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ABOUT THE LIBRARY
The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
The library contains a computer lab and several study spaces available to visiting students, scientists, or groups (such as attendees of a writing retreat).
The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
- 4,600 monographs
- 5,800 bound volumes
- 200 journal titles
- 26 current journal subscriptions
- 850 maps
- 35 atlases
- 3,600 government documents
- 1,500 reprints
In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
HOURS OF OPERATION
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CIRCULATION
- Books can be checked out by filling out a card at the circulation desk. The length of time a book can be checked out varies depending on the patron’s status. Books may be renewed by contacting the department, but all items are subject to recall at any time.
- Interlibrary loan service is available for LUMCON faculty, postdocs, lab personnel, and summer students. Although we strive to get items at no charge, the patron may be asked to pay for interlibrary loan charges under certain circumstances.
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Food is not allowed in the Library under any circumstance. Drinks are only allowed with prior approval by the librarian or the security guard.
INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
The LUMCON Library is available as an internship site for graduate-level students who have completed at least two semesters toward a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science. Applications will be accepted on a continuing basis and internships may be completed during any semester. Prior library experience or an undergraduate degree in science is desirable, but not necessary. Credits will be awarded based on the number of person-hours completed (40 person-hours per credit hour).
The internship will consist of both field experience, encompassing many operations of a special library, and a special project in technical services. The Librarian will give the intern an overview of reference services, technical services, library administration, and budgeting, and will guide the intern through special projects. The LUMCON Library uses SIRSI/Dynix’s Symphony Integrated Library System as well as OCLC for Cataloging/Interlibrary Loan services.
Contact the Librarian for more information or to apply for an internship.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
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- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
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The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
Wardley-Smith, J. 1968. Recommended Methods for Dealing with Oil Pollution, Stevenage, U.K: Ministry of Technology, Warren Spring Laboratory. 20p.
Wardley-Smith, J. 1968. Problems in dealing with oil pollution on sea and land. Scientific Aspects of Pollution of the Sea by Oil: Proceedings of a Symposium Held on 2 October 1968, New York: Elsevier Publishing Company. pp. 60-64.
Wardley-Smith, J. 1971. Methods of dealing with oil pollution on and close to the shore. Water Pollution by Oil, London: The Institute of Petroleum. pp. 205-215. ISBN: 0852930232.
Wardley-Smith, J.; Shelton, R.G.J.; Baker, J.M.; Bourne, W.R.P. 1983. Environmental effect of oil and the chemicals used to control it. The Control of Oil Pollution, London: Graham & Trotman Ltd. pp. 47-87. ISBN: 0860103382.
Wardley-Smith, J.; Shuttleworth, F. 1971. Development of W.S.L. Dispersant Spraying Equipment, Stevenage, U.K: Department of Trade and Industry, Warren Spring Laboratory. 9p.
Wardley-Smith, J. 1983. Sea and freshwater spills. The Control of Oil Pollution, London: Graham & Trotman Ltd. pp. 201-226. ISBN: 0860103382.
Wardley-Smith, J. 1985. Oil Spill Response, London: Institute of Petroleum. 18p.
Wardley-Smith, J. 1983. The dispersant problem. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 14 (7): 245-249. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(83)90165-0.
Wardley-Smith, J. 1983. Absorbents, burning and gelling. The Control of Oil Pollution, London: Graham & Trotman Ltd. pp. 157-171. ISBN: 0860103382.
Wardrop J.A. et al. 1994. Testing, assessment, and use of dispersants: a systematic approach. In Proceedings, Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference: 7-10 November 1994, Melbourne, Australia, Richardson, Tx: Society of Petroleum Engineers. pp. 291-302.
Wardrop, J.A.; Butler, A.J.; Johnson J.E. 1987. A field study of the toxicity of two oils and a dispersant to the mangrove Avicennia marina. Marine Biology, 96 (1): 151-156. ISSN: 0025-3162. doi:10.1007/BF00394849.
Abstract
Thirty mangroves, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. var. resinifera (Forst.) Bakh., in a coastal fringe in St. Vincent, South Australia, were exposed to crude oils (Arabian Light and Tirrawarra), dispersant BP-AB, and oil/dispersant mixtures (1:1) to establish toxicity of the pollutants. Following exposure, leaf damage, defoliation, flowering and fruiting, and pneumatophore damage were monitored over a three-year period. oil/dispersant mixtures increased short-term toxicities, with significant defoliation being observed. Before the end of the first year, significant new leaf production was observed in plots spiked with the Arabian Light crude oil/dispersant mixture, compared to Arabian Light crude alone. No differences in leaf growth were noted in the Tirrawarra and Tirrawarra/dispersant mixtures. There was no observed effect on flower/fruit production. Short-term pneumatophore damage was noted for all treatments
Thirty mangroves, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. var. resinifera (Forst.) Bakh., in a coastal fringe in St. Vincent, South Australia, were exposed to crude oils (Arabian Light and Tirrawarra), dispersant BP-AB, and oil/dispersant mixtures (1:1) to establish toxicity of the pollutants. Following exposure, leaf damage, defoliation, flowering and fruiting, and pneumatophore damage were monitored over a three-year period. oil/dispersant mixtures increased short-term toxicities, with significant defoliation being observed. Before the end of the first year, significant new leaf production was observed in plots spiked with the Arabian Light crude oil/dispersant mixture, compared to Arabian Light crude alone. No differences in leaf growth were noted in the Tirrawarra and Tirrawarra/dispersant mixtures. There was no observed effect on flower/fruit production. Short-term pneumatophore damage was noted for all treatments
Wardrop, J.A. 1991. Chemical dispersant use in oil spill management. Kill or cure? The controversy persists. In Proceedings: SPE Asia Pacific Conference: 4-7 November 1991, Perth, Western Australia, Perth, W.A: Western Australian Section, Society of Petroleum Engineers. pp. 501-512.
Abstract
This paper reviews results from field and laboratory studies and challenges the validity of some widely held beliefs regarding dispersant use. The author stresses that decisions considering using dispersants must be made in consideration of a range of priorities, including the protection of one sensitive habitat which may necessitate sacrifice to another. Site-specific priorities must by identified and dispersion options must be considered with reference to all possible spill control strategies
This paper reviews results from field and laboratory studies and challenges the validity of some widely held beliefs regarding dispersant use. The author stresses that decisions considering using dispersants must be made in consideration of a range of priorities, including the protection of one sensitive habitat which may necessitate sacrifice to another. Site-specific priorities must by identified and dispersion options must be considered with reference to all possible spill control strategies
Wardrop, J.A. 1987. The Effects of Oils and Dispersants on Mangroves: A Review and Bibliography, Adelaide, Australia: Centre for Environmental Studies, the University of Adelaide. 70p.. ISBN: 086396057X.
Warren Spring Laboratory. 1985. Proposal for Storage Stability of Oil Spill Dispersants, Stevenage, U.K: Warren Spring Laboratory. 9p..
Warren Spring Laboratory. 1970. WSL Dispersant Spraying Equipment, Stevenage, U.K: Warren Spring Laboratory. 13pp.
Warren Spring Laboratory. 1984. List of Oil Dispersants and Related Products Licensed Under the Dumping at Sea Act 1974, Stevenage, U.K: Department of Industry, Warren Spring Laboratory. 14p..
Washington State Department of Ecology. 1992. The Use of Dispersants as a Management Tool for Controlling Petroleum Spills: Responsiveness Summary, Olympia, Wa: Washington State Dept. of Ecology. 96p.
Waters, P.F.; Hadermann, A.F.; Lambrecht, L. 1989. Effect of elastomers on the efficiency of oil spill dispersants. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 78-83. ISBN: 0803111940.
Abstract
The concept that an oil spill might be immobilized on the surface of a body of water and subsequently dispersed has been advanced. The exploratory studies reported here demonstrate that an ultrahigh molecular weight elastomer, known to retard oil spreading, can be sued in conjunction with an oil soluble surfactant to disperse the oil in water. The elastomer retards the dispersability of the oil to some extent, but at concentrations of the elastomer sufficient to prevent oil spreading there is still significant dispersion
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalThe concept that an oil spill might be immobilized on the surface of a body of water and subsequently dispersed has been advanced. The exploratory studies reported here demonstrate that an ultrahigh molecular weight elastomer, known to retard oil spreading, can be sued in conjunction with an oil soluble surfactant to disperse the oil in water. The elastomer retards the dispersability of the oil to some extent, but at concentrations of the elastomer sufficient to prevent oil spreading there is still significant dispersion
Weaver, J.W.; Boufadel, M. 2003. Modeling dispersant interactions with oil spills. Preprints - American Chemical Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, 48 (1): 43. ISSN: 0569-3799.
Weaver, J.W. 2004. Characteristics of Spilled Oils, Fuels, and Petroleum Products: 3a. Simulation of Oil Spills and Dispersants Under Conditions of Uncertainty, Research Triangle Park, N.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory. 90p.. URL
Weetman, L. et al. 1995. Evaluation of dispersant toxicity using a standardized modeled-exposure approach. In Proceedings: 1995 International Oil Spill Conference (Achieving and Maintaining Preparedness): February 27-March 2, 1995, Long Beach, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 830. URL
Abstract
A spiked-exposure toxicity test procedure has been developed, in which initial dispersant concentrations are diluted at a standardized rate to provide a simple model of exposure experienced in the field. Traditionally, acute dispersant toxicity has been described using constant-concentration exposures of 24 to 96 hours. Constant concentrations are unrealistic in the field because of the dilution effects of wind and wave conditions required for dispersant application. The spiked-exposure procedure has been adopted in California as a standardized tool for comparing dispersant toxicity. Five dispersants have been tested using four Californian species. Tests using oil and dispersant-oil mixtures are being developed
© 1995 with permission from APIA spiked-exposure toxicity test procedure has been developed, in which initial dispersant concentrations are diluted at a standardized rate to provide a simple model of exposure experienced in the field. Traditionally, acute dispersant toxicity has been described using constant-concentration exposures of 24 to 96 hours. Constant concentrations are unrealistic in the field because of the dilution effects of wind and wave conditions required for dispersant application. The spiked-exposure procedure has been adopted in California as a standardized tool for comparing dispersant toxicity. Five dispersants have been tested using four Californian species. Tests using oil and dispersant-oil mixtures are being developed
Wells, P.G. 1985. Lethal and sublethal effects of dispersants and oil-dispersant mixtures on marine organisms - a synopsis. Spill Technology Newsletter, 10 (1-3): 97-98. ISSN: 0381-4459.
Wells, P.G.; Harris, G.W. 1980. The acute toxicity of dispersants and chemically dispersed oil. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar: June 3-5, 1980, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 144-157.
Wells, P.G.; Abernethy, S.; Mackay, D. 1982. Study of oil-water partitioning of a chemical dispersant using an acute bioassay with marine crustaceans. Chemosphere, 11 (11): 1071-1086. ISSN: 0045-6535. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(82)90112-6.
Abstract
The toxicity of seawater dispersions of a chemical dispersant to two marine crustaceans was investigated in the presence and absence of various quantities of a non-toxic mineral oil. From the results and a physical-chemical partitioning analysis, a limiting value of the oil-water partition coefficient of the toxic compounds is deduced suggesting that essentially all of the toxic compounds in the dispersant will partition into solution in water following dispersant application to an oil spill. This conclusion simplifies interpretation and prediction of the toxic effects of a dispersed oil spill
Reprinted from Chemosphere, Volume 11, P.G. Wells, S. Abernethy, D. Mackay, Copyright 1982, with permission from ElsevierThe toxicity of seawater dispersions of a chemical dispersant to two marine crustaceans was investigated in the presence and absence of various quantities of a non-toxic mineral oil. From the results and a physical-chemical partitioning analysis, a limiting value of the oil-water partition coefficient of the toxic compounds is deduced suggesting that essentially all of the toxic compounds in the dispersant will partition into solution in water following dispersant application to an oil spill. This conclusion simplifies interpretation and prediction of the toxic effects of a dispersed oil spill
Wells, P.G.; Abernethy, S. 1983. Biological effects of chemically dispersed crude oils in inshore marine sediments - preliminary results from behavioural experiments with a post-larval crustacean in the laboratory. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar; June 14-16, 1983, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Technical Services Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 30-31.
Wells, P.G. 1984. The toxicity of oil spill dispersants to marine organisms: a current perspective. Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants: Research, Experience and Recommendations. A Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, West Palm Beach, Florida, October 12-13, 1982, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 177-202. ISBN: 0803104006.
Abstract
The toxicity of second-generation dispersants and component surfactants to a wide range of marine organisms is concisely reviewed. Recent studies are particularly emphasized. The paper offers a current perspective on oil spill dispersant toxicology, a prerequisite for understanding the toxicity of chemically dispersed hydrocarbons. Known lethal and sublethal thresholds are summarized for various dispersants (concentrated, water-immiscible, water-miscible). Existing information on the comparative toxicology of surfactants and dispersants is evaluated; the data base on a current formulation (Corexit© 9527) is thoroughly examined. Current studies in our laboratory with brine shrimp and endemic marine copepods are briefly described. Factors known to influence the toxicity of dispersants are described. The sites and physiology of toxic action of dispersants, though incompletely understood, are discussed; respiratory and nervous systems appear to be primary targets of action. Hypothesized relationships between dispersant toxicity and effectiveness, and the toxicity of chemically dispersed oil are discussed. Recommendations for future research are also given
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalThe toxicity of second-generation dispersants and component surfactants to a wide range of marine organisms is concisely reviewed. Recent studies are particularly emphasized. The paper offers a current perspective on oil spill dispersant toxicology, a prerequisite for understanding the toxicity of chemically dispersed hydrocarbons. Known lethal and sublethal thresholds are summarized for various dispersants (concentrated, water-immiscible, water-miscible). Existing information on the comparative toxicology of surfactants and dispersants is evaluated; the data base on a current formulation (Corexit© 9527) is thoroughly examined. Current studies in our laboratory with brine shrimp and endemic marine copepods are briefly described. Factors known to influence the toxicity of dispersants are described. The sites and physiology of toxic action of dispersants, though incompletely understood, are discussed; respiratory and nervous systems appear to be primary targets of action. Hypothesized relationships between dispersant toxicity and effectiveness, and the toxicity of chemically dispersed oil are discussed. Recommendations for future research are also given
Wells, P.G.; Abernathy, S.; Mackay, D. 1984. The effectiveness of dispersants and the acute toxicity of chemically dispersed crude oils - studies with the Mackay-Steelman-Nadeau apparatus and marine copepods. In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1984, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Protection Service, Environmental Emergency. pp. 47-59.
Wells, P.G.; Anderson, J.W.; Mackay, D. 1984. Uniform methods for exposure regimes in aquatic toxicology experiments with chemically dispersed oils. Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants: Research, Experience and Recommendations. A Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, West Palm Beach, Florida, October 12-13, 1982, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 23-37. ISBN: 0803104006.
Abstract
Many different approaches have been used recently in aquatic toxicity research for preparing and analyzing test solutions and dispersions of hydrocarbons, dispersants, hydrocarbon/dispersant mixtures, and oiled sediment mixtures. This variety is a result of the novelty of this research field. Therefore, much of the published work is difficult to compare, summarize, and interpret. Both uniform and unique methods will contribute to a better understanding of the toxicology and potential field effects of chemically dispersed oils in marine waters. This paper summarizes some current methods and recommends adoption of certain principles and uniform methods for water and sediment studies. Specific items discussed are (1) choice of oils and dispersants; (2) degree of “weathering” of the experimental oils; (3) preparation of water soluble fractions and oil dispersions in water; (4) choice of dispersant/oil ratios, especially considering dispersant effectiveness; (5) reagent mixing and premixing; (6) dosing of sediments; (7) chemical analysis of dispersed hydrocarbons; and (8) choice of exposure concentrations, composition, and durations. This paper is intended to encourage more uniformity in test conditions. This need for uniformity has been recognized internationally for several years
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalMany different approaches have been used recently in aquatic toxicity research for preparing and analyzing test solutions and dispersions of hydrocarbons, dispersants, hydrocarbon/dispersant mixtures, and oiled sediment mixtures. This variety is a result of the novelty of this research field. Therefore, much of the published work is difficult to compare, summarize, and interpret. Both uniform and unique methods will contribute to a better understanding of the toxicology and potential field effects of chemically dispersed oils in marine waters. This paper summarizes some current methods and recommends adoption of certain principles and uniform methods for water and sediment studies. Specific items discussed are (1) choice of oils and dispersants; (2) degree of “weathering” of the experimental oils; (3) preparation of water soluble fractions and oil dispersions in water; (4) choice of dispersant/oil ratios, especially considering dispersant effectiveness; (5) reagent mixing and premixing; (6) dosing of sediments; (7) chemical analysis of dispersed hydrocarbons; and (8) choice of exposure concentrations, composition, and durations. This paper is intended to encourage more uniformity in test conditions. This need for uniformity has been recognized internationally for several years
Wells, P.G.; Abernathy, S.; Mackay, D. 1985. Acute toxicity of solvents and surfactants of dispersants to two planktonic crustaceans. In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: Seminar Sponsored by the Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada, June 18-20, 1985, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Technical Services Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 228-240.
Wells, P.G. 1989. Using oil spill dispersants on the sea - issues and answers. Oil and Dispersant Toxicity Testing: Proceedings of a Workshop on Technical Specifications held in New Orleans, January 17-19, 1989, New Orleans, La: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office. pp. 53-56.
Wells, P.G.; Doe, K.G. 1976. Results of E.P.S. Oil Dispersant Testing Program: concentrates, effectiveness testing and toxicity to marine organisms. Spill Technology Newsletter, 1 (5): 9-16. ISSN: 0381-4459.
Wells, P.G.; Harris, G.W. 1979. Dispersing effectiveness of some oil spill dispersants: tests with the ‘Mackay apparatus’ and Venezuelan Lago Medio crude oil. Spill Technology Newsletter, 4 (4): 232-241. ISSN: 0381-4459.
Wells, P.G.; Keizer, P.D. 1975. Effectiveness and toxicity of an oil dispersant in large outdoor salt water tanks. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 6 (10): 153-157. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(75)90185-X.
Abstract
Use of the dispersant, Oilsperse 43, increased the dispersion of Venezuelan Guanipa crude oil. The resulting mixture was more homogeneous and the oil slick less viscous than in the oil tank. The dispersant appeared to retard formation of the familiar “crust” on the surface. A weathered crude oil plus dispersant mixture with an oil concentration of 250 μg/l was lethal to over 50% of the test organisms, green sea urchins, within 4 days. No mortalities occurred among urchins exposed to the crude oil treatment
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 6, P.G. Wells, P.D. Keizer, Copyright 1975, with permission from Elsevier.Use of the dispersant, Oilsperse 43, increased the dispersion of Venezuelan Guanipa crude oil. The resulting mixture was more homogeneous and the oil slick less viscous than in the oil tank. The dispersant appeared to retard formation of the familiar “crust” on the surface. A weathered crude oil plus dispersant mixture with an oil concentration of 250 μg/l was lethal to over 50% of the test organisms, green sea urchins, within 4 days. No mortalities occurred among urchins exposed to the crude oil treatment
Wesley, B.; Brown, D.H. 1974. Chemical detection of detergent residues in contaminated soils at The Lizard, Cornwall. Cornish Studies, 2 27-32. ISSN: 1352-271X.
Westernhagen, H.; von Dethlefsen, V. 1982. Effect of the surfactant Corexit 7664 on uptake of cadmium by organisms and biological matter in a closed circulated brackish-water system. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 35 (1): 1-12. ISSN: 0174-3597. doi:10.1007/BF02289832.
Abstract
Juvenile flounder and common mussel from the Baltic Sea were kept in Corexit 7664 (50 µg/l) and cadmium (5 µg/l)-contaminated, recirculated, sea-water systems for 200 days at 15 degree C and 20 ppt S. Accumulation of cadmium with exposure time was measured in several fish tissues and in mussel. There were no differences in the cadmium accumulation by tissues with or without the addition of Corexit 7664. No acute effects of the contaminants on the experimental animals could be noted. Final cadmium concentrations, reached for all biological matter analysed, were 4 times higher than in full-strength sea water
© CSA, 1982Juvenile flounder and common mussel from the Baltic Sea were kept in Corexit 7664 (50 µg/l) and cadmium (5 µg/l)-contaminated, recirculated, sea-water systems for 200 days at 15 degree C and 20 ppt S. Accumulation of cadmium with exposure time was measured in several fish tissues and in mussel. There were no differences in the cadmium accumulation by tissues with or without the addition of Corexit 7664. No acute effects of the contaminants on the experimental animals could be noted. Final cadmium concentrations, reached for all biological matter analysed, were 4 times higher than in full-strength sea water
Wetzel, D.L.; Van Fleet, E.S. 2001. Cooperative studies on the toxicity of dispersants and dispersed oil to marine organisms: a 3-year Florida study. In 2001 International Oil Spill Conference: Global Strategies for Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: March 26-29, 2001, Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 1237-1241. URL
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess the toxicity of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and the chemically enhanced WAF (CE-WAF) of selected crude oils for both weathered and fresh oil. Test organisms included two standard test species, Mysidopsis bahia and Menidia beryllina, and a commercially important Florida marine fish, Sciaenops ocellatus. tests ascertaining LC50 values were conducted under continuous exposure and spiked (declining exposure using flow-through toxicity chambers) conditions using Venezuelan Crude Oil (VCO), Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (PBCO), and COREXIT® 9500 dispersant on the above species. Data suggest that the dispersant is less toxic than the WAF and CE-WAF of the tested crude oils. The toxicity of the CE-WAF of fresh VCO is similar to that of other oils under continuous exposure conditions, but may be slightly more toxic to some species under spiked exposure conditions. The CE-WAF of fresh VCO appears to be less toxic than the corresponding WAF for M. bahia, M. beryllina, and S. ocellatus. fresh VCO appears to be much more toxic to M. bahia and M. beryllina than weathered VCO in spiked exposure tests for both the WAF and CE-WAF. The WAF of PBCO is apparently less toxic to the test organisms than the corresponding WAF of fresh VCO. The LC50 of M. bahia with CE-WAF fractions of both fresh VCO and PBCO are similar, while the same PBCO CE-WAF fraction is less toxic for M. beryllina than fresh VCO CE-WAF. The toxicity of oils and dispersants were lowest in the spiked exposure weathered oil tests, which may be the most representative of an oil spill under natural environmental conditions
© 2003 with permission from APIThe present study was conducted to assess the toxicity of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) and the chemically enhanced WAF (CE-WAF) of selected crude oils for both weathered and fresh oil. Test organisms included two standard test species, Mysidopsis bahia and Menidia beryllina, and a commercially important Florida marine fish, Sciaenops ocellatus. tests ascertaining LC50 values were conducted under continuous exposure and spiked (declining exposure using flow-through toxicity chambers) conditions using Venezuelan Crude Oil (VCO), Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (PBCO), and COREXIT® 9500 dispersant on the above species. Data suggest that the dispersant is less toxic than the WAF and CE-WAF of the tested crude oils. The toxicity of the CE-WAF of fresh VCO is similar to that of other oils under continuous exposure conditions, but may be slightly more toxic to some species under spiked exposure conditions. The CE-WAF of fresh VCO appears to be less toxic than the corresponding WAF for M. bahia, M. beryllina, and S. ocellatus. fresh VCO appears to be much more toxic to M. bahia and M. beryllina than weathered VCO in spiked exposure tests for both the WAF and CE-WAF. The WAF of PBCO is apparently less toxic to the test organisms than the corresponding WAF of fresh VCO. The LC50 of M. bahia with CE-WAF fractions of both fresh VCO and PBCO are similar, while the same PBCO CE-WAF fraction is less toxic for M. beryllina than fresh VCO CE-WAF. The toxicity of oils and dispersants were lowest in the spiked exposure weathered oil tests, which may be the most representative of an oil spill under natural environmental conditions
Wheelock, C.E.; Wolfe, M.F.; Olsen, H.; Tjeerdema, R.S.; Sowby, M.L. 1999. Hsp60-induced tolerance in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis exposed to multiple environmental contaminants. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 36 (3): 281-287. ISSN: 0090-4341. doi:10.1007/s002449900472.
Abstract
Hsp60 induction was selected as a sublethal endpoint of toxicity for Brachionus plicatilis exposed to a water accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO), a PBCO/dispersant (Corexit 9527®) fraction and Corexit 9527® alone. To examine the effect of multiple stressors, exposures modeled San Francisco Bay, where copper levels are approximately 5 7g/L, salinity is 22‰, significant oil transport and refining occurs, and petroleum releases have occurred historically. Rotifers were exposed to copper at 5 7g/L for 24 h, followed by one of the oil/dispersant preparations for 24 h. Batch-cultured rotifers were used in this study to model wild populations instead of cysts. SDS-PAGE with Western Blotting using hsp60-specific antibodies and chemiluminescent detection were used to isolate, identify, and measure induced hsp60 as a percentage of control values. Both PBCO/dispersant and dispersant alone preparations induced significant levels of hsp60. However, hsp60 expression was reduced to that of controls at high WAF concentrations, suggesting interference with protein synthesis. Rotifers that had been preexposed to copper maintained elevated levels of hsp60 upon treatment with WAF at all concentrations. Results suggest that induction of hsp60 by chronic low-level exposure may serve as a protective mechanism against subsequent or multiple stressors and that hsp60 levels are not additive for the toxicants tested in this study, giving no dose-response relationship. The methods employed in this study could be useful for quantifying hsp60 levels in wild rotifer populations
© Springer, 1999. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business MediaHsp60 induction was selected as a sublethal endpoint of toxicity for Brachionus plicatilis exposed to a water accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO), a PBCO/dispersant (Corexit 9527®) fraction and Corexit 9527® alone. To examine the effect of multiple stressors, exposures modeled San Francisco Bay, where copper levels are approximately 5 7g/L, salinity is 22‰, significant oil transport and refining occurs, and petroleum releases have occurred historically. Rotifers were exposed to copper at 5 7g/L for 24 h, followed by one of the oil/dispersant preparations for 24 h. Batch-cultured rotifers were used in this study to model wild populations instead of cysts. SDS-PAGE with Western Blotting using hsp60-specific antibodies and chemiluminescent detection were used to isolate, identify, and measure induced hsp60 as a percentage of control values. Both PBCO/dispersant and dispersant alone preparations induced significant levels of hsp60. However, hsp60 expression was reduced to that of controls at high WAF concentrations, suggesting interference with protein synthesis. Rotifers that had been preexposed to copper maintained elevated levels of hsp60 upon treatment with WAF at all concentrations. Results suggest that induction of hsp60 by chronic low-level exposure may serve as a protective mechanism against subsequent or multiple stressors and that hsp60 levels are not additive for the toxicants tested in this study, giving no dose-response relationship. The methods employed in this study could be useful for quantifying hsp60 levels in wild rotifer populations
Wheelock, C.E.; Baumgartner, T.A.; Newman, J.W.; Wolfe, M.F.; Tjeerdema, R.S. 2002. Effect of nutritional state on Hsp60 levels in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis following toxicant exposure. Aquatic Toxicology, 61 (1-2): 89-93. ISSN: 0166-445X. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(02)00044-9.
Abstract
The nutritional state of an organism can affect the results of toxicity testing. Here we exemplified this fact by examining the effect of nutritional deprivation on heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) production in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis following exposure to two proven inducers of hsp60, a water-accommodated fraction of crude oil (WAF) and a dispersed oil preparation (DO). Both DO and WAF exposures of unfed rotifers resulted in significantly greater hsp60 levels than that of fed DO and WAF exposed rotifers at 8 h: 870 and 3100% of control, respectively. Results clearly demonstrate that a poor nutritional state potentiates stress protein induction upon exposure to water-soluble petroleum products. It is therefore critical to define the organismal nutritional status when reporting toxic responses
Reprinted from Aquatic Toxicology, Volume 61, C.E. Wheelock, T.A. Baumgartner, J.W. Newman, M.F. Wolfe, R.S. Tjeerdema, Copyright 2002, with permission from ElsevierThe nutritional state of an organism can affect the results of toxicity testing. Here we exemplified this fact by examining the effect of nutritional deprivation on heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) production in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis following exposure to two proven inducers of hsp60, a water-accommodated fraction of crude oil (WAF) and a dispersed oil preparation (DO). Both DO and WAF exposures of unfed rotifers resulted in significantly greater hsp60 levels than that of fed DO and WAF exposed rotifers at 8 h: 870 and 3100% of control, respectively. Results clearly demonstrate that a poor nutritional state potentiates stress protein induction upon exposure to water-soluble petroleum products. It is therefore critical to define the organismal nutritional status when reporting toxic responses
White, D.M.; Ask, I.; Behr-Andres, C. 1999. Final Report: Effectiveness Testing for Corexit 9500 on Alaska North Slope Crude Oil in Prince William Sound Seawater at 8°C, Fairbanks, Ak: Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. 47p.. URL
White, D.M.; Ask, I.; Behr-Andres, C. 2002. Laboratory study on dispersant effectiveness in Alaskan seawater. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering, 16 (1): 17-27. ISSN: 0887-381X. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0887-381X(2002)16:1(17).
Abstract
In laboratory tests simulating conditions found in Prince William Sound, two test methods were used to compare various test conditions and ratios of Corexit 9500/Alaska North Slope crude oil (1:10, 1:20, 1:50) to find the optimal effectiveness of dispersant in seawater at 8°C. Tests involved sampling each dispersant at four contact times, and five weathering times. Results show that greatest dispersion was achieved when weathering time was minimized and a short contact time was made available
In laboratory tests simulating conditions found in Prince William Sound, two test methods were used to compare various test conditions and ratios of Corexit 9500/Alaska North Slope crude oil (1:10, 1:20, 1:50) to find the optimal effectiveness of dispersant in seawater at 8°C. Tests involved sampling each dispersant at four contact times, and five weathering times. Results show that greatest dispersion was achieved when weathering time was minimized and a short contact time was made available
White, I. 2000. Oil spill response: experience, trends and challenges. In Spillcon 2000: 8th International Oil Spill Conference, Darwin, Australia, 15-17 August 2000, (no publishing information available). 15p.. URL
White, I.C. 1976. Toxicity testing of oils and oil dispersants. In Lectures Presented at the Fourth FAO/SIDA Training Course on Aquatic Pollution in Relation to Protection of Living Resources, Biosassays and Toxicity Testing, Lysekil, Sweden, 13 October-29 November 1975, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 168-180.
Whitman, R.P.; Brannon, E.L.; Nakatani, R.E. 1984. Literature Review on the Effects of Oil and Oil Dispersants on Fishes, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. 99p.
Whitney, F.A. 1984. The Effects and Fate of Chemically Dispersed Crude Oil in a Marine Ecosystem Enclosure: Data Report and Methods, Sidney, B.C: Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Institute of Ocean Sciences. 76p.
Wiechert, J. et al. 1991. Development of dispersant pre-approval for Washington and Oregon coastal waters. In Proceedings: 1991 International Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 4-7, 1991, San Diego, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 435-438.
Abstract
Washington State has imitated the development process for a dispersant pre-approval policy. In order to be more effective under the aegis of the Regional Response Team (RRT), the pre-approval policy should, however, cover all of Region X, rather than only a given state within the region. The Region X RRT has, therefore, instigated an environmental impact statement (EIS) for dispersant use in the coastal waters of Washington and Oregon. The objective of this study is to develop recommendations for pre-approval so that a spill response can be immediate and therefore efficient and effective. Preparation of the EIS has been funded by industry through a Clean Sound Cooperative contract to Woodward-Clyde Consultants. The first step in the study is to define those operational factors that limit the areas to be considered. The study then follows the dispersant decision guides summarized by the American Petroleum Institute to further define oil types, spill situations and geographical areas where dispersants are a viable option. Finally, there is an analysis of the environmental trade-offs associated with alternative treatment methods and with nontreatment, using the comparative modeling technique developed by S. L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd. The EIS document will be issued by the Washington Department of Ecology (WDOE) and will focus on areas where dispersant use could be beneficial in terms of ecological trade-offs. Based on the study, a statement from the State of Washington Department of Ecology is anticipated to be promulgated by the end of 1990
© 1991 with permission from APIWashington State has imitated the development process for a dispersant pre-approval policy. In order to be more effective under the aegis of the Regional Response Team (RRT), the pre-approval policy should, however, cover all of Region X, rather than only a given state within the region. The Region X RRT has, therefore, instigated an environmental impact statement (EIS) for dispersant use in the coastal waters of Washington and Oregon. The objective of this study is to develop recommendations for pre-approval so that a spill response can be immediate and therefore efficient and effective. Preparation of the EIS has been funded by industry through a Clean Sound Cooperative contract to Woodward-Clyde Consultants. The first step in the study is to define those operational factors that limit the areas to be considered. The study then follows the dispersant decision guides summarized by the American Petroleum Institute to further define oil types, spill situations and geographical areas where dispersants are a viable option. Finally, there is an analysis of the environmental trade-offs associated with alternative treatment methods and with nontreatment, using the comparative modeling technique developed by S. L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd. The EIS document will be issued by the Washington Department of Ecology (WDOE) and will focus on areas where dispersant use could be beneficial in terms of ecological trade-offs. Based on the study, a statement from the State of Washington Department of Ecology is anticipated to be promulgated by the end of 1990
Wilder, D.G. 1970. The Tainting of Lobster Meat by Bunker C Oil Alone or in Combination with the Dispersant Corexit. St. Andrews, N.B: Fisheries Research Board of Canada, FRB Biological Station. 25p.
Wildish, D.J. 1974. Arrestant effect of polyoxyethylene esters on swimming in the winter flounder. Water Research, 8 (8): 579-583. ISSN: 0043-1354. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(74)90067-0.
Abstract
Sublethal concentrations of the oil dispersant Gulf Agent 1009 Lot No. LS-3712 are shown to have an arrestant effect on swimming in the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). The effect involves suppression of endogenous tidal rhythm and reductions in swimming amplitude. The effective threshold of a pure fatty acid polyoxyethylene ester - the main active ingredient in the oil dispersant - was found to lie between 0.1 and 1.0 mg l-1 for decrease in swimming amplitude
Reprinted from Water Research, Volume 8, D.J. Wildish, Copyright 1974, with permission from Elsevier.Sublethal concentrations of the oil dispersant Gulf Agent 1009 Lot No. LS-3712 are shown to have an arrestant effect on swimming in the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). The effect involves suppression of endogenous tidal rhythm and reductions in swimming amplitude. The effective threshold of a pure fatty acid polyoxyethylene ester - the main active ingredient in the oil dispersant - was found to lie between 0.1 and 1.0 mg l-1 for decrease in swimming amplitude
Wildish, D.J. 1972. Acute toxicity of polyoxyethylene esters and polyoxyethylene ethers to S. salar and G. oceanicus. Water Research, 6 (7): 759-762. ISSN: 0043-1354. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(72)90028-0.
Abstract
Polyoxyethylene ethers are more toxic to aquatic fauna than polyoxyetheylene esters. Polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether is 9 times more toxic than polyoxyethylene (14) monolaurate at the ILL to Salmo salar L., and 14,000 times more toxic at the 96-h LC50 to Gammarus oceanicus Sergestråle
Reprinted from Water Research, Volume 6, D.J. Wildish, Copyright 1972, with permission from Elsevier.Polyoxyethylene ethers are more toxic to aquatic fauna than polyoxyetheylene esters. Polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether is 9 times more toxic than polyoxyethylene (14) monolaurate at the ILL to Salmo salar L., and 14,000 times more toxic at the 96-h LC50 to Gammarus oceanicus Sergestråle
Wildish, D.J. 1974. Lethal response by Atlantic salmon parr to some polyoxyethylated cationic and nonionic surfactants. Water Research, 8 (7): 433-437. ISSN: 0043-1354. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(74)90074-8.
Abstract
Lethal response of Atlantic salmon parr, as 96-h LC50, is semi-logarithmically related to the number of moles of ethylene oxide in the polyoxyethylated surfactant. 96-h LC50 of polyoxyethylene (10) monolaurate = 7.5 mg l1, polyoxyethylene (10) lauryl ether = 3·5 mg l-1, and polyoxyethylene (10) octadecyl amine = 0·2 mg l-1. Evidence is presented which suggests that polyoxyethylene esters with up to 18–20 moles of ethylene oxide are partially detoxified in the animal, resulting in changes in lethal response. Possible physiological explanations for the relationship between polyoxyethylene chain length and lethality involve uptake rates and attainment of a critical concentration of surfactant at the unknown active site
Reprinted from Water Research, Volume 8, D.J. Wildish, Copyright 1974, with permission from Elsevier.Lethal response of Atlantic salmon parr, as 96-h LC50, is semi-logarithmically related to the number of moles of ethylene oxide in the polyoxyethylated surfactant. 96-h LC50 of polyoxyethylene (10) monolaurate = 7.5 mg l1, polyoxyethylene (10) lauryl ether = 3·5 mg l-1, and polyoxyethylene (10) octadecyl amine = 0·2 mg l-1. Evidence is presented which suggests that polyoxyethylene esters with up to 18–20 moles of ethylene oxide are partially detoxified in the animal, resulting in changes in lethal response. Possible physiological explanations for the relationship between polyoxyethylene chain length and lethality involve uptake rates and attainment of a critical concentration of surfactant at the unknown active site
Wildish, D.J.; Carson, W.G. 1972. Acute Lethality of Some Nonionic and Cationic Surfactants to S. salar and G. oceanicus, St. Andrews, N.B: Fisheries Research Board of Canada, FRB Biological Station. 7p.
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Quarterly Issues
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Compilations
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- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.