas after 6 months, with little evidence of microbial activity present
van Bernem, K.H. et al. 2000. Dispersants as an option in oil-spill combating. Hydrologie und Wasserbewirtschaftung, 44 (6): 290-301. ISSN: 0012-0235.
Abstract
In the wake of the accident of the freighter MS "Pallas" off the island Amrum in October 1998, discussions asked whether and how this disaster and its consequences could have been prevented. A commission of independent experts was called in to clarify unresolved questions. The commission submitted its report to the Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing in February 2000. It recommends inter alia to continue the development of chemicals for oil dispersal and to devise concepts for their application. On the basis of a decision of the Federal government, these issues are being treated in the inter-departmental project "Improving maritime contingency planning and accident management". From a comprehensive review of pertinent literature, the paper describes the facts to be considered in assessing the application of dispersants
© CSA, 2001In the wake of the accident of the freighter MS "Pallas" off the island Amrum in October 1998, discussions asked whether and how this disaster and its consequences could have been prevented. A commission of independent experts was called in to clarify unresolved questions. The commission submitted its report to the Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing in February 2000. It recommends inter alia to continue the development of chemicals for oil dispersal and to devise concepts for their application. On the basis of a decision of the Federal government, these issues are being treated in the inter-departmental project "Improving maritime contingency planning and accident management". From a comprehensive review of pertinent literature, the paper describes the facts to be considered in assessing the application of dispersants
Van Gelder-Ottway, S. 1976. The comparative toxicities of crude oils, refined oil products and oil emulsions. Marine Ecology and Oil Pollution, New York: Wiley. pp. 287-302. ISBN: 0470045418.
Abstract
Several species commonly found on British rocky shores were used to determine the comparative toxicities of crude and refined oils, dispersants, and oil/dispersant mixtures. There appeared to be no simple association between oil/dispersant toxicity to that of oil or dispersant alone. One widely used low toxicity dispersant, when mixed with oil, was more toxic than either the oil or the dispersant alone
Several species commonly found on British rocky shores were used to determine the comparative toxicities of crude and refined oils, dispersants, and oil/dispersant mixtures. There appeared to be no simple association between oil/dispersant toxicity to that of oil or dispersant alone. One widely used low toxicity dispersant, when mixed with oil, was more toxic than either the oil or the dispersant alone
Vandermeulen, J.H. 1980. Chemical dispersion of oil in coastal low-energy systems: saltmarshes and tidal rivers. Chemical Dispersion of Oil Spills: An International Research Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Toronto, Canada, November 17-19, 1980, Toronto, Ont: University of Toronto, Institute for Environmental Studies. pp. 27-29.
Varadaraj, R.; Robbins, M.L.; Bock, J.; Pace, S.; MacDonald, D. 1995. Dispersion and biodegradation of oil spills on water. In Proceedings: 1995 International Oil Spill Conference (Achieving and Maintaining Preparedness): February 27-March 2, 1995, Long Beach, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 101-106. URL
Abstract
Published literature indicates that oil spill dispersion by chemical dispersants will enhance biodegradation because of the increase in interfacial area. However, some of the literature is contradictory concerning whether the use of surfactants will enhance or temporarily inhibit biodegradation, suggesting that more than one mechanism is at work. We se out to study the correlation between the area of dispersed oil droplets and the rate and extent of microbial oil degradation using sorbitan surfactants. We varied the surfactant blend hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) and treat level in a statistically designed experiment. Both dispersed area and percent oil degraded at a given time were shown to depend on surfactant HLB and treat level, but to different degrees. The difference was accounted for by demonstrating that percent oil degraded depended on both dispersed are and percent sorbitan in the dispersant treat. The quantitative finding that both dispersed area and surfactant chemistry control microbial growth and oil biodegradation explains the apparent contradiction that some good dispersants enhance, while others temporarily inhibit, degradation. Corexit 9500 dispersant was observed to have a positive influence on biodegradation of oil on water
© 1995 with permission from APIPublished literature indicates that oil spill dispersion by chemical dispersants will enhance biodegradation because of the increase in interfacial area. However, some of the literature is contradictory concerning whether the use of surfactants will enhance or temporarily inhibit biodegradation, suggesting that more than one mechanism is at work. We se out to study the correlation between the area of dispersed oil droplets and the rate and extent of microbial oil degradation using sorbitan surfactants. We varied the surfactant blend hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) and treat level in a statistically designed experiment. Both dispersed area and percent oil degraded at a given time were shown to depend on surfactant HLB and treat level, but to different degrees. The difference was accounted for by demonstrating that percent oil degraded depended on both dispersed are and percent sorbitan in the dispersant treat. The quantitative finding that both dispersed area and surfactant chemistry control microbial growth and oil biodegradation explains the apparent contradiction that some good dispersants enhance, while others temporarily inhibit, degradation. Corexit 9500 dispersant was observed to have a positive influence on biodegradation of oil on water
Vashchenko, M.A. 1978. Influence of dispersants on the embryonic development of the sea urchin Stronglyocentrotus nudus. The Soviet Journal of Marine Biology, 4 (5): 848-853. ISSN: 0145-1456.
Abstract
Two dispersants, the foreign-made Corexit and locally produced DN-75, were tested for their effect on the embryonic development of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus. The dispersants were administered in concentrations of 0.01 to 10.0 g/liter. Selected as control stages were fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and the appearance of plutei. The discernible disruptions occuring in embryogenesis at the concentration of 1.0 g/liter accelerated with the increase of the concentration. The concentration of 10.0 g/liter completely inhibited embryogenesis. Development of the embryo in experiments at concentrations of 0.5, 0.1, and 0.01 g/liter was indistinguishable from that of the control. There were no substantial differences revealed between the effect of the two dispersants on embryonic development. The author concludes that the toxicity of the dispersants is low and that DN-75 is suitable for the control of oil film
Two dispersants, the foreign-made Corexit and locally produced DN-75, were tested for their effect on the embryonic development of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus. The dispersants were administered in concentrations of 0.01 to 10.0 g/liter. Selected as control stages were fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, and the appearance of plutei. The discernible disruptions occuring in embryogenesis at the concentration of 1.0 g/liter accelerated with the increase of the concentration. The concentration of 10.0 g/liter completely inhibited embryogenesis. Development of the embryo in experiments at concentrations of 0.5, 0.1, and 0.01 g/liter was indistinguishable from that of the control. There were no substantial differences revealed between the effect of the two dispersants on embryonic development. The author concludes that the toxicity of the dispersants is low and that DN-75 is suitable for the control of oil film
Vaughan, B.E. 1973. Effects of Oil and Chemically Dispersed Oil on Selected Marine Biota: A Laboratory Study, Richland, Wa: Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 105p..
Venosa, A.; Kaku, V.J.; Boufadel, M.C.; Lee, K. 2005. Measuring energy dissipation rates in a wave tank. In 2005 International Oil Spill Conference; Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: May 15-19, 2005, Miami Beach Convention Center, Miami Beach, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 183-186. URL
Abstract
The effectiveness of dispersants is typically evaluated at various scales ranging from the smallest (10 cm. typical of flask tests in the laboratory) to the largest (10’s to 100’s of meters, typical of field scale open water dispersion tests). This study aims at evaluating dispersant effectiveness at intermediate or pilot scale. The hypothesis is that the energy dissipation rate per unit mass, ε, plays a major role in the effectiveness of a dispersant. Therefore, it is stipulated that in fairly general conditions, conservation of ε between the wave tank scale and that of the field scale is sufficient to accurately evaluate the effectiveness of a dispersant to disperse oil droplets. A wave tank measuring 16 m long x 0.6 m wide x 2 m deep was constructed on the premises of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Waves were generated using a flat-type wavemaker. Conditions of the breaking waves were created using a dispersive focusing technique in which the wave maker is started at high frequency and then the frequency decreased to create breaking weaves. Experiments defining the velocity profile and energy dissipation rates in the wave tank were conducted at 2 different induced wave-breaking energies. Energy in the wave tank was measured with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) coupled to a data acquisition system. Energy in the lab flasks was measured with a Hot Wire Anemometer
© 2005 with permission from APIThe effectiveness of dispersants is typically evaluated at various scales ranging from the smallest (10 cm. typical of flask tests in the laboratory) to the largest (10’s to 100’s of meters, typical of field scale open water dispersion tests). This study aims at evaluating dispersant effectiveness at intermediate or pilot scale. The hypothesis is that the energy dissipation rate per unit mass, ε, plays a major role in the effectiveness of a dispersant. Therefore, it is stipulated that in fairly general conditions, conservation of ε between the wave tank scale and that of the field scale is sufficient to accurately evaluate the effectiveness of a dispersant to disperse oil droplets. A wave tank measuring 16 m long x 0.6 m wide x 2 m deep was constructed on the premises of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Waves were generated using a flat-type wavemaker. Conditions of the breaking waves were created using a dispersive focusing technique in which the wave maker is started at high frequency and then the frequency decreased to create breaking weaves. Experiments defining the velocity profile and energy dissipation rates in the wave tank were conducted at 2 different induced wave-breaking energies. Energy in the wave tank was measured with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) coupled to a data acquisition system. Energy in the lab flasks was measured with a Hot Wire Anemometer
Venosa, A.D.; Sorial, G.D.; Richardson, T.L.; Uraizee, F.; Suidan, M.T. 1999. Research leading to revisions in EPA’s dispersant effectiveness protocol. In Beyond 2000, Balancing Perspectives: Proceedings: 1999 International Oil Spill Conference: March 8-11, 1999, Seattle, Washington, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 1019-1022. URL
Abstract
The current EPA protocol for testing the effectiveness of dispersants in the laboratory, the Swirling Flask Test, is fraught with difficulties because it has been found to give widely varying results in the hands of different testing laboratories. The objective of this study is to develop an understanding of the factors most responsible for this lack of reproducibility. Once that objective has been accomplished, the protocol will be modified to achieve better reproducibility in the hands of multiple laboratories. To accomplish the objective, fractional factorial experiments were conducted to determine which factors have the greatest impact on the variance of the method. Such factors as oil type, mixing speed, settling time, dispersant type, flask type, and operator were evaluated systematically and in a statistically rigorous manner. In addition, since the calibration curve used for analyzing the oil concentration dispersed in the seawater solution may also be a major source of variability, a systematic evaluation of the way such measurements are made was conducted (such as comparing various types of instruments and evaluating the variance due to operator vs. that due to the instrument per se). Instruments evaluated were the spectrophotometer, the diode array detector, and the gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. Results from these experiments to date have indicated that the factors most responsible for the lack of reproducibility of the method are mixing speed, settling time, and the type of flask in which the test is conducted. This has led to a redesign of the flask used in the test, which is characterized as being baffled and having a stopcock located at the bottom of the flask to prevent remixing of the dispersed oil mixture when transferring to the extraction vessel. The paper discusses the design of the new flask and the important experiments leading to the refinement of the protocol to reflect a more accurate simulation of mixing and dispersion in the open sea
© 1999 with permission from APIThe current EPA protocol for testing the effectiveness of dispersants in the laboratory, the Swirling Flask Test, is fraught with difficulties because it has been found to give widely varying results in the hands of different testing laboratories. The objective of this study is to develop an understanding of the factors most responsible for this lack of reproducibility. Once that objective has been accomplished, the protocol will be modified to achieve better reproducibility in the hands of multiple laboratories. To accomplish the objective, fractional factorial experiments were conducted to determine which factors have the greatest impact on the variance of the method. Such factors as oil type, mixing speed, settling time, dispersant type, flask type, and operator were evaluated systematically and in a statistically rigorous manner. In addition, since the calibration curve used for analyzing the oil concentration dispersed in the seawater solution may also be a major source of variability, a systematic evaluation of the way such measurements are made was conducted (such as comparing various types of instruments and evaluating the variance due to operator vs. that due to the instrument per se). Instruments evaluated were the spectrophotometer, the diode array detector, and the gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector. Results from these experiments to date have indicated that the factors most responsible for the lack of reproducibility of the method are mixing speed, settling time, and the type of flask in which the test is conducted. This has led to a redesign of the flask used in the test, which is characterized as being baffled and having a stopcock located at the bottom of the flask to prevent remixing of the dispersed oil mixture when transferring to the extraction vessel. The paper discusses the design of the new flask and the important experiments leading to the refinement of the protocol to reflect a more accurate simulation of mixing and dispersion in the open sea
Venosa, A.D.; Sorial, G.A.; King, D.W. 2001. Round-robin testing of a new EPA dispersant effectiveness protocol. In 2001 International Oil Spill Conference: Global Strategies for Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: March 26-29, 2001, Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 467-470. URL
Abstract
The current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) protocol for testing the effectiveness of dispersants, the Swirling Flask Test (SFT), has been found to give widely varying results in the hands of different testing laboratories. A redesign of the testing flask by eliminating the side arm, incorporating baffles in the wall of the flask, and adding a stopcock at the bottom has been adopted to improve reproducibility in the hands of different operators. The new procedure is called the Baffled Flask Test (BFT). Similar to the original SFT, the test is relatively simple, requires minimum equipment, and involves a total time span of about 2.5 hours for testing four replicates on one of the two crude oils. Before EPA can adopt the BFT as the official protocol replacing the SFT, the newly developed test must undergo independent testing in the hands of commercial laboratories. Thus, to demonstrate its repeatability and reproducibility to support its adoption as the new EPA testing protocol, a round-robin test was conducted during the spring 2000 with eight independent laboratories. The participating laboratories were provided with all the supplies needed to conduct the BFT: baffled flasks, South Louisiana and Prudhoe Bay crude oils, six dispersant products, and the artificial seawater formulation used in the protocol. The laboratories were given specific, detailed instruction on how to conduct the test for the dispersants, including all necessary quality assurance procedures. Results were reported back to EPA and the results were analyzed statistically to quantify repeatability and reproducibility. The paper discusses the data and presents the analysis showing the method’s reproducibility
© 2001 with permission from APIThe current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) protocol for testing the effectiveness of dispersants, the Swirling Flask Test (SFT), has been found to give widely varying results in the hands of different testing laboratories. A redesign of the testing flask by eliminating the side arm, incorporating baffles in the wall of the flask, and adding a stopcock at the bottom has been adopted to improve reproducibility in the hands of different operators. The new procedure is called the Baffled Flask Test (BFT). Similar to the original SFT, the test is relatively simple, requires minimum equipment, and involves a total time span of about 2.5 hours for testing four replicates on one of the two crude oils. Before EPA can adopt the BFT as the official protocol replacing the SFT, the newly developed test must undergo independent testing in the hands of commercial laboratories. Thus, to demonstrate its repeatability and reproducibility to support its adoption as the new EPA testing protocol, a round-robin test was conducted during the spring 2000 with eight independent laboratories. The participating laboratories were provided with all the supplies needed to conduct the BFT: baffled flasks, South Louisiana and Prudhoe Bay crude oils, six dispersant products, and the artificial seawater formulation used in the protocol. The laboratories were given specific, detailed instruction on how to conduct the test for the dispersants, including all necessary quality assurance procedures. Results were reported back to EPA and the results were analyzed statistically to quantify repeatability and reproducibility. The paper discusses the data and presents the analysis showing the method’s reproducibility
Venosa, A.D.; King, D.W.; Sorial, G.A. 2002. The baffled flask test for dispersant effectiveness: a round robin evaluation of reproducibility and repeatability. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, 7 (5-6): 299-308. ISSN: 1353-2561. doi:10.1016/S1353-2561(02)00072-5.
Abstract
An interlaboratory round robin investigation was mandated by the EPA before deciding whether to declare the Baffled Flask test protocol an improved test method over the Swirling Flask test. This report details the steps used in the round robin evaluation, including repeatability and reproducibility calculations that show improvements in the Baffled Flask test over the Swirling Flask test method. Data from the results will be used by the EPA to formulate the final pass-fail decision rules for including specific products on the national contingency plan product schedule
An interlaboratory round robin investigation was mandated by the EPA before deciding whether to declare the Baffled Flask test protocol an improved test method over the Swirling Flask test. This report details the steps used in the round robin evaluation, including repeatability and reproducibility calculations that show improvements in the Baffled Flask test over the Swirling Flask test method. Data from the results will be used by the EPA to formulate the final pass-fail decision rules for including specific products on the national contingency plan product schedule
Venosa, A.D.; Holder, E.L. 2007. Biodegradability of dispersed crude oil at two different temperatures. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54 (5): 545-553. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.12.013.
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were initiated to study the biodegradability of oil after dispersants were applied. Two experiments were conducted, one at 20 °C and the other at 5 °C. In both experiments, only the dispersed oil fraction was investigated. Each experiment required treatment flasks containing 3.5% artificial seawater and crude oil previously dispersed by either Corexit 9500 or JD2000 at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1:25. Two different concentrations of dispersed oil were prepared, the dispersed oil then transferred to shake flasks, which were inoculated with a bacterial culture and shaken on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm for several weeks. Periodically, triplicate flasks were removed and sacrificed to determine the residual oil concentration remaining at that time. Oil compositional analysis was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to quantify the biodegradability. Dispersed oil biodegraded rapidly at 20 °C and less rapidly at 5 °C, in line with the hypothesis that the ultimate fate of dispersed oil in the sea is rapid loss by biodegradation
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 54, A.D. Venosa, E.L. Holder, Copyright 2007, with permission from ElsevierLaboratory experiments were initiated to study the biodegradability of oil after dispersants were applied. Two experiments were conducted, one at 20 °C and the other at 5 °C. In both experiments, only the dispersed oil fraction was investigated. Each experiment required treatment flasks containing 3.5% artificial seawater and crude oil previously dispersed by either Corexit 9500 or JD2000 at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1:25. Two different concentrations of dispersed oil were prepared, the dispersed oil then transferred to shake flasks, which were inoculated with a bacterial culture and shaken on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm for several weeks. Periodically, triplicate flasks were removed and sacrificed to determine the residual oil concentration remaining at that time. Oil compositional analysis was performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to quantify the biodegradability. Dispersed oil biodegraded rapidly at 20 °C and less rapidly at 5 °C, in line with the hypothesis that the ultimate fate of dispersed oil in the sea is rapid loss by biodegradation
Verlecar, X.N.; Bhosle, N.B.; Parulekar, A.H. 1977. Toxicity tests of oil dispersants on some marine animals. Mahasagar, 10 109-115. ISSN: 0542-0938.
Verriopoulos, G.; Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, M. 1983. Comparative toxicity of oil (Tunisian crude oil, Zarzaitine type), oil dispersant (Finasol OSR-2) and oil/dispersant mixture on Artemia salina. In 6th Journées d'Études sur les Pollutions Marines en Méditerranée:
Cannes, 2-4 Décembre 1982, Monaco: Secrétariat Général de la Commission. pp. 743-747.
Verriopoulos, G.; Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, M.; Xatzispirou, A. 1986. Evaluation of metabolic responses of Artemia salina to oil and oil dispersant as a potential indicator of toxicant stress. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 36 (3): 444-451. ISSN: 0007-4861.
Verriopoulos, G.; Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, M.; Milliou, E. 1987. Combined toxicity of four toxicants (Cu, Cr, oil, oil dispersant) to Artemia salina. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 38 (3): 483-490. ISSN: 0007-4861. doi:10.1007/BF01606618.
Abstract
For a realistic approach to pollution effects it is essential to estimate the combined toxicity of two or more chemicals. There is a need to understand the mechanisms and quantify the effects of multiple toxicity in order to provide responsible authorities with rational estimate of the effects of chemical mixtures. Thus the potential toxic effects of mixtures of toxicants has recently become a subject of growing scientific interest. In this paper the authors have tried to estimate the joint toxicity of some pollutants commonly found in nearshore polluted waters: two metals, copper and chromium; an oil (Tunisian crude oil zarzaitine type); and oil dispersant (Finasol OSR-2)
© CSA, 1987For a realistic approach to pollution effects it is essential to estimate the combined toxicity of two or more chemicals. There is a need to understand the mechanisms and quantify the effects of multiple toxicity in order to provide responsible authorities with rational estimate of the effects of chemical mixtures. Thus the potential toxic effects of mixtures of toxicants has recently become a subject of growing scientific interest. In this paper the authors have tried to estimate the joint toxicity of some pollutants commonly found in nearshore polluted waters: two metals, copper and chromium; an oil (Tunisian crude oil zarzaitine type); and oil dispersant (Finasol OSR-2)
Vik, A.M. 2003. New Norwegian policy on use of dispersants. In IOSC 2003 Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Restoration, Perspectives for a Cleaner Environment: April 6-11, 2003, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 273-274. URL
Abstract
On the 1st of January 2002 the Norwegian Ministry of Environment introduced new regulations regarding the use of dispersants in oil spill response at sea. The Norwegian policy is to allow the use of dispersants when this means of response gives the best environmental results. Compared with former regulations this extends the possibilities of using a broader range of combat methods well suited for different spill scenarios. A thorough analysis has to be done in advance and the criteria for use must be documented in a contingency plan. Specific tests are required to make sure the dispersants are low toxic and effective (oil type specific). The regulations state that use of dispersants is prohibited unless well planned and documented. Whenever an oil company or other enterprises handling considerable amounts of oil, plans to use dispersants as a means of combat, the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority will consider the criteria for use described in their contingency plan. In oil spills where use of dispersants is not pre-planned the polluter or organization in charge of the operation at sea has to apply to the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority to get permission to disperse. This application has to include weather conditions, water depth, oil type, toxicity and effectiveness of the dispersant, and a New Environmental Benefit Analysis. The large amount of documentation required compared with the short windows of opportunity means that in practice the use of dispersants has to be pre-planned to be successful
© 2003 with permission from APIOn the 1st of January 2002 the Norwegian Ministry of Environment introduced new regulations regarding the use of dispersants in oil spill response at sea. The Norwegian policy is to allow the use of dispersants when this means of response gives the best environmental results. Compared with former regulations this extends the possibilities of using a broader range of combat methods well suited for different spill scenarios. A thorough analysis has to be done in advance and the criteria for use must be documented in a contingency plan. Specific tests are required to make sure the dispersants are low toxic and effective (oil type specific). The regulations state that use of dispersants is prohibited unless well planned and documented. Whenever an oil company or other enterprises handling considerable amounts of oil, plans to use dispersants as a means of combat, the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority will consider the criteria for use described in their contingency plan. In oil spills where use of dispersants is not pre-planned the polluter or organization in charge of the operation at sea has to apply to the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority to get permission to disperse. This application has to include weather conditions, water depth, oil type, toxicity and effectiveness of the dispersant, and a New Environmental Benefit Analysis. The large amount of documentation required compared with the short windows of opportunity means that in practice the use of dispersants has to be pre-planned to be successful
Villamar, F. 1990. Bioensayo para calcular el CL50 del dispersante de petróleo BP 1100-WD con larvas de camarón Penaeus vannamei. Acta Oceanográfica del Pacífico, 6 (1): 73-78. ISSN: 1010-4402. URL
Villamar, F. 1996. Bioensayo de toxicidad (CL50) del dispersante de petróleo BP 1100 WD, con fitoplancton marino (Tetraselmis sp). Acta Oceanográfica del Pacífico, 8 (1): 67-73. ISSN: 1010-4402. URL
Villamar, F.; Tapia, M.E. 2003. Determinación de la toxicidad en dispersantes de petróleo mediante bioensayos para calcular el CL50. Acta Oceanográfica del Pacífico, 12 (1): 147-154. ISSN: 1010-4402. URL
Villedon de Naide, O. 1979. Studies on the Toxicity of Petroleum Products and Dispersants in the Marine Environment by Measuring the Photosynthetic Activity of a Test-Organism, Paris: Conservatoire National Des Arts et Metiers. 70p.
Vindimian, E.; Vollat, B.; Garric, J. 1992. Effect of the dispersion of oil in freshwater based on time-dependent Daphnia magna toxicity tests (1992). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48 (2): 209-215. ISSN: 0007-4861. doi:10.1007/BF00194373.
Abstract
Short-term toxicity tests on dahpnids were carried out using two dispersants (Enersperse 1037 and Dasic Freshwater), crude oil, gas oil, and crude- or gas-oil/dispersant mixtures (9:1). Differential toxicity of the dispersants was found to be strongly time dependent. Oil/dispersant mixtures were found to be more toxic than dispersant alone. In all cases, toxicity and IC50 values dropped over the 24-hour time period. a regression equation is provided which accounts for the reduction of toxicity over time
Short-term toxicity tests on dahpnids were carried out using two dispersants (Enersperse 1037 and Dasic Freshwater), crude oil, gas oil, and crude- or gas-oil/dispersant mixtures (9:1). Differential toxicity of the dispersants was found to be strongly time dependent. Oil/dispersant mixtures were found to be more toxic than dispersant alone. In all cases, toxicity and IC50 values dropped over the 24-hour time period. a regression equation is provided which accounts for the reduction of toxicity over time
Voronova, Z.P.; Gapochka, L.D.; Nosov, V.N. 1983. Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus on the resistance of the blue-green algae Synechocystis aquatilis to the toxic effect of some pollutants. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta Seriia 16. Biologiia, 1983 (3): 50-55. ISSN: 0137-0952.
Abstract
As the result of this investigation no relationships were found between the toxic effect of phenol and changes of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in culture medium. On the other hand the toxic effect of dispersant depended on the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus: the more nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, the less toxicity of dispersant
© CSA, 1987As the result of this investigation no relationships were found between the toxic effect of phenol and changes of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in culture medium. On the other hand the toxic effect of dispersant depended on the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus: the more nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, the less toxicity of dispersant
Voskamp, W.E. 1993. Pre-spill dispersant authorization in the Gulf of Mexico. In Proceedings: 1993 International Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Preparedness, Response): March 29-April 1, 1993, Tampa, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 843-844.
Abstract
A dispersant seminar was sponsored in September 1991 by the Region VI Regional Response Team, the 19-company Industry Task force on Offshore Lightening, and the 10-company Marine Industry Group. The seminar was attended by 138 people from federal agencies, state agencies, the fishing and environmental community, marine transportation companies, response organizations, and the scientific community. Domestic and foreign experts reviewed technical aspects of dispersants and the tradeoffs involved in making decisions about dispersant use. After this seminar, a dispersant pre-spill authorization plan was developed for the Upper Texas/Western Louisiana offshore coastal waters and submitted to the Region VI Regional Response Team. The proposed zone of pre-authorization encompasses offshore waters of 30-foot depth or greater from longitude 95°30’ W to 93° W, out to latitude 28° N. this encompasses an area from Freeport, Texas, to Cameron, Louisiana, to about 100 miles offshore. Dispersant application exclusion areas are provided around eight banks in the pre-authorization zone
© 1993 with permission from APIA dispersant seminar was sponsored in September 1991 by the Region VI Regional Response Team, the 19-company Industry Task force on Offshore Lightening, and the 10-company Marine Industry Group. The seminar was attended by 138 people from federal agencies, state agencies, the fishing and environmental community, marine transportation companies, response organizations, and the scientific community. Domestic and foreign experts reviewed technical aspects of dispersants and the tradeoffs involved in making decisions about dispersant use. After this seminar, a dispersant pre-spill authorization plan was developed for the Upper Texas/Western Louisiana offshore coastal waters and submitted to the Region VI Regional Response Team. The proposed zone of pre-authorization encompasses offshore waters of 30-foot depth or greater from longitude 95°30’ W to 93° W, out to latitude 28° N. this encompasses an area from Freeport, Texas, to Cameron, Louisiana, to about 100 miles offshore. Dispersant application exclusion areas are provided around eight banks in the pre-authorization zone
Vosyliene, M.Z.; Kazlauskiene, N.; Joksas, K. 2005. Toxic effects of crude oil combined with oil cleaner Simple Green on yolk-sac larvae and adult rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 12 (3): 136-139. ISSN: 0944-1344. doi:10.1065/espr2005.04.245.
Walker, A.H.; Henne, D.R. 1991. The Region III regional response team technical symposium on dispersants: an interactive, educational approach to enlightened decision-making. In Proceedings: 1991 International Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 4-7, 1991, San Diego, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 405-410.
Abstract
Chemical dispersant use is one of the most controversial, complex and time critical issues facing officials with the responsibility for making decisions about the response methods used on coastal oil spills. Under U.S. law affected states have the authority to veto the use of dispersants. Consequently, the responsible government officials and their technical support staffs need to be prepared to make informed decisions when reported to approve, dispersant use. This paper describes the conceptual approach and structure used in the Region III Regional Response Team (RRT) technical symposium, held in April 1990. The purpose of this symposium was to provide detailed and balanced technical information on the environmental effects of dispersant use to state officials, and other key members of the response community, including the federal on-scene coordinators and those members of the RRT that would be involved in a dispersant use decision. The symposium was designed to overcome many of the information transfer obstacles associated with communicating information to the technically and organizationally diverse audience of the Region III decision makers and advisors. Based on a decision-making practicum following the information presentations, where the technical information was applied in scenario-based exercises, the overall approach was successful in enhancing the decision-making climate amount the affected response community in the mid-Atlantic
© 1991 with permission from APIChemical dispersant use is one of the most controversial, complex and time critical issues facing officials with the responsibility for making decisions about the response methods used on coastal oil spills. Under U.S. law affected states have the authority to veto the use of dispersants. Consequently, the responsible government officials and their technical support staffs need to be prepared to make informed decisions when reported to approve, dispersant use. This paper describes the conceptual approach and structure used in the Region III Regional Response Team (RRT) technical symposium, held in April 1990. The purpose of this symposium was to provide detailed and balanced technical information on the environmental effects of dispersant use to state officials, and other key members of the response community, including the federal on-scene coordinators and those members of the RRT that would be involved in a dispersant use decision. The symposium was designed to overcome many of the information transfer obstacles associated with communicating information to the technically and organizationally diverse audience of the Region III decision makers and advisors. Based on a decision-making practicum following the information presentations, where the technical information was applied in scenario-based exercises, the overall approach was successful in enhancing the decision-making climate amount the affected response community in the mid-Atlantic
Walker, A.H. 1993. Chemical Oil Spill Treating Agents: Herding Agents, Emulsion Treating Agents, Solidifiers, Elasticity Modifiers, Shoreline Cleaning Agents, Shoreline Pre-Treatment Agents, and Oxidation Agents, Washington, D.C: Marine Spill Response Corporation. 328p.
Walker, A.H. 1995. Pre-spill authorization decision tree for the use of chemical agents. In The Use of Chemical Countermeasure Product Data for Oil Spill Planning and Response: Workshop Proceedings, April 4-6, 1995, Xerox Document University and Conference Center, Leesburg, VA, Alexandria, Va: Scientific and Environmental Associates. Volume 2. pp. 207-218.
Walker, A.H.; Scholz, D.; Aurand, D.V.; Pond, R.G.; Clark, J.R. 2001. Lessons learned in ecological risk assessment planning efforts. In 2001 International Oil Spill Conference: Global Strategies for Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: March 26-29, 2001, Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 185-190. URL
Abstract
There is growing interest in the United States for using the full mix of environmentally appropriate countermeasures during spill response to achieve the highest level of environmental protection and recovery possible. Determining the right mix of technologies, including mechanical recovery, shoreline cleanup, dispersants, and monitoring (no active response), is particularly challenging in sensitive and valuable estuaries through which high volumes of bulk oil shipment transit. This paper summarizes an ecological risk assessment (ERA) project to consider the potential effectiveness and effects of using dispersants, in addition to conventional countermeasures, to mitigate the impacts of oil spilled into the marine and nearshore environments and to facilitate preparedness efforts at the federal, state, local, and industry level. Sponsored by industry and federal and state agencies, the primary goal was to bring technical and resource experts together to use their collective knowledge and experience in methodically comparing the trade-offs associated with the use of various countermeasures in Puget Sound, Washington. The ERA process used for Washington State waters was the first ERA that specifically addressed oil spill response options in U.S. coastal estuaries. It occurred as a follow-up to several other preparedness activities jointly sponsored by government and industry. The project team learned several important lessons, which were used to refine the process as it subsequently was applied in California and Texas in 1999
© 2001 with permission from APIThere is growing interest in the United States for using the full mix of environmentally appropriate countermeasures during spill response to achieve the highest level of environmental protection and recovery possible. Determining the right mix of technologies, including mechanical recovery, shoreline cleanup, dispersants, and monitoring (no active response), is particularly challenging in sensitive and valuable estuaries through which high volumes of bulk oil shipment transit. This paper summarizes an ecological risk assessment (ERA) project to consider the potential effectiveness and effects of using dispersants, in addition to conventional countermeasures, to mitigate the impacts of oil spilled into the marine and nearshore environments and to facilitate preparedness efforts at the federal, state, local, and industry level. Sponsored by industry and federal and state agencies, the primary goal was to bring technical and resource experts together to use their collective knowledge and experience in methodically comparing the trade-offs associated with the use of various countermeasures in Puget Sound, Washington. The ERA process used for Washington State waters was the first ERA that specifically addressed oil spill response options in U.S. coastal estuaries. It occurred as a follow-up to several other preparedness activities jointly sponsored by government and industry. The project team learned several important lessons, which were used to refine the process as it subsequently was applied in California and Texas in 1999
Walker, M.; Lunel, T. 1995. Response to oil spills at sea using both demulsifiers and dispersants. In Proceedings, Eighteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 14-16, 1995, West Edmonton Mall Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 537-557.
Wang, Z.; Fingas, M.F. 1996. Separation and characterization of petroleum hydrocarbons and surfactant in orimulsion dispersion samples. In Proceedings, Nineteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1996, Sandman Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, Technical Services Branch. pp.115-135.
Wang, Z.; Pei, Z.; Wang, H. 2004. The study on the oil spill dispersants of concentrated and low freezing point type. Marine Environmental Science/Haiyang Huanjing Kexue, 23 (1): 44-46. ISSN: 1004-1281.
Abstract
To counter the rigorous situation of petroleum pollution in ocean and the localization of oil spill dispersant of the common-type, the oil spill dispersant of concentrated type to environment friendly for low temperature has been developed. The capabilities, such as emulsifying, impatient toxicity for fish, biodegradation, freezing point, etc., were evaluated thoroughly. Every item reaches to the national standard but the biodegradation. The CTAS method for biodegradation of non-ion surfactant is proposed
© CSA, 2004To counter the rigorous situation of petroleum pollution in ocean and the localization of oil spill dispersant of the common-type, the oil spill dispersant of concentrated type to environment friendly for low temperature has been developed. The capabilities, such as emulsifying, impatient toxicity for fish, biodegradation, freezing point, etc., were evaluated thoroughly. Every item reaches to the national standard but the biodegradation. The CTAS method for biodegradation of non-ion surfactant is proposed
Ward, G.; Baca, B.; Cyriacks, W.; Dodge, R.; Knap, A. 2003. Continuing long-term studies of the TROPICS Panama oil and dispersed oil sites. In IOSC 2003 Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Restoration, Perspectives for a Cleaner Environment: April 6-11, 2003, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 259-268. URL
Abstract
The TROPICS (Tropical Oil Pollution Investigations in Coastal Systems) oil spill experiment was conducted on the Caribbean coast of Panama, near Bocas del Toro. In November 1984, crude and dispersed crude oil were released in two separate boom-enclosed areas representative of intertidal mangrove and subtidal seagrass/coral ecosystems. The present information is based on site visits over the past two years, including 2002. Following the degradation of oil over the past 18 years, sheen identified from the spilled oil in 1994 is still visible in non-dispersed Oil Site sediments. In mangroves, previously denuded areas exposed to crude oil are currently occupied by new seedlings and saplings, which are growing rapidly but with morphological prop-root deformations. Tree mortality occurred in both the Dispersed Oil and Reference Sites, but was non-localized and appeared as natural mortality in aged trees. Recent data have revealed an invasion of seagrass beds by finger coral at the Oil Site. Since treatment, percent coverage of corals at this site has grown from a pretreatment value of 33.5% in March 1984 to 67.5% in June 2001
© 2003 with permission from APIThe TROPICS (Tropical Oil Pollution Investigations in Coastal Systems) oil spill experiment was conducted on the Caribbean coast of Panama, near Bocas del Toro. In November 1984, crude and dispersed crude oil were released in two separate boom-enclosed areas representative of intertidal mangrove and subtidal seagrass/coral ecosystems. The present information is based on site visits over the past two years, including 2002. Following the degradation of oil over the past 18 years, sheen identified from the spilled oil in 1994 is still visible in non-dispersed Oil Site sediments. In mangroves, previously denuded areas exposed to crude oil are currently occupied by new seedlings and saplings, which are growing rapidly but with morphological prop-root deformations. Tree mortality occurred in both the Dispersed Oil and Reference Sites, but was non-localized and appeared as natural mortality in aged trees. Recent data have revealed an invasion of seagrass beds by finger coral at the Oil Site. Since treatment, percent coverage of corals at this site has grown from a pretreatment value of 33.5% in March 1984 to 67.5% in June 2001
Ward, G.A. 2003. Long-Term Effects of Oil and Dispersed Oil on Mixed Seagrass and Coral Beds: The 18th Year of Studies Following Experimental Dosing, Thesis (M.S.), Nova Southeastern University. 77 leaves.
Wardley-Smith, J. 1983. Removal by natural causes. The Control of Oil Pollution, London: Graham & Trotman Ltd. pp. 24-36. ISBN: 0860103382.
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Quarterly Issues
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Compilations
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- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.