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ABOUT THE LIBRARY
The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
The library contains a computer lab and several study spaces available to visiting students, scientists, or groups (such as attendees of a writing retreat).
The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
- 4,600 monographs
- 5,800 bound volumes
- 200 journal titles
- 26 current journal subscriptions
- 850 maps
- 35 atlases
- 3,600 government documents
- 1,500 reprints
In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
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INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
The LUMCON Library is available as an internship site for graduate-level students who have completed at least two semesters toward a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science. Applications will be accepted on a continuing basis and internships may be completed during any semester. Prior library experience or an undergraduate degree in science is desirable, but not necessary. Credits will be awarded based on the number of person-hours completed (40 person-hours per credit hour).
The internship will consist of both field experience, encompassing many operations of a special library, and a special project in technical services. The Librarian will give the intern an overview of reference services, technical services, library administration, and budgeting, and will guide the intern through special projects. The LUMCON Library uses SIRSI/Dynix’s Symphony Integrated Library System as well as OCLC for Cataloging/Interlibrary Loan services.
Contact the Librarian for more information or to apply for an internship.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
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- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
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The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
Wildish, D.J.; Lister, N.J. 1971. The Acute Toxicity of the Oil Dispersant Gulf Agent 1009, LS-3712 to Aquatic Fauna, St. Andrews, N.B: Fisheries Research Board of Canada, FRB Biological Station. 6p.
Williams, T.M.; Kastelein, R.A.; Davis, R.W.; Thomas, J.A. 1988. The effects of oil contamination and cleaning on sea otters (Enhydra lutris). I. Thermoregulatory implications based on pelt studies. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66 (12): 2776-2781. ISSN: 0008-4301.
Abstract
The contamination of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) fur with crude oil or dispersants reduces its insulation and could subject the animal to hypothermia. This study tested methods for removing crude oil from sea otter pelts, and measured changes in insulation caused by oil contamination and subsequent cleaning. Four detergents and two pretreatments were tested on sea otter pelts soiled with fresh crude, 5-day weathered crude, and an oil–dispersant (COREXIT 9527) solution. To examine the effects of oiling and cleaning on the thermal properties of the fur, the thermal conductance of untreated, oiled, and cleaned pelt samples was determined with a heat-flow transducer. Changes in lipid concentration in the fur resulting from contamination and cleaning were also assessed. The results demonstrated that Dawn dishwashing detergent was the most effective agent in removing crude oil from sea otter fur. This detergent removed similar amounts of oil with 15 or 40 °C rinse water, and was less effective when used in conjunction with mineral oil or soap pretreatments. Oil contamination caused a two- to four-fold increase in thermal conductance over base-line levels (7.64 ± 1.30 W/(m2∙ °C)). Following cleaning, the thermal conductance of the pelt was not significantly different from that of untreated fur. However, mean lipid weight decreased from 7.4 mg lipid/g fur in untreated pelts to 2.0 mg lipid/g fur in cleaned pelts. This study demonstrated that even though natural oils may be lost during the cleaning process, proper cleaning and rinsing restores the water repellency of the sea otter pelt after exposure to crude oil
Copyright 1983, National Research Council Canada. Reprinted with permission from NRC Research PressThe contamination of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) fur with crude oil or dispersants reduces its insulation and could subject the animal to hypothermia. This study tested methods for removing crude oil from sea otter pelts, and measured changes in insulation caused by oil contamination and subsequent cleaning. Four detergents and two pretreatments were tested on sea otter pelts soiled with fresh crude, 5-day weathered crude, and an oil–dispersant (COREXIT 9527) solution. To examine the effects of oiling and cleaning on the thermal properties of the fur, the thermal conductance of untreated, oiled, and cleaned pelt samples was determined with a heat-flow transducer. Changes in lipid concentration in the fur resulting from contamination and cleaning were also assessed. The results demonstrated that Dawn dishwashing detergent was the most effective agent in removing crude oil from sea otter fur. This detergent removed similar amounts of oil with 15 or 40 °C rinse water, and was less effective when used in conjunction with mineral oil or soap pretreatments. Oil contamination caused a two- to four-fold increase in thermal conductance over base-line levels (7.64 ± 1.30 W/(m2∙ °C)). Following cleaning, the thermal conductance of the pelt was not significantly different from that of untreated fur. However, mean lipid weight decreased from 7.4 mg lipid/g fur in untreated pelts to 2.0 mg lipid/g fur in cleaned pelts. This study demonstrated that even though natural oils may be lost during the cleaning process, proper cleaning and rinsing restores the water repellency of the sea otter pelt after exposure to crude oil
Wilson, D.P. 1968. Long-term effects of low concentrations of an oil-spill remover (“detergent”): studies with the larvae of Sabellaria spinulosa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 48 (1): 177-182. ISSN: 0025-3154.
Abstract
The ‘detergent’ BP 1002 at concentrations of 1 ppm was detected immediately by the larvae of Sabellaria spinulosa which were intensely irritated by it. In loosely covered vessels, allowing the solvent fraction to evaporate, larvae seemed at first to recover but died several weeks later, the control larvae remaining active and normal. The surfactant and stablilizer fractions at concentrations of 2.5 ppm killed the larvae within a day or two
© Cambridge University Press, 1968The ‘detergent’ BP 1002 at concentrations of 1 ppm was detected immediately by the larvae of Sabellaria spinulosa which were intensely irritated by it. In loosely covered vessels, allowing the solvent fraction to evaporate, larvae seemed at first to recover but died several weeks later, the control larvae remaining active and normal. The surfactant and stablilizer fractions at concentrations of 2.5 ppm killed the larvae within a day or two
Wilson, D.P. 1968. Temporary adsorption on a substrate of an oil-spill remover (“detergent”): tests with larvae of Sabellaria spinulosa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 48 (1): 183-186. ISSN: 0025-3154.
Abstract
Sand was soaked for 90 min in sea water containing the ‘detergent’ BP 1002 in concentrations of 1000 and 100 ppm (=mg/l.) and then thoroughly washed. Larvae crawling on it soon afterwards were damaged, but the toxic effect disappeared after some days
© Cambridge University Press, 1968Sand was soaked for 90 min in sea water containing the ‘detergent’ BP 1002 in concentrations of 1000 and 100 ppm (=mg/l.) and then thoroughly washed. Larvae crawling on it soon afterwards were damaged, but the toxic effect disappeared after some days
Wilson, Jr., M.P. 1978. Assessment problems of whether or not to treat oil spills. Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills: A Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 119-126. ISBN: 0465900024.
Abstract
Any decision to treat or not to treat an oil spill with dispersants involves a multiplicity of biological, chemical, physical, and meteorological inputs. Knowledge concerning the fate of treated and untreated spills is a prerequisite for estimating environmental impacts. Biological data concerning acute toxicity levels and the interrelationship of the affected marine biota must be understood and quantified, as well as the weathering of the oil, the modification of it by microorganisms, and the change in the chemical and physical nature of the oil spill by various types of dispersants. Most of the information required to conduct such an assessment is not presently available and must be obtained by a series of laboratory, meso-scale and in situ types of experiments. The type of information obtained from each type of experiment is discussed and the role it plays in the assessment process is presented
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalAny decision to treat or not to treat an oil spill with dispersants involves a multiplicity of biological, chemical, physical, and meteorological inputs. Knowledge concerning the fate of treated and untreated spills is a prerequisite for estimating environmental impacts. Biological data concerning acute toxicity levels and the interrelationship of the affected marine biota must be understood and quantified, as well as the weathering of the oil, the modification of it by microorganisms, and the change in the chemical and physical nature of the oil spill by various types of dispersants. Most of the information required to conduct such an assessment is not presently available and must be obtained by a series of laboratory, meso-scale and in situ types of experiments. The type of information obtained from each type of experiment is discussed and the role it plays in the assessment process is presented
Wilson, K.W. 1977. Acute toxicity of oil dispersants to marine fish larvae. Marine Biology, 40 (1): 65-74. ISSN: 0025-3162. doi:10.1007/BF00390629.
Abstract
Fish species consisting of haddock, herring, sole, lemon sole, pilchard and plaice were used to establish acute toxicities of several oil dispersants. The type and aromatic content of the solvent were found to be the main factors influencing toxicity. Much lower toxicities were noted for “second generation” dispersants. Aging of dispersant solutions resulted in decreased toxicities, perhaps related to a loss of aromatic compounds from each solution. Salinity and temperature had minimal influence on toxicity. Dispersant exposure demonstrated that species types showed smaller differences in susceptibility than age differences within species. A similar susceptibility for larvae of all species was noted at the newly-hatched stage, with susceptibility growing throughout the yolk-sac stage. The most critical stage was the transition period from yolk reserves to an external food supply. Dispersants seemed to act primarily as physical toxins, initially causing a reversible narcosis. Implications are discussed in relation to the use of dispersants at sea
Fish species consisting of haddock, herring, sole, lemon sole, pilchard and plaice were used to establish acute toxicities of several oil dispersants. The type and aromatic content of the solvent were found to be the main factors influencing toxicity. Much lower toxicities were noted for “second generation” dispersants. Aging of dispersant solutions resulted in decreased toxicities, perhaps related to a loss of aromatic compounds from each solution. Salinity and temperature had minimal influence on toxicity. Dispersant exposure demonstrated that species types showed smaller differences in susceptibility than age differences within species. A similar susceptibility for larvae of all species was noted at the newly-hatched stage, with susceptibility growing throughout the yolk-sac stage. The most critical stage was the transition period from yolk reserves to an external food supply. Dispersants seemed to act primarily as physical toxins, initially causing a reversible narcosis. Implications are discussed in relation to the use of dispersants at sea
Wilson, K.W. 1976. Effects of oil dispersants on the developing embryos of marine fish. Marine Biology, 36 (3): 259-268. ISSN: 0025-3162. doi:10.1007/BF00389287.
Abstract
The effects of BP1002, Finasol ESK and Corexit 7664 on the development of herring, Clupea harengus L., plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. and sole, Solea solea (L.) were examined. Abnormalities in cell division and differentiation, reductions in heart rate, eye pigmentation, growth rate and hatching success were seen in developing embryos when exposed to BP1002 and Finasol ESK at concentrations above 10 parts/106 for 100 hours. Exposure to 5 parts/106 resulted in larvae with abnormal flexures of the spine, preventing them from feeding successfully. Exposure to dispersants at lower concentrations during embryonic development, from fertilization to hatching (15 to 20 days) stages, produced similar abnormalities. Corexit 7664 produced no demonstrable harmful effects on embryos when exposed to concentrations up to 5000 parts/106
The effects of BP1002, Finasol ESK and Corexit 7664 on the development of herring, Clupea harengus L., plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. and sole, Solea solea (L.) were examined. Abnormalities in cell division and differentiation, reductions in heart rate, eye pigmentation, growth rate and hatching success were seen in developing embryos when exposed to BP1002 and Finasol ESK at concentrations above 10 parts/106 for 100 hours. Exposure to 5 parts/106 resulted in larvae with abnormal flexures of the spine, preventing them from feeding successfully. Exposure to dispersants at lower concentrations during embryonic development, from fertilization to hatching (15 to 20 days) stages, produced similar abnormalities. Corexit 7664 produced no demonstrable harmful effects on embryos when exposed to concentrations up to 5000 parts/106
Wilson, K.W. 1972. Toxicity of oil spill dispersants to embryos and larvae of some marine fish. Marine Pollution and Sea Life, West Byfleet (Surrey), U.K: Fishing News Ltd. for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 318-322. ISBN: 0852380216.
Abstract
Factors affecting the toxicity of various oil-dispersing agents, as sprayed on sea water, were studied using embryos and larvae of 6 species of marine fish; some results are given in graphs and tables. The relative toxicities of the compounds, the same for all species tested, depended mainly on the type and aromatic content of the solvent; evaporation and/or degradation was a major factor affecting the toxicity; temperature and salinity had little effect. Differences in sensitivity between species were less than those between different stages of the same species; on hatching there was a dramatic reduction in the 100 hour LC50 value from more than 20 p.p.m. to less than 8 p.p.m Although embryos were more tolerant than larvae in acute toxicity tests, they showed growth abnormalities and delays in development when exposed to sub-lethal concentrations. Sub-lethal concentrations also affected the behaviour pattern of the larvae and impaired their ability to capture prey, but they recovered on return to clean water
© CSA, 1973Factors affecting the toxicity of various oil-dispersing agents, as sprayed on sea water, were studied using embryos and larvae of 6 species of marine fish; some results are given in graphs and tables. The relative toxicities of the compounds, the same for all species tested, depended mainly on the type and aromatic content of the solvent; evaporation and/or degradation was a major factor affecting the toxicity; temperature and salinity had little effect. Differences in sensitivity between species were less than those between different stages of the same species; on hatching there was a dramatic reduction in the 100 hour LC50 value from more than 20 p.p.m. to less than 8 p.p.m Although embryos were more tolerant than larvae in acute toxicity tests, they showed growth abnormalities and delays in development when exposed to sub-lethal concentrations. Sub-lethal concentrations also affected the behaviour pattern of the larvae and impaired their ability to capture prey, but they recovered on return to clean water
Wilson, K.W. 1974. The ability of herring and plaice larvae to avoid concentrations of oil dispersants. The Early Life History of Fish: The Proceedings of an International Symposium Held at the Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory of the Scottish Marine Biological Association at Oban, Scotland, from May 17-23, 1973, New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 589-602. ISBN: 0387067191.
Abstract
The responses of larvae to horizontal and vertical gradients of oil dispersant in sea water have been studied. Horizontal gradients were established in a 5-channel fluvarium in which the concentrations of dispersant increased in a stepwise manner across the test yard. In each run, the positions of 10 larvae were noted every 30 sec for 30 min and their mean positional values (mpvs) calculated for each 2 min interval. No marked avoidance reactions were noticed even at 30 parts/106, the highest concentration tested. However, the mpv tended to clean water values with all concentration gradients. This tendency was also time-dependent. These changes in distribution resulted from increased activity of the larvae in the dispersant and not from a chemo-taxis. Vertical gradients were established by carefully layering the dispersant onto sea water. Larvae did not avoid any of the concentrations tested (1-100 parts/106) but remained in the dispersant layer until they became narcotized. These inactive animals sank into clean water where they recovered and swam upward again into the toxic layer. This pattern endured over 48 hours. It is concluded that fish larvae are unable to detect the dispersants at these concentrations and would not avoid areas of dispersants at sea. However, because of the effect of dispersants larvae would sink or swim from lethal concentrations
The responses of larvae to horizontal and vertical gradients of oil dispersant in sea water have been studied. Horizontal gradients were established in a 5-channel fluvarium in which the concentrations of dispersant increased in a stepwise manner across the test yard. In each run, the positions of 10 larvae were noted every 30 sec for 30 min and their mean positional values (mpvs) calculated for each 2 min interval. No marked avoidance reactions were noticed even at 30 parts/106, the highest concentration tested. However, the mpv tended to clean water values with all concentration gradients. This tendency was also time-dependent. These changes in distribution resulted from increased activity of the larvae in the dispersant and not from a chemo-taxis. Vertical gradients were established by carefully layering the dispersant onto sea water. Larvae did not avoid any of the concentrations tested (1-100 parts/106) but remained in the dispersant layer until they became narcotized. These inactive animals sank into clean water where they recovered and swam upward again into the toxic layer. This pattern endured over 48 hours. It is concluded that fish larvae are unable to detect the dispersants at these concentrations and would not avoid areas of dispersants at sea. However, because of the effect of dispersants larvae would sink or swim from lethal concentrations
Wilson, K.W. 1981. Licensing of oil dispersants - what kind of toxicity data do we need?. Chemical Dispersion of Oil Spills: An International Research Symposium: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Toronto, Canada, November 17-19, 1980, Toronto, Ont: University of Toronto, Institute for Environmental Studies. pp. 173-177.
Wilson, K.W. 1984. Policies on the use of dispersants - the role of toxicity testing programmes for oil dispersant chemicals. In Combating Oil Pollution in the Kuwait Action Plan Region, Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme. pp. 371-387.
Wilson, K.W. 1974. Toxicity testing for ranking oils and oil dispersants. Ecological Aspects of Toxicity Testing of Oils and Dispersants, New York: Wiley. pp. 11-22. ISBN: 0470071907.
Abstract
The paper describes some of the factors to be considered in establishing a standard technique of toxicity testing for ranking oil dispersants. Methods of measuring pollutant toxicity to fish are presented, time/mortality curved for the brown shrimp, Crangon crangon being given, together with statistical techniques for measuring their reliability. The significance of constraints necessarily imposed in tests such as these is discussed. Toxicity response curves of several dispersants tested under the same conditions are compared. The tests were maintained for some considerable time one consequence of this being that the effective concentration of a dispersant is correspondingly lower. Median lethal concentrations estimated from these tests were used for defining the toxicity of the dispersants; while this method may be suitable for offshore spp as a result of low concentrations resulting from the extensive dilution of the dispersant in the sea, it is not recommended for estimating the toxicity to littoral spp, where exposure to very high concentrations of dispersants is probable; suitability of tests must be assessed in relation to field conditions. Rank order for ten dispersants, obtained from toxicity tests using several test spp is given
© CSA, 1975The paper describes some of the factors to be considered in establishing a standard technique of toxicity testing for ranking oil dispersants. Methods of measuring pollutant toxicity to fish are presented, time/mortality curved for the brown shrimp, Crangon crangon being given, together with statistical techniques for measuring their reliability. The significance of constraints necessarily imposed in tests such as these is discussed. Toxicity response curves of several dispersants tested under the same conditions are compared. The tests were maintained for some considerable time one consequence of this being that the effective concentration of a dispersant is correspondingly lower. Median lethal concentrations estimated from these tests were used for defining the toxicity of the dispersants; while this method may be suitable for offshore spp as a result of low concentrations resulting from the extensive dilution of the dispersant in the sea, it is not recommended for estimating the toxicity to littoral spp, where exposure to very high concentrations of dispersants is probable; suitability of tests must be assessed in relation to field conditions. Rank order for ten dispersants, obtained from toxicity tests using several test spp is given
Wilson, K.W.; Cowell E.B.; Beynon L.R. 1973. The toxicity testing of oils and dispersants: a European view. In Proceedings of Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 255-262.
Abstract
This paper represents a review of European approaches to the purpose and problems of testing the toxicity of hydrocarbons and dispersants. It was prepared by the authors following a meeting of a group of European ecologists, which was convened by the Dispersant Working Group of the UK Institute of Petroleum Co-ordinating Committee for the Prevention of Sea Pollution. The paper deals with the aims of toxicity tests, and draws distinctions between those devised for toxicity ranking purposes, required by governments and industry for assessing the potential of new products, and those tests done for predicting possible ecological effects from the spillage of oil or use of dispersants. The paper also discusses the principles guiding the two approaches, and compares the use of LD50 with tests examining recovery and survival. Laboratory tests are examined in relation to field experiments and experience. In discussing laboratory practice, chemical problems, standardisation, the selection of test organisms, sampling, experimental design data processing and data presentation are considered
© 1973 with permission from APIThis paper represents a review of European approaches to the purpose and problems of testing the toxicity of hydrocarbons and dispersants. It was prepared by the authors following a meeting of a group of European ecologists, which was convened by the Dispersant Working Group of the UK Institute of Petroleum Co-ordinating Committee for the Prevention of Sea Pollution. The paper deals with the aims of toxicity tests, and draws distinctions between those devised for toxicity ranking purposes, required by governments and industry for assessing the potential of new products, and those tests done for predicting possible ecological effects from the spillage of oil or use of dispersants. The paper also discusses the principles guiding the two approaches, and compares the use of LD50 with tests examining recovery and survival. Laboratory tests are examined in relation to field experiments and experience. In discussing laboratory practice, chemical problems, standardisation, the selection of test organisms, sampling, experimental design data processing and data presentation are considered
Wilson, K.W.; Cowell E.B.; Beynon L.R. 1974. The toxicity testing of oils and dispersants: a European view. Ecological Aspects of Toxicity Testing of Oils and Dispersants, New York: Wiley. pp. 129-141. ISBN: 0470071907.
Wolfe M.F. et al. 1998. Effects of salinity and temperature on the bioavailability of dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons to the golden-brown algae, Isochrysis galbana. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 35 (2): 268-273. ISSN: 0090-4341. doi:10.1007/s002449900375.
Abstract
Comparative studies were done to determine the influence of a dispersant on the bioavailability of naphthalene from crude oil to the unicellular golden-brown algae, Isochrysis galbana, under changing temperature and salinity conditions. Conditions were selected to represent a range (two temperatures, 12 and 20°C, and two salinities, 22 and 34‰) encountered in Pacific waters, where extensive crude oil transport and refining occurs. Cells were exposed to laboratory preparations of either the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) or a dispersed oil (DO) mixture of PBCO and Corexit 9527® spiked with [U-14C]naphthalene. Uptake increased by as much as 50% in DO, 20°C exposures run at 22‰ (0.24 7mol naphthalene/g algae in WAF, 0.37 7mol naphthalene/g algae in DO) compared with comparable exposures at 34‰ (0.23 7mol naphthalene/g algae in WAF, 0.37 7mol naphthalene/g algae in DO). A 24-h bioaccumulation factor (BAF) calculated in the absence of steady state indicated increasing bioaccumulation with decreasing temperature. No significant variation in relative metabolite composition occurred under the different experimental conditions. Results of these experiments showed that the use of dispersants enhanced the uptake of naphthalene by microalgae under a variety of temperature and salinity conditions, independent of aqueous concentration
© Springer, 1998. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business MediaComparative studies were done to determine the influence of a dispersant on the bioavailability of naphthalene from crude oil to the unicellular golden-brown algae, Isochrysis galbana, under changing temperature and salinity conditions. Conditions were selected to represent a range (two temperatures, 12 and 20°C, and two salinities, 22 and 34‰) encountered in Pacific waters, where extensive crude oil transport and refining occurs. Cells were exposed to laboratory preparations of either the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) or a dispersed oil (DO) mixture of PBCO and Corexit 9527® spiked with [U-14C]naphthalene. Uptake increased by as much as 50% in DO, 20°C exposures run at 22‰ (0.24 7mol naphthalene/g algae in WAF, 0.37 7mol naphthalene/g algae in DO) compared with comparable exposures at 34‰ (0.23 7mol naphthalene/g algae in WAF, 0.37 7mol naphthalene/g algae in DO). A 24-h bioaccumulation factor (BAF) calculated in the absence of steady state indicated increasing bioaccumulation with decreasing temperature. No significant variation in relative metabolite composition occurred under the different experimental conditions. Results of these experiments showed that the use of dispersants enhanced the uptake of naphthalene by microalgae under a variety of temperature and salinity conditions, independent of aqueous concentration
Wolfe M.F. et al. 1998. Influence of dispersants on the bioavailability and trophic transfer of petroleum hydrocarbons to primary levels of a marine food chain. Aquatic Toxicology, 42 (3): 211-227. ISSN: 0166-445X. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(97)00096-9.
Abstract
Use of chemical dispersants as oil spill clean-up agents, alters normal behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) by increasing functional water solubility. The bioavailable fraction may be increased through higher PH concentrations in the water column and altered interactions between dispersant, oil, and biological membranes. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of dispersing agents on PH bioavailability and trophic transfer. Uptake, bioaccumulation, depuration, and metabolic transformation of a model PH, [14C]naphthalene, were measured and compared for Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) dispersed with Corexit® 9527 (DO) and undispersed preparations of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of PBCO. The model food chain consisted of Isochrysis galbana, a primary producer, and Brachionus plicatilis, a primary consumer. Direct aqueous (AQ) exposure was compared with combined aqueous and dietary (AQ and D) exposure. Results showed uptake of naphthalene by rotifers was not increased significantly (P>0.05) in the presence of dispersant. A significant (P
Reprinted from Aquatic Toxicology, Volume 42, M.F. Wolfe, J.A. Schlosser, G.J.B. Schwartz, S. Singaram, E.E. Mielbrecht, R.S. Tjeerdema, M.L. Sowby, Copyright 1998, with permission from ElsevierUse of chemical dispersants as oil spill clean-up agents, alters normal behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) by increasing functional water solubility. The bioavailable fraction may be increased through higher PH concentrations in the water column and altered interactions between dispersant, oil, and biological membranes. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of dispersing agents on PH bioavailability and trophic transfer. Uptake, bioaccumulation, depuration, and metabolic transformation of a model PH, [14C]naphthalene, were measured and compared for Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) dispersed with Corexit® 9527 (DO) and undispersed preparations of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of PBCO. The model food chain consisted of Isochrysis galbana, a primary producer, and Brachionus plicatilis, a primary consumer. Direct aqueous (AQ) exposure was compared with combined aqueous and dietary (AQ and D) exposure. Results showed uptake of naphthalene by rotifers was not increased significantly (P>0.05) in the presence of dispersant. A significant (P
Wolfe M.F. et al. 1998. Influence of dispersants on the bioavailability of naphthalene from the water-accommodated fraction crude oil to the golden-brown algae, Isochrysis galbana. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 35 (2): 274-280. ISSN: 0090-4341. doi:10.1007/s002449900376.
Abstract
The golden-brown algae Isochrysis galbana, a primary producer, was used to determine the influence of the chemical dispersing agent, Corexit 9527®, on the bioavailability of naphthalene. Cells were exposed to laboratory preparations of either the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) or a dispersed oil (DO) mixture of PBCO and Corexit 9527 spiked with [U-14C]naphthalene. Uptake was determined by the amount of algae-associated [14C]. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) co-chromatography was used to fractionate and identify metabolic products. A 24-h bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated in the absence of steady state. The presence of Corexit 9527, had significant influence (p = 0.001) on the uptake of naphthalene, but no significant effect on the 24-h BAF (BAF: 168 and 180 from WAF and DO, respectively), or metabolic fate of naphthalene in I. galbana. Results of this research indicate that dispersants have the potential to increase organismal exposure to certain petroleum hydrocarbons without increasing their aqueous concentration
© Springer, 1998. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business MediaThe golden-brown algae Isochrysis galbana, a primary producer, was used to determine the influence of the chemical dispersing agent, Corexit 9527®, on the bioavailability of naphthalene. Cells were exposed to laboratory preparations of either the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) or a dispersed oil (DO) mixture of PBCO and Corexit 9527 spiked with [U-14C]naphthalene. Uptake was determined by the amount of algae-associated [14C]. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) co-chromatography was used to fractionate and identify metabolic products. A 24-h bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated in the absence of steady state. The presence of Corexit 9527, had significant influence (p = 0.001) on the uptake of naphthalene, but no significant effect on the 24-h BAF (BAF: 168 and 180 from WAF and DO, respectively), or metabolic fate of naphthalene in I. galbana. Results of this research indicate that dispersants have the potential to increase organismal exposure to certain petroleum hydrocarbons without increasing their aqueous concentration
Wolfe M.F. et al. 2000. Influence of dispersants on the bioavailability and trophic transfer of phenanthrene to algae and rotifers. Aquatic Toxicology, 48 (1): 13-24. ISSN: 0166-445X. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00028-4.
Abstract
Use of chemical dispersants as oil spill clean-up agents alters normal behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) by increasing functional water solubility. Different PHs may respond differently to dispersant based on their individual physical properties and altering the composition of the bioaccessible fraction of the oil. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of dispersing agents on the bioavailability and trophic transfer of phenanthrene, a model for a class of compounds in oil characterized by limited water solubility and the potential to bioaccumulate. Uptake, bioaccumulation, and depuration of [14C]phenanthrene, were compared for Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) dispersed with Corexit® 9527 (dispersed oil or DO) and undispersed preparations of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of PBCO. The model food chain consisted of Isochrysis galbana, a primary producer, and Brachionus plicatilis, a primary consumer. Direct aqueous (AQ) exposure was compared with combined aqueous and dietary (AQ&D) exposure. Results showed phenanthrene uptake by algae increased significantly (P0.05) in phenanthrene uptake was observed in rotifers in DO, however, phenanthrene depuration significantly (P
Reprinted from Aquatic Toxicology, Volume 48, M.F. Wolfe, G.J.B. Schwartz, S. Singaram, E.E. Mielbrecht, R.S. Tjeerdema and M.L. Sowby, Copyright 2000, with permission from ElsevierUse of chemical dispersants as oil spill clean-up agents alters normal behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) by increasing functional water solubility. Different PHs may respond differently to dispersant based on their individual physical properties and altering the composition of the bioaccessible fraction of the oil. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of dispersing agents on the bioavailability and trophic transfer of phenanthrene, a model for a class of compounds in oil characterized by limited water solubility and the potential to bioaccumulate. Uptake, bioaccumulation, and depuration of [14C]phenanthrene, were compared for Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) dispersed with Corexit® 9527 (dispersed oil or DO) and undispersed preparations of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of PBCO. The model food chain consisted of Isochrysis galbana, a primary producer, and Brachionus plicatilis, a primary consumer. Direct aqueous (AQ) exposure was compared with combined aqueous and dietary (AQ&D) exposure. Results showed phenanthrene uptake by algae increased significantly (P0.05) in phenanthrene uptake was observed in rotifers in DO, however, phenanthrene depuration significantly (P
Wolfe, M.F.; Olsen, H.E.; Gasuad, K.A.; Tjeerdema, R.S.; Sowby, M.L. 1999. Induction of heat shock protein (hsp)60 in Isochrysis galbana exposed to sublethal preparations of dispersant and Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Marine Environmental Research, 47 (5): 473-489. ISSN: 0141-1136. doi:10.1016/S0141-1136(98)00132-9.
Abstract
Adaptation to sublethal exposure to crude oil by phytoplankton is poorly understood. Use of chemical dispersants for oil spill remediation increases petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in water, while exposing marine organisms to potentially toxic concentrations of dispersant. Heat shock proteins (hsps) have been found to serve as an adaptive and protective mechanism against environmental stresses. The objective of this project was to examine the induction of hsps in Isochrysis galbana, a golden-brown algae, following exposure to the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) and PBCO chemically dispersed with Corexit 9527® (dispersed oil: DO). Initial experiments using 35S-labeled amino acids and 2-dimensional electrophoresis with subsequent western blotting identified and confirmed hsp60, a member of the chaperonin family of stress proteins, as being efficiently induced by heat shock in this species. One-dimensional SDS PAGE and western blotting, with hsp60 antibodies and chemiluminesence detection, were used to quantitate hsp60 following exposure to a range of environmental temperatures and concentrations of WAF and DO preparations. I. galbana cultured in 22 parts per thousand (‰) salinity showed a statistically significant increase (p
Reprinted from Marine Environmental Research, Volume 47, M.F. Wolfe, H.E. Olsen, K.A. Gasuad, R.S. Tjeerdema, M.L. Sowby, Copyright 1999, with permission from ElsevierAdaptation to sublethal exposure to crude oil by phytoplankton is poorly understood. Use of chemical dispersants for oil spill remediation increases petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in water, while exposing marine organisms to potentially toxic concentrations of dispersant. Heat shock proteins (hsps) have been found to serve as an adaptive and protective mechanism against environmental stresses. The objective of this project was to examine the induction of hsps in Isochrysis galbana, a golden-brown algae, following exposure to the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) and PBCO chemically dispersed with Corexit 9527® (dispersed oil: DO). Initial experiments using 35S-labeled amino acids and 2-dimensional electrophoresis with subsequent western blotting identified and confirmed hsp60, a member of the chaperonin family of stress proteins, as being efficiently induced by heat shock in this species. One-dimensional SDS PAGE and western blotting, with hsp60 antibodies and chemiluminesence detection, were used to quantitate hsp60 following exposure to a range of environmental temperatures and concentrations of WAF and DO preparations. I. galbana cultured in 22 parts per thousand (‰) salinity showed a statistically significant increase (p
Wolfe, M.F. et al. 1996. Influence of dispersants on trophic transfer of petroleum hydrocarbons in a marine food chain. Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, 3 (4): 255-258. ISSN: 1353-2561. doi:10.1016/S1353-2561(97)00023-6.
Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the impact of dispersing agents on petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) bioavailability and trophic transfer in primary levels of a marine food chain. Uptake, bioaccumulation, and metabolic transformation of a model PH, [14C]naphthalene, were measured and compared for Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (PBCO) dispersed with Corexit® 9527 (DO) and undispersed preparations of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of PBCO. The model food chain consisted of Isochrysis galbana, a primary producer, and Brachionus plicatilis, a primary consumer. Fractionation and identification of metabolites was done by HPLC co-chromatography, and quantitation was done by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). Results show that uptake of naphthalene increases somewhat (P < 0.01) in the presence of dispersant in algae and a slight (P < 0.001) increase in uptake was observed in rotifers via trophic transfer
Reprinted from Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, Volume 3, C. Douligeris, J. Collins, E. Iakovou, P. Sun, R. Riggs, C.N.K. Mooers, Copyright 1996, with permission from ElsevierThe objective of this research was to determine the impact of dispersing agents on petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) bioavailability and trophic transfer in primary levels of a marine food chain. Uptake, bioaccumulation, and metabolic transformation of a model PH, [14C]naphthalene, were measured and compared for Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil (PBCO) dispersed with Corexit® 9527 (DO) and undispersed preparations of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of PBCO. The model food chain consisted of Isochrysis galbana, a primary producer, and Brachionus plicatilis, a primary consumer. Fractionation and identification of metabolites was done by HPLC co-chromatography, and quantitation was done by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). Results show that uptake of naphthalene increases somewhat (P < 0.01) in the presence of dispersant in algae and a slight (P < 0.001) increase in uptake was observed in rotifers via trophic transfer
Wolfe, M.F. et al. 1997. Influence of dispersants on trophic transfer of petroleum hydrocarbons in a marine food chain. In Proceedings: Twentieth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 11-13, 1997, Coast Plaza Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 1215-1226.
Wolfe, M.F. et al. 2001. Influence of dispersants on the bioavailability and trophic transfer of petroleum hydrocarbons to larval topsmelt (Atherinops affinis). Aquatic Toxicology, 52 (1): 49-60. ISSN: 0166-445X. doi:10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00131-4.
Abstract
Use of chemical dispersants as oil spill clean-up agents may alter the normal behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) by increasing their functional water solubility, resulting in increased bioavailability and altered interactions between dispersant, oil, and biological membranes. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of dispersing agents on PH bioavailability and trophic transfer to larval fish from primary levels of a marine food chain. Uptake, bioaccumulation, depuration, and metabolic transformation of a model PH, [14C]naphthalene, were measured and compared for Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) dispersed with Corexit 9527® (DO) and undispersed preparations of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of PBCO. The model food chain consisted of a primary producer, Isochrysis galbana; and a primary consumer, the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis; and larval topsmelt, Atherinops affinis. Direct aqueous (AQ) exposure was compared with combined aqueous and dietary (AQ&D) exposure. Dispersants altered the uptake and depuration processes of naphthalene, independent of aqueous concentrations, in primary trophic species of a marine food chain. The amount of naphthalene taken up by topsmelt was initially significantly (P≤0.05) enhanced in the presence of dispersant, reaching a maximum more quickly than undispersed samples. Dispersion treatment significantly increased naphthalene dispension in topsmelt (P≤0.05) from both AQ and AQ&D exposures. No significant change in naphthalene uptake by fish was observed with the addition of contaminated food for either WAF or DO medium; however, both uptake and depuration rate constants varied significantly with route of exposure consistent with greater naphthalene turnover. The majority (≥72%) of naphthalene-derived radioactivity from fish tissue following all exposures was in the parent form, with smaller quantities of α- and β-naphthols, α- and β-naphthyl sulfates, and an unidentified derivative
Reprinted from Aquatic Toxicology, Volume 52, M.F. Wolfe, G.J.B. Schwartz, S. Singaram, E.E. Mielbrecht, R.S. Tjeerdema and M.L. Sowby, Copyright 2001, with permission from ElsevierUse of chemical dispersants as oil spill clean-up agents may alter the normal behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) by increasing their functional water solubility, resulting in increased bioavailability and altered interactions between dispersant, oil, and biological membranes. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of dispersing agents on PH bioavailability and trophic transfer to larval fish from primary levels of a marine food chain. Uptake, bioaccumulation, depuration, and metabolic transformation of a model PH, [14C]naphthalene, were measured and compared for Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) dispersed with Corexit 9527® (DO) and undispersed preparations of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of PBCO. The model food chain consisted of a primary producer, Isochrysis galbana; and a primary consumer, the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis; and larval topsmelt, Atherinops affinis. Direct aqueous (AQ) exposure was compared with combined aqueous and dietary (AQ&D) exposure. Dispersants altered the uptake and depuration processes of naphthalene, independent of aqueous concentrations, in primary trophic species of a marine food chain. The amount of naphthalene taken up by topsmelt was initially significantly (P≤0.05) enhanced in the presence of dispersant, reaching a maximum more quickly than undispersed samples. Dispersion treatment significantly increased naphthalene dispension in topsmelt (P≤0.05) from both AQ and AQ&D exposures. No significant change in naphthalene uptake by fish was observed with the addition of contaminated food for either WAF or DO medium; however, both uptake and depuration rate constants varied significantly with route of exposure consistent with greater naphthalene turnover. The majority (≥72%) of naphthalene-derived radioactivity from fish tissue following all exposures was in the parent form, with smaller quantities of α- and β-naphthols, α- and β-naphthyl sulfates, and an unidentified derivative
Wong, C.S.; Whitney, F.A.; Cretney, W.J.; Lee, K.; McLaughlin, F. 1984. An experimental marine ecosystem response to crude oil and Corexit 9527: Part I - Fate of chemically dispersed crude oil. Marine Environmental Research, 13 (4): 247-263. ISSN: 0141-1136. doi:10.1016/0141-1136(84)90032-1.
Abstract
The fate of Prudhoe Bay crude oil labelled with n(1−14C)-hexadecane and dispersed with Corexit 9527, was studied for 24 days in a polyethylene bag enclosure of sea water by time-series observations of the alkane composition of the crude oil, oil fluorescence, 14C-labelled hexadecane in the particulate phase, bacterial biomass, amounts of sedimented material and parameters of temperature, salinity, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, and nutrients. By the seventh day, convective and diffusive mixing, important mechanisms for the dispersion of oil, resulted in a fairly homogeneous distribution of oil throughout the enclosed water column. Rapid bacterial biodegradation removed the n-alkane fraction initially, while oil-Corexit dispersion suppressed phytoplankton growth. After 7 days, with the recovery of phytoplankton growth, much of the aged oil sedimented with sinking of diatoms
Reprinted from Marine Environmental Research, Volume 13, C.S. Wong, F. A. Whitney, W.J. Cretney, K. Lee, F. McLaughlin, Copyright 1984, with permission from ElsevierThe fate of Prudhoe Bay crude oil labelled with n(1−14C)-hexadecane and dispersed with Corexit 9527, was studied for 24 days in a polyethylene bag enclosure of sea water by time-series observations of the alkane composition of the crude oil, oil fluorescence, 14C-labelled hexadecane in the particulate phase, bacterial biomass, amounts of sedimented material and parameters of temperature, salinity, particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, and nutrients. By the seventh day, convective and diffusive mixing, important mechanisms for the dispersion of oil, resulted in a fairly homogeneous distribution of oil throughout the enclosed water column. Rapid bacterial biodegradation removed the n-alkane fraction initially, while oil-Corexit dispersion suppressed phytoplankton growth. After 7 days, with the recovery of phytoplankton growth, much of the aged oil sedimented with sinking of diatoms
Woolgar, E.G.; Reimer, E.M. 1982. Comments on a technique to measure mixing energy available for oil spill dispersion. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar: Seminar Held June 15-17, 1982, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 25-36.
Wrenn, B.A. 2008. Dispersion of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products in Freshwater, Cincinnati, Oh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development. 29p.. URL
Wright, A. 1976. The use of recovery as a criterion for toxicity. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 15 (6): 747-749. ISSN: 0007-4861. doi:10.1007/BF01685627.
Abstract
Most toxicity tests are based on the continuous exposure of the bioassay organisms to a series of fixed concns of toxin, with virtually no attention being paid to the ability of the organisms to recover when removed to clean surroundings. Such methods make no allowance for fluctuations in concn of toxins which occur in the environment. An experiment using the stage II nauplius of the barnacle Elminius modestus was set up to demonstrate that toxicity as determined on the basis of simple ' knock-down' concns does not fully describe the biological impact of a chemical on an organism. The 30 min EC50's producing immobility were determined for various decyl surfactants. On this basis the relative toxicities of the surfactants were, in descending order, nonionic > anionic > cationic. The experiment was repeated but the nauplii were removed from the test solns after 30 mins, washed, and placed in aerated sterile sea water. Recovery was assessed on the ability of the nauplii to fully regain their swimming ability. By using recovery as an index of toxicity the order of relative toxicity of the surfactants was reversed i.e. cationic > anionic > nonionic. The author concludes that if recovery experiments were included as an integral part of aquatic bioassay techniques, then the mode of action of toxins may be more fully understood, leading to a better assessment of their impact on the environment
© CSA, 1977Most toxicity tests are based on the continuous exposure of the bioassay organisms to a series of fixed concns of toxin, with virtually no attention being paid to the ability of the organisms to recover when removed to clean surroundings. Such methods make no allowance for fluctuations in concn of toxins which occur in the environment. An experiment using the stage II nauplius of the barnacle Elminius modestus was set up to demonstrate that toxicity as determined on the basis of simple ' knock-down' concns does not fully describe the biological impact of a chemical on an organism. The 30 min EC50's producing immobility were determined for various decyl surfactants. On this basis the relative toxicities of the surfactants were, in descending order, nonionic > anionic > cationic. The experiment was repeated but the nauplii were removed from the test solns after 30 mins, washed, and placed in aerated sterile sea water. Recovery was assessed on the ability of the nauplii to fully regain their swimming ability. By using recovery as an index of toxicity the order of relative toxicity of the surfactants was reversed i.e. cationic > anionic > nonionic. The author concludes that if recovery experiments were included as an integral part of aquatic bioassay techniques, then the mode of action of toxins may be more fully understood, leading to a better assessment of their impact on the environment
Wright, A.L.; Weaver, R.W.; Webb, J.W. 1997. Oil bioremediation in salt marsh mesocosms as influenced by N and P fertilization, flooding, and season. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 95 (1-4): 179-191. ISSN: 0049-6979. doi:10.1007/BF02406164.
Abstract
Bioremediation of crude oil in salt marsh mesocosms growing Spartina alterniflora was investigated during winter and summer to determine the influence of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization, flooding, and season. Fertilization with urea and ammonium (NH4+) applied at 75 or 150 kg N ha-1 with or without P did not significantly (p = 0.05) increase oil or hydrocarbon degradation in continuously flooded mesocosms over an 82 day period during winter (temperature range of 17 to 30 °C). Phosphorus applied at 40 kg P ha-1 significantly (p = 0.05) increased oil and hydrocarbon degradation. Nitrate (NO3-) added alone did not increase oil or hydrocarbon degradation, but when added with P, it significantly (p = 0.05) increased degradation above that for P alone. Up to 70% of applied oil and 75% of applied hydrocarbons were degraded in P supplemented treatments. Inipol, an oleophilic fertilizer containing N, P, and a dispersant, significantly increased oil and hydrocarbon degradation. During a 40 day summer experiment (temperature range of 27–42 °C), N and P fertilization did not increase oil or hydrocarbon degradation. For continuously flooded treatments, 72% of applied hydrocarbons were degraded while 51% were degraded in alternately flooded treatments. Mesocosms provided conditions suitable for quantitative recovery of oil and results indicated that N and P fertilization, flooding, and season interacted to influence oil bioremediation. Even under the most favorable conditions, more than 1 month was required for most of the oil to disappear
© Springer, 1997. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business MediaBioremediation of crude oil in salt marsh mesocosms growing Spartina alterniflora was investigated during winter and summer to determine the influence of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization, flooding, and season. Fertilization with urea and ammonium (NH4+) applied at 75 or 150 kg N ha-1 with or without P did not significantly (p = 0.05) increase oil or hydrocarbon degradation in continuously flooded mesocosms over an 82 day period during winter (temperature range of 17 to 30 °C). Phosphorus applied at 40 kg P ha-1 significantly (p = 0.05) increased oil and hydrocarbon degradation. Nitrate (NO3-) added alone did not increase oil or hydrocarbon degradation, but when added with P, it significantly (p = 0.05) increased degradation above that for P alone. Up to 70% of applied oil and 75% of applied hydrocarbons were degraded in P supplemented treatments. Inipol, an oleophilic fertilizer containing N, P, and a dispersant, significantly increased oil and hydrocarbon degradation. During a 40 day summer experiment (temperature range of 27–42 °C), N and P fertilization did not increase oil or hydrocarbon degradation. For continuously flooded treatments, 72% of applied hydrocarbons were degraded while 51% were degraded in alternately flooded treatments. Mesocosms provided conditions suitable for quantitative recovery of oil and results indicated that N and P fertilization, flooding, and season interacted to influence oil bioremediation. Even under the most favorable conditions, more than 1 month was required for most of the oil to disappear
Wright, D.A. 1994. Toxicity Bioassays on Dispersed Oil in the North Sea: August 1994 Field Trials, Washington, D.C: Marine Spill Response Corporation. 21 leaves.
Wright, D.A.; Coehlo, G.M. 1996. Dispersed Oil and Dispersant Fate and Effects Research: MD Program Results for 1995. Draft report, Washington, D.C: Marine Spill Response Corporation. (no page information available).
Wu, R.S.S. 1981. Differences in the toxicities of an oil dispersant and a surface active agent to some marine animals, and their implications in the choice of species in toxicity testing. Marine Environmental Research, 5 (2): 157-163. ISSN: 0141-1136. doi:10.1016/0141-1136(81)90030-1.
Abstract
18 marine species, representing fish, tunicate, urchins, starfish, barnacle, mantis shrimp, bivalves, and gastropods, were used to establish toxicities for Shell Herder and BP 1100X. A wide range of toxicity susceptibility was found for species within a single animal group, indicating the difficulty in using a “representative” species for tests. It is suggested that ecologically important species (“key species”) be used in toxicity tests, rather than species that are easy to obtain in the field and/or maintain in the laboratory
18 marine species, representing fish, tunicate, urchins, starfish, barnacle, mantis shrimp, bivalves, and gastropods, were used to establish toxicities for Shell Herder and BP 1100X. A wide range of toxicity susceptibility was found for species within a single animal group, indicating the difficulty in using a “representative” species for tests. It is suggested that ecologically important species (“key species”) be used in toxicity tests, rather than species that are easy to obtain in the field and/or maintain in the laboratory
Wu, R.S.S.; Lam, P.K.S.; Zhou, B. 1997. A settlement inhibition assay with cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Chemosphere, 35 (9): 1867-1874. ISSN: 0045-6535. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00238-5.
Abstract
A settlement inhibition assay using barnacle cyprid larvae, Balanus amphitrite, was developed with Cd2+ and phenol as standard reference toxicants. Mean percentage settlement of cyprid larvae showed a progressive reduction with increasing concentrations of Cd2+ and phenol. A significant reduction in settlement was found when cyprids were exposed to 0.1 mgL-1 Cd2+ or 10 mgL-1 phenol. The assay was used to assess the sublethal toxicity of three oil dispersants (Vecom B-1425 GL, Norchem OSD-570 and Corexit 9905) commonly used in Hong Kong waters. Results of this investigation show that the barnacle settlement inhibition assay can be incorporated into the battery of tests currently available for ecotoxicological assessment of marine contaminants
Reprinted from Chemosphere, Volume 35, R.S.S. Wu, P.K.S. Lam, B. Zhou, Copyright 1997, with permission from ElsevierA settlement inhibition assay using barnacle cyprid larvae, Balanus amphitrite, was developed with Cd2+ and phenol as standard reference toxicants. Mean percentage settlement of cyprid larvae showed a progressive reduction with increasing concentrations of Cd2+ and phenol. A significant reduction in settlement was found when cyprids were exposed to 0.1 mgL-1 Cd2+ or 10 mgL-1 phenol. The assay was used to assess the sublethal toxicity of three oil dispersants (Vecom B-1425 GL, Norchem OSD-570 and Corexit 9905) commonly used in Hong Kong waters. Results of this investigation show that the barnacle settlement inhibition assay can be incorporated into the battery of tests currently available for ecotoxicological assessment of marine contaminants
Wu, R.S.S.; Lam, P.K.S.; Zhou, B.S. 1997. Effects of two oil dispersants on phototaxis and swimming behaviour of barnacle larvae. Hydrobiologia, 352 9-16. ISSN: 0018-8158. doi:10.1023/A:1003024500609.
Abstract
The effects of two oil dispersants (Vecom B-1425 GL and Norchem OSD-570) mixed with diesel oil on the survival and behaviour of the stage II nauplii of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite were investigated. The 24 and 48-hour LC50 values for Vecom B-1425 GL:diesel mixture were 514 and 48 mg l-1 respectively, while respective values for Norchem OSD-570:diesel mixture were 505 and 71 mg l-1. Under sublethal concentrations, increased levels of the dispersant:diesel mixtures caused a reduction in phototactic responses. Balanus amphitritenauplii failed to exhibit phototactic responses when exposed to Vecom B-1425 GL:diesel mixtures of 400 mg l-1 and higher for 24 hours. A longer exposure time of 48 hours further reduced the Lowest Observable Effect Concentrations(LOECs) to 60 mg l-1. The LOECs for Norchem OSD-570:diesel mixtures under exposure periods of 24 and 48 hours were 400and 80 mgl-1 respectively. The curvilinear velocities (VCL) and straight-line velocities (VSL) of the stage II nauplii ranged from 0.7–1.1 and 0.2-0.4 mms-1 respectively. Increased concentrations of dispersant:diesel mixtures caused a significant change in the curvilinear and straight-line velocities. Both oil dispersants, dispersant:diesel mixtures of 20 to 40 mgl-1 caused significant increases in VCL, but no significant change in VSL. Dispersant:diesel mixtures of 100 mg l-1 and higher resulted in a reduction in VSL for both dispersants
© Springer, 1997. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business MediaThe effects of two oil dispersants (Vecom B-1425 GL and Norchem OSD-570) mixed with diesel oil on the survival and behaviour of the stage II nauplii of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite were investigated. The 24 and 48-hour LC50 values for Vecom B-1425 GL:diesel mixture were 514 and 48 mg l-1 respectively, while respective values for Norchem OSD-570:diesel mixture were 505 and 71 mg l-1. Under sublethal concentrations, increased levels of the dispersant:diesel mixtures caused a reduction in phototactic responses. Balanus amphitritenauplii failed to exhibit phototactic responses when exposed to Vecom B-1425 GL:diesel mixtures of 400 mg l-1 and higher for 24 hours. A longer exposure time of 48 hours further reduced the Lowest Observable Effect Concentrations(LOECs) to 60 mg l-1. The LOECs for Norchem OSD-570:diesel mixtures under exposure periods of 24 and 48 hours were 400and 80 mgl-1 respectively. The curvilinear velocities (VCL) and straight-line velocities (VSL) of the stage II nauplii ranged from 0.7–1.1 and 0.2-0.4 mms-1 respectively. Increased concentrations of dispersant:diesel mixtures caused a significant change in the curvilinear and straight-line velocities. Both oil dispersants, dispersant:diesel mixtures of 20 to 40 mgl-1 caused significant increases in VCL, but no significant change in VSL. Dispersant:diesel mixtures of 100 mg l-1 and higher resulted in a reduction in VSL for both dispersants
Wunderlich, M. 1985. Measures for combating oil pollution at coast and sea in the Federal Republic of Germany. In Proceedings: 1985 Oil Spill Conference, (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 25-28, 1985, Los Angeles, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 650.
Wyers, S.C. et al. 1986. Behavioural effects of chemically dispersed oil and subsequent recovery in Diploria strigosa (Dana). Marine Ecology, 7 (1): 23-42. ISSN: 0173-9565.
Abstract
A flow-through laboratory procedure was used to simulate a major, short-term oil spill in a shallow subtidal benthic reef environment. For these experiments, Arabian Light crude was chemically dispersed with Corexit 9527 or BP100 WD at 1-20 ppm concentrations. The hermatypic coral Diploria strigosa was used to study survival and behavior during 6-24 h exposures and a recovery period of 4 weeks. Temporary, sublethal effects occurred in corals when exposed to the highest concentrations. After 24 hours, limited mesenterial filament extrusion, tissue contraction, tentacle retraction and localized tissue rupture were observed to the organisms exposed to 20 ppm concentrations of dispersed oil. Long-term viability was not thought to be a potential impact, since colony recovery showed normal behavior returning after 2 to 4 days after exposures
A flow-through laboratory procedure was used to simulate a major, short-term oil spill in a shallow subtidal benthic reef environment. For these experiments, Arabian Light crude was chemically dispersed with Corexit 9527 or BP100 WD at 1-20 ppm concentrations. The hermatypic coral Diploria strigosa was used to study survival and behavior during 6-24 h exposures and a recovery period of 4 weeks. Temporary, sublethal effects occurred in corals when exposed to the highest concentrations. After 24 hours, limited mesenterial filament extrusion, tissue contraction, tentacle retraction and localized tissue rupture were observed to the organisms exposed to 20 ppm concentrations of dispersed oil. Long-term viability was not thought to be a potential impact, since colony recovery showed normal behavior returning after 2 to 4 days after exposures
Yakata, N.; Sudo, Y.; Tadokoro, H. 2006. Influence of dispersants on bioconcentration factors of seven organic compounds with different lipophilicities and structures. Chemosphere, 64 (11): 1885-1891. ISSN: 0045-6535. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.044.
Abstract
Seven compounds with different lipophilicities and structures—1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, acenaphthylene, 1,4-dimethyl-2-(1-methylphenyl)benzene, 4-ethylbiphenyl, 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane—were subjected to bioconcentration tests in carp at concentrations below the water solubilities of the compounds in the presence or absence of a dispersant (either an organic solvent or a surfactant). The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the compounds were on the order of 102–104. The BCF values remained in the range of 15–49% for all the compounds, whether or not a dispersant was present, i.e., the BCF values in the presence of an organic solvent or a surfactant at a concentration below the critical micelle concentration were not significantly smaller than the BCF values in the absence of the solvent or surfactant. This result indicates that the dispersants had no influence on the evaluation of the bioconcentration potential of these test substances
Reprinted from Chemosphere, Volume 64, N. Yakata, Y. Sudo and H. Tadokoro, Copyright 2006, with permission from ElsevierSeven compounds with different lipophilicities and structures—1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, acenaphthylene, 1,4-dimethyl-2-(1-methylphenyl)benzene, 4-ethylbiphenyl, 4,4′-dibromobiphenyl, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane—were subjected to bioconcentration tests in carp at concentrations below the water solubilities of the compounds in the presence or absence of a dispersant (either an organic solvent or a surfactant). The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of the compounds were on the order of 102–104. The BCF values remained in the range of 15–49% for all the compounds, whether or not a dispersant was present, i.e., the BCF values in the presence of an organic solvent or a surfactant at a concentration below the critical micelle concentration were not significantly smaller than the BCF values in the absence of the solvent or surfactant. This result indicates that the dispersants had no influence on the evaluation of the bioconcentration potential of these test substances
Yamada, M. et al. 2003. Study on the fate of petroleum-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the effect of chemical dispersant using an enclosed ecosystem, mesocosm. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 47 (1-6): 105-113. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00102-4.
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the components found in oil and are of interest because some are toxic. We studied the environmental fate of PAHs and the effects of chemical dispersants using experimental 500 l mesocosm tanks that mimic natural ecosystems. The tanks were filled with seawater spiked with the water-soluble fraction of heavy residual oil. Water samples and settling particles in the tanks were collected periodically and 38 PAH compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs with less than three benzene rings disappeared rapidly, mostly within 2 days. On the other hand, high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs with more than four benzene rings remained in the water column for a longer time, up to 9 days. Also, significant portions (10–94%) of HMW PAHs settled to the bottom and were caught in the sediment trap. The addition of chemical dispersant accelerated dissolution and biodegradation of PAHs, especially HMW PAHs. The dispersant amplified the amounts of PAHs found in the water column. The amplification was the greater for the more hydrophobic PAHs, with an enrichment factor of up to six times. The increased PAHs resulting from dispersant use overwhelmed the normal degradation and, as a result, higher concentrations of PAHs were observed in water column throughout the experimental period. We conclude that the addition of the dispersant could increase the concentration of water column PAHs and thus increase the exposure and potential toxicity for organisms in the natural environment. By making more hydrocarbon material available to the water column, the application of dispersant reduced the settling of PAHs. For the tank with dispersant, only 6% of chrysene initially introduced was detected in the sediment trap whereas 70% was found in the trap in the tank without dispersant
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 47, M. Yamada, H. Takada, K. Toyoda, A. Yoshida, A. Shibata, H. Nomura, M. Wada, M. Nishimura, K. Okamoto and K. Ohwada, Copyright 2003, with permission from ElsevierPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the components found in oil and are of interest because some are toxic. We studied the environmental fate of PAHs and the effects of chemical dispersants using experimental 500 l mesocosm tanks that mimic natural ecosystems. The tanks were filled with seawater spiked with the water-soluble fraction of heavy residual oil. Water samples and settling particles in the tanks were collected periodically and 38 PAH compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs with less than three benzene rings disappeared rapidly, mostly within 2 days. On the other hand, high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs with more than four benzene rings remained in the water column for a longer time, up to 9 days. Also, significant portions (10–94%) of HMW PAHs settled to the bottom and were caught in the sediment trap. The addition of chemical dispersant accelerated dissolution and biodegradation of PAHs, especially HMW PAHs. The dispersant amplified the amounts of PAHs found in the water column. The amplification was the greater for the more hydrophobic PAHs, with an enrichment factor of up to six times. The increased PAHs resulting from dispersant use overwhelmed the normal degradation and, as a result, higher concentrations of PAHs were observed in water column throughout the experimental period. We conclude that the addition of the dispersant could increase the concentration of water column PAHs and thus increase the exposure and potential toxicity for organisms in the natural environment. By making more hydrocarbon material available to the water column, the application of dispersant reduced the settling of PAHs. For the tank with dispersant, only 6% of chrysene initially introduced was detected in the sediment trap whereas 70% was found in the trap in the tank without dispersant
Yang, L.; Chen, L.S.; Li, C.F. 2000. Biological cleanup of oil spills on sandy beaches by land farming techniques. Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills, Modelling, Analysis, and Control II, Boston, Ma: Computational Mechanics. pp. 165-175. ISBN: 1853128287.
Yoshida, A. et al. 2006. Microbial responses using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to oil and chemical dispersant in enclosed ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52 (1): 89-95. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.08.015.
Abstract
Microbial responses to the addition of oil with or without a chemical dispersant were examined in mesocosm and microcosm experiments by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of bacterial ribosomal DNA and direct cell counting. When a water-soluble fraction of oil was added to seawater, increases in cell density were observed in the first 24 h, followed by a decrease in abundance and a change in bacterial species composition. After addition of an oil–dispersant mixture, increases in cell density and changes in community structure coincided, and the amount of bacteria remained high. These phenomena also occurred in response to addition of only dispersant. Our results suggest that the chemical dispersant may be used as a nutrient source by some bacterial groups and may directly or indirectly prevent the growth of other bacterial groups
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 52, A. Yoshida, H. Nomura, K. Toyoda, T. Nishino, Y. Seo, M. Yamada, M. Nishimura, M. Wada, K. Okamoto, A. Shibata, H. Takada, K. Kogure and K. Ohwada, Copyright 2006, with permission from ElsevierMicrobial responses to the addition of oil with or without a chemical dispersant were examined in mesocosm and microcosm experiments by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of bacterial ribosomal DNA and direct cell counting. When a water-soluble fraction of oil was added to seawater, increases in cell density were observed in the first 24 h, followed by a decrease in abundance and a change in bacterial species composition. After addition of an oil–dispersant mixture, increases in cell density and changes in community structure coincided, and the amount of bacteria remained high. These phenomena also occurred in response to addition of only dispersant. Our results suggest that the chemical dispersant may be used as a nutrient source by some bacterial groups and may directly or indirectly prevent the growth of other bacterial groups
Zachleder, V.; Tukaj, Z. 1993. Effect of fuel oil and dispersant on cell cycle and macromolecular synthesis in the chlorococcal alga Scenedesmus armatus. Marine Biology, 117 (2): 347-354. ISSN: 0025-3162. doi:10.1007/BF00345680.
Abstract
Growth and reproductive processes in synchronous cultures of the alga Scenedesmus armatus (isolated from Baltic phytoplankton) were followed in the presence of various concentrations of dispersant DP-105, oil, and mixtures of oil and dispersant. The inhibition of protoplast fission was the most prominent effect of oil. Nuclear division was inhibited to a lesser extent. With an increasing concentration of oil, dispersant, or a mixture of both, the inhibitory effects were expressed earlier. The presence of oil compounds did not effect the timing of DNA replication, but it did reduce the number of replication rounds in a concentration dependent manner. The inhibition of DNA synthesis was accompanied by slightly delayed cessation of RNA and protein synthesis. Starch synthesis was always inhibited to a lesser extent, and at a later time, than other macromolecular syntheses. Pigment synthesis continued almost to the end of the cell cycle. Thereafter, a rapid degradation of all pigments began and the cells became bleached. No inhibitory effect on reproductive processes was found if oil or dispersant were added to cultures transferred into darkness. Furthermore, recovery from inhibition of reproductive processes caused by oil in continuously illuminated cultures was observed in darkened cells. Chemically dispersed fuel oil was only slightly more toxic than mechanically dispersed fuel oil; an additive, rather than synergistic, effect of oil/dispersant mixture was found
© Springer, 1993. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business MediaGrowth and reproductive processes in synchronous cultures of the alga Scenedesmus armatus (isolated from Baltic phytoplankton) were followed in the presence of various concentrations of dispersant DP-105, oil, and mixtures of oil and dispersant. The inhibition of protoplast fission was the most prominent effect of oil. Nuclear division was inhibited to a lesser extent. With an increasing concentration of oil, dispersant, or a mixture of both, the inhibitory effects were expressed earlier. The presence of oil compounds did not effect the timing of DNA replication, but it did reduce the number of replication rounds in a concentration dependent manner. The inhibition of DNA synthesis was accompanied by slightly delayed cessation of RNA and protein synthesis. Starch synthesis was always inhibited to a lesser extent, and at a later time, than other macromolecular syntheses. Pigment synthesis continued almost to the end of the cell cycle. Thereafter, a rapid degradation of all pigments began and the cells became bleached. No inhibitory effect on reproductive processes was found if oil or dispersant were added to cultures transferred into darkness. Furthermore, recovery from inhibition of reproductive processes caused by oil in continuously illuminated cultures was observed in darkened cells. Chemically dispersed fuel oil was only slightly more toxic than mechanically dispersed fuel oil; an additive, rather than synergistic, effect of oil/dispersant mixture was found
Zawadzki, D.; Stieb, J.D.; McGee, Jr., S. 1987. Considerations for dispersant use: tank vessel Puerto Rican incident. In Proceedings: 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), April 6-9, 1987, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 341-345.
Abstract
The tank vessel Puerto Rican broke into two sections on November 3, 1984, following explosions and fires which had begun three days earlier. Approximately 30,000 barrels of lube oil and lube oil additives were released 32 miles west-southwest of the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California. After careful consideration of the possible effects on the environment of the application of dispersants, the U.S. Coast Guard On-Scene Coordinator requested and received authorization from the Regional Response Team to use Corexit 9527 for chemically dispersing the spilled oil. This was the first authorized use of dispersants on a major oil spill in the United States
© 1987 with permission from APIThe tank vessel Puerto Rican broke into two sections on November 3, 1984, following explosions and fires which had begun three days earlier. Approximately 30,000 barrels of lube oil and lube oil additives were released 32 miles west-southwest of the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California. After careful consideration of the possible effects on the environment of the application of dispersants, the U.S. Coast Guard On-Scene Coordinator requested and received authorization from the Regional Response Team to use Corexit 9527 for chemically dispersing the spilled oil. This was the first authorized use of dispersants on a major oil spill in the United States
Zeeck, E. et al. 1984. Experimental investigations about effects of crude oil and dispersed crude oil in tidal flat environments: IV. Bacterial oil degradation as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 16 (1-6): 57-68. ISSN: 0080-889X.
Abstract
Seven strains of oil degrading bacteria were observed to determine the influence of Finasol OSR-5 on bacterial growth. With the exception of one species, no bacterial growth was observed when Finasol was the only C-donator in the culture medium. Finasol/crude oil (1:10) presence resulted in no bacterial growth for four of the seven strains, though development was robust when crude oil alone was used. Of the three strains that showed growth, amount of growth was inhibited by Finasol, compared to growth in the presence of crude oil alone
Seven strains of oil degrading bacteria were observed to determine the influence of Finasol OSR-5 on bacterial growth. With the exception of one species, no bacterial growth was observed when Finasol was the only C-donator in the culture medium. Finasol/crude oil (1:10) presence resulted in no bacterial growth for four of the seven strains, though development was robust when crude oil alone was used. Of the three strains that showed growth, amount of growth was inhibited by Finasol, compared to growth in the presence of crude oil alone
Zillich, J. 1969. A Biological Evaluation of Six Chemicals Used to Disperse Oil Spills, Lansing, Mi: Michigan Water Resources Commission. 10p.
Zillioux, E.J.; Foulk, H.R.; Prager, J.C.; Cardin, J.A. 1973. Using Artemia to assay oil dispersant toxicities. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 45 (11): 2389-2396. ISSN: 0043-1303.
Abstract
Investigators established criteria for saltwater bioassays of oil dispersants. Criteria were then used in tests of nauplii of brine shrimp to compare results of 48 hour TL50 values for six dispersants with results of tests using sodium dodecyl sulfate. Methodological factors and variations potentially affecting results are discussed
Investigators established criteria for saltwater bioassays of oil dispersants. Criteria were then used in tests of nauplii of brine shrimp to compare results of 48 hour TL50 values for six dispersants with results of tests using sodium dodecyl sulfate. Methodological factors and variations potentially affecting results are discussed
Zitko, V.; Carson, W.G. 1969. Bunker C Oil: Dispersability in Water by Corexit and XZIT at Different Temperatures, St. Andrew’s, N.B: Fisheries Research Board of Canada, FRB Biological Station. (no page information available).
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Quarterly Issues
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Compilations
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- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
Taylor, Susan. 0.45- to 1.1-æm spectra of Prudhoe crude oil and of beach materials in Prince William Sound, Alaska, [Hanover, NJ]. US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory: 1992;
Volume Special Report (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory) (92-5): 14 p..
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.