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The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
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The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
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In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
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The LUMCON Library is available as an internship site for graduate-level students who have completed at least two semesters toward a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science. Applications will be accepted on a continuing basis and internships may be completed during any semester. Prior library experience or an undergraduate degree in science is desirable, but not necessary. Credits will be awarded based on the number of person-hours completed (40 person-hours per credit hour).
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Contact the Librarian for more information or to apply for an internship.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
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- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
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The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
Boehm, P.D. et al. 1985. Comparative fate of chemically dispersed and untreated oil in the Arctic: Baffin Island Oil Spill studies 1980-1983. In Proceedings: 1985 Oil Spill Conference, (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 25-28, 1985, Los Angeles, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 561-569.
Abstract
Two experimental oil spill studies designed to assess the comparative short and long term fates and effects of chemically dispersed and untreated nearshore discharges in the Arctic were undertaken as part of the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project. The fates of oil in the water column, in subtidal and beach sediments, and in five species of filter- and deposit-feeding animals were investigated. Analytical results indicate that the discharge of the chemically dispersed oil caused a large but short-lived chemical impact on the water column (up to 50 ppm), a significant initial bioaccumulation of oil, and little sediment impact. In contrast, the untreated oil, allowed to beach, did not have a significant water column impact, but did result in a large scale landfall, continual long term erosion of oil off the beach, and increasing oil levels in subtidal sediments and deposit-feeding animals
© 1985 with permission from APITwo experimental oil spill studies designed to assess the comparative short and long term fates and effects of chemically dispersed and untreated nearshore discharges in the Arctic were undertaken as part of the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project. The fates of oil in the water column, in subtidal and beach sediments, and in five species of filter- and deposit-feeding animals were investigated. Analytical results indicate that the discharge of the chemically dispersed oil caused a large but short-lived chemical impact on the water column (up to 50 ppm), a significant initial bioaccumulation of oil, and little sediment impact. In contrast, the untreated oil, allowed to beach, did not have a significant water column impact, but did result in a large scale landfall, continual long term erosion of oil off the beach, and increasing oil levels in subtidal sediments and deposit-feeding animals
Boehm, P.D. et al. 1987. Comparative fate of chemically dispersed and beached crude oil in subtidal sediments of the arctic nearshore. Arctic, 40 (Suppl. 1): 133-148. ISSN: 0004-0843. URL
Abstract
A three-year investigation was conducted to examine the incorporation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) into subtidal sediments following experimental releases of oil during the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project experiments. The concentrations of PHC were determined by synchronous scanning UV/Fluorescence spectroscopy, while the composition of residual saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. A pre-spill sampling and four post-spill samplings (one day, two weeks, one year and two years after the release) were conducted in each test bay. After the surface release and beaching of non-dispersant treated oil (Bay 11), accumulation of PHC at levels of 1-10 µg·g-1 was noted in subtidal sediments within two weeks. Concentrations steadily increased over the ensuing two years, so that two years after the release, up to 10% of the originally beached oil was present in subtidal sediments. Concentrations of up to 400 µg·g-1 were detected in the shallow offshore sediments. All oil residues in surface sediment appeared to be confined to the top 0-2 cm of the sediment column. The eroding oil from the Bay 11 beach was compositionally quite heterogeneous, with weathered, biodegraded oil, as well as relatively unweathered oil, found on the beach and in the offshore sediments. Biodegradation of oil appeared to be restricted to the beached oil, with no significant degradation apparently occurring subtidally. After two years, the offshore oil residues still contanined low molecular weight alkanes as well as alkylated naphthalenes. The situation in Bay 9, where chemically dispersed oil was discharged near the bottom, was quite different. In spite of a large water column exposure, the bottom sediments never contained more than 10 µg·g-1 of oil. Of this amount of oil, a significant fraction (20%) of the PHC was initially associated with the surface flocculent layer. Levels of oil in the Bay 9 sediments were on the order of 1-3 µg·g-1 one year after the release. Sediment PHC levels in the other less exposed bays (Bays 10 and 7) never exceeded 3 µg·g-1
© 1987, Reprinted with permission from the Arctic Institute of North AmericaA three-year investigation was conducted to examine the incorporation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) into subtidal sediments following experimental releases of oil during the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project experiments. The concentrations of PHC were determined by synchronous scanning UV/Fluorescence spectroscopy, while the composition of residual saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatographic mass spectrometry. A pre-spill sampling and four post-spill samplings (one day, two weeks, one year and two years after the release) were conducted in each test bay. After the surface release and beaching of non-dispersant treated oil (Bay 11), accumulation of PHC at levels of 1-10 µg·g-1 was noted in subtidal sediments within two weeks. Concentrations steadily increased over the ensuing two years, so that two years after the release, up to 10% of the originally beached oil was present in subtidal sediments. Concentrations of up to 400 µg·g-1 were detected in the shallow offshore sediments. All oil residues in surface sediment appeared to be confined to the top 0-2 cm of the sediment column. The eroding oil from the Bay 11 beach was compositionally quite heterogeneous, with weathered, biodegraded oil, as well as relatively unweathered oil, found on the beach and in the offshore sediments. Biodegradation of oil appeared to be restricted to the beached oil, with no significant degradation apparently occurring subtidally. After two years, the offshore oil residues still contanined low molecular weight alkanes as well as alkylated naphthalenes. The situation in Bay 9, where chemically dispersed oil was discharged near the bottom, was quite different. In spite of a large water column exposure, the bottom sediments never contained more than 10 µg·g-1 of oil. Of this amount of oil, a significant fraction (20%) of the PHC was initially associated with the surface flocculent layer. Levels of oil in the Bay 9 sediments were on the order of 1-3 µg·g-1 one year after the release. Sediment PHC levels in the other less exposed bays (Bays 10 and 7) never exceeded 3 µg·g-1
Boney, A.D. 1970. Toxicity studies with an oil-spill emulsifier and the green alga Prasinocladus marinus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 50 (2): 461-473. ISSN: 0025-2154.
Abstract
Cyst phases of the green alga Prasinocladus marinus (Cienk.) Waern. [Order Pyramimonadales; Class Prasinophyceae] have been used in an investigation of the toxic properties of an oil-spill emulsifier BP 1002, and of its solvent and surfactant fractions. Various aspects of a rejuvenation process (e.g. reappearance of chloroplast and pigments; formation of pyrenoids and starch sheath; onset of cell division and liberation of motile cells) have all been utilized as a means of assay in addition to observations on cell viability. The 'aged' cysts were more tolerant of all types of toxic agents than were the young non-motile cells. The surfactant fractions were more toxic when used alone, and the solvent fraction alone more toxic than the compounded BP 1002. The application of any of the toxic agents at low temperature (4 °C) resulted in a marked reduction in their effects at high concentrations (e.g. 500 ppm) although rapid changes in cell condition (chloroplasts, pyrenoids) were observed. The toxic effect was appreciably increased with both 'aged' and 'young' cells when accompanied by a lowering in salinity. Aeration of the toxic solutions caused a significant lowering of toxicity with both BP 1002 and the solvent fraction. Chloroplast pigment regeneration in 'recovering' cysts was a sensitive means of assaying toxic effects
© Cambridge University Press, 1970Cyst phases of the green alga Prasinocladus marinus (Cienk.) Waern. [Order Pyramimonadales; Class Prasinophyceae] have been used in an investigation of the toxic properties of an oil-spill emulsifier BP 1002, and of its solvent and surfactant fractions. Various aspects of a rejuvenation process (e.g. reappearance of chloroplast and pigments; formation of pyrenoids and starch sheath; onset of cell division and liberation of motile cells) have all been utilized as a means of assay in addition to observations on cell viability. The 'aged' cysts were more tolerant of all types of toxic agents than were the young non-motile cells. The surfactant fractions were more toxic when used alone, and the solvent fraction alone more toxic than the compounded BP 1002. The application of any of the toxic agents at low temperature (4 °C) resulted in a marked reduction in their effects at high concentrations (e.g. 500 ppm) although rapid changes in cell condition (chloroplasts, pyrenoids) were observed. The toxic effect was appreciably increased with both 'aged' and 'young' cells when accompanied by a lowering in salinity. Aeration of the toxic solutions caused a significant lowering of toxicity with both BP 1002 and the solvent fraction. Chloroplast pigment regeneration in 'recovering' cysts was a sensitive means of assaying toxic effects
Boney, A.D. 1968. Experiments with some detergents and certain intertidal algae. The Biological Effects of Oil Pollution on Littoral Communities: Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Orielton Field Centre, Pembroke, Wales, on 17th, 18th and 19th February 1968. Field Studies, 2(Suppl.), London: Field Studies Council. pp. 55-72.
Bonn Agreement. 1988. Position Paper on Dispersants, London: Bonn Agreement. 23p. ISBN: 1870992008.
Bonner, J.; Page, C.; Fuller, C. 2003. Meso-scale testing and development of test procedures to maintain mass balance. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 47 (9-12): 406-414. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00201-7.
Abstract
The Conrad Blucher Institute for Surveying and Science (Texas A&M University––Corpus Christi) has conducted numerous petroleum experiments at the Shoreline Environmental Research Facility (Corpus Christi, Texas, USA). The meso-scale facility has multiple wave tanks, permitting some control in experimental design of the investigations, but allowing for real-world conditions. This paper outlines the evolution of a materials balance approach in conducting petroleum experiments at the facility. The first attempt at a materials balance was during a 1998 study on the fate/effects of dispersant use on crude oil. Both water column and beach sediment samples were collected. For the materials balance, the defined environmental compartments for oil accumulation were sediments, water column, and the water surface, while the discharge from the tanks was presumed to be the primary sink. The “lessons learned” included a need to quantify oil adhesion to the tank surfaces. This was resolved by adhering strips of the polymer tank lining to the tank sides that could be later removed and extracted for oil. Also, a protocol was needed to quantify any floating oil on the water surface. A water surface (oil slick) quantification protocol was developed, involving the use of solid-phase extraction disks. This protocol was first tested during a shoreline cleaner experiment, and later refined in subsequent dispersant effectiveness studies. The effectiveness tests were designed to simulate shallow embayments which created the need for additional adjustments in the tanks. Since dispersant efficacy is largely affected by hydrodynamics, it was necessary to scale the hydrodynamic conditions of the tanks to those expected in our prototype system (Corpus Christi Bay, Texas). The use of a scaled model permits the experiment to be reproduced and/or evaluated under different conditions. To minimize wave reflection in the tank, a parabolic wave dissipater was built. In terms of materials balance, this design reduced available surface area as a sink for oil adsorption
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 47, J. Bonner, C. Page, C. Fuller, Copyright 2003, with permission from ElsevierThe Conrad Blucher Institute for Surveying and Science (Texas A&M University––Corpus Christi) has conducted numerous petroleum experiments at the Shoreline Environmental Research Facility (Corpus Christi, Texas, USA). The meso-scale facility has multiple wave tanks, permitting some control in experimental design of the investigations, but allowing for real-world conditions. This paper outlines the evolution of a materials balance approach in conducting petroleum experiments at the facility. The first attempt at a materials balance was during a 1998 study on the fate/effects of dispersant use on crude oil. Both water column and beach sediment samples were collected. For the materials balance, the defined environmental compartments for oil accumulation were sediments, water column, and the water surface, while the discharge from the tanks was presumed to be the primary sink. The “lessons learned” included a need to quantify oil adhesion to the tank surfaces. This was resolved by adhering strips of the polymer tank lining to the tank sides that could be later removed and extracted for oil. Also, a protocol was needed to quantify any floating oil on the water surface. A water surface (oil slick) quantification protocol was developed, involving the use of solid-phase extraction disks. This protocol was first tested during a shoreline cleaner experiment, and later refined in subsequent dispersant effectiveness studies. The effectiveness tests were designed to simulate shallow embayments which created the need for additional adjustments in the tanks. Since dispersant efficacy is largely affected by hydrodynamics, it was necessary to scale the hydrodynamic conditions of the tanks to those expected in our prototype system (Corpus Christi Bay, Texas). The use of a scaled model permits the experiment to be reproduced and/or evaluated under different conditions. To minimize wave reflection in the tank, a parabolic wave dissipater was built. In terms of materials balance, this design reduced available surface area as a sink for oil adsorption
Borst, M.; Smith, G.F. 1981. Dispersant Application System for the U.S. Coast Guard 32-Foot WPB (Waterways Patrol Boat): Final Report, Leonardo, N.J: Mason and Hanger-Silas Mason Co., Inc. 32p..
Bostrom, A.; Fischbeck, P.; Kucklick, J.H.; Walker, A.H. 1995. A Mental Models Approach for Preparing Summary Reports on Ecological Issues Related to Dispersant Use, Washington, D.C: Marine Spill Response Corporation. 28p.
Bostrom, A.; Fischbeck, P.; Kucklik, J.H.; Pond, R.; Walker, A.H. 1997. Ecological Issues in Dispersant Use: Decision-Makers Perceptions and Information Needs, Atlanta, Ga: School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology. 86p.
Bowler, B. 1984. Dispersants Influence on Evaporation and Dissolution of Oil on Seawater, Trondheim, Norway: Institutt for Kontinentalsokkelundersøkelser. 27p.
Abstract
Using the McKay method, dispersants were used to determine what, if any, effect they have on how C1-C10 hydrocarbons found in oil on the water surface distributes to air and water phases. Research focused on time of distribution after oil/oil and dispersants were added to differing water samples. Statfjord and Ekofisk crude oils were used in these experiments
Using the McKay method, dispersants were used to determine what, if any, effect they have on how C1-C10 hydrocarbons found in oil on the water surface distributes to air and water phases. Research focused on time of distribution after oil/oil and dispersants were added to differing water samples. Statfjord and Ekofisk crude oils were used in these experiments
Bowler, B. 1985. Laboratory Studies on the Effect of Oil Dispersant on Evaporation and Dissolution, Trondheim, Norway: Institutt for Kontinentalsokkelundersøkelser. 79p.
Boyd, J.N.; Scholz, D.; Walker, A.H. 2001. Effects of oil and chemically dispersed oil in the environment. In 2001 International Oil Spill Conference: Global Strategies for Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: March 26-29, 2001, Tampa Convention Center, Tampa, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 1213-1216. URL
Abstract
This paper describes the last phase of a project sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute (API). Using risk communication methodologies, this project was designed to produce three dispersant issue papers as unbiased reference sources that present technical information and study results in non-scientific language for the layman. The third issue paper, currently in press, was designed to provide the decision-maker and layman with an understanding of how spilled oil and chemically dispersed oil affect resources in the environment. Synopses of key sections of this paper are presented here. Understanding exposure and effects is a complex task. Exposure to oil alone can cause a variety of adverse effects, including slowed growth, reduced reproduction, and death. Adding dispersants to spilled oil will change the way resources are affected. Today’s dispersants are mixtures of solvents and surfactants and, although they can be toxic, are less dangerous than the dispersant products used in the 1960s and 1970s. How the addition of chemical dispersants to spilled oil will change the way resources are impacted has been a difficult question to answer. Decision makers need to understand several concepts to evaluate how different resources will be affected by oil and chemically dispersed oil during a spill. These include understanding toxicity, what the different routes of exposure are for an organism, how resources from different areas (e.g., water column, water surface, bottom dwelling, or intertidal areas) typically are affected by oil exposure, and how the addition of chemical dispersants changes their exposure to oil. These topics are addressed in this paper
© 2001 with permission from APIThis paper describes the last phase of a project sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute (API). Using risk communication methodologies, this project was designed to produce three dispersant issue papers as unbiased reference sources that present technical information and study results in non-scientific language for the layman. The third issue paper, currently in press, was designed to provide the decision-maker and layman with an understanding of how spilled oil and chemically dispersed oil affect resources in the environment. Synopses of key sections of this paper are presented here. Understanding exposure and effects is a complex task. Exposure to oil alone can cause a variety of adverse effects, including slowed growth, reduced reproduction, and death. Adding dispersants to spilled oil will change the way resources are affected. Today’s dispersants are mixtures of solvents and surfactants and, although they can be toxic, are less dangerous than the dispersant products used in the 1960s and 1970s. How the addition of chemical dispersants to spilled oil will change the way resources are impacted has been a difficult question to answer. Decision makers need to understand several concepts to evaluate how different resources will be affected by oil and chemically dispersed oil during a spill. These include understanding toxicity, what the different routes of exposure are for an organism, how resources from different areas (e.g., water column, water surface, bottom dwelling, or intertidal areas) typically are affected by oil exposure, and how the addition of chemical dispersants changes their exposure to oil. These topics are addressed in this paper
Boyd, J.N. et al. 2001. Effects of Oil and Chemically Dispersed Oil in the Environment, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. 50p. URL
Brady, B.A. 2002. Oil Spill Dispersants and Temperate Marine Environments: A Literature Review to Support Development of Dispersant Use Protocols for Victoria: Report to Marine Safety Victoria, Queenscliff, Vic: Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute. 86 leaves. ISBN: 1741062926.
Bragin, G.E.; Clark, J.B.; Pace, C.B. 1994. Comparison of Physically and Chemically Dispersed Crude Oil Toxicity Under Continuous and Spiked Exposure Scenarios, Washington, D.C: Marine Response Spill Corporation, Research & Development. 28p.
Bragin, G.E.; Coelho, G.; Febbo, E.; Clark, J.B.; Aurand, D. 1999. Coastal oilspill simulation system comparison of oil and chemically dispersed oil released in near-shore environments: biological effects. In Proceedings: Twenty-Second Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 2 to 4, 1999, Westin Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 671-683.
Abstract
An investigation of crude oil and dispersed oil was undertaken at the Coastal Oil Spill Simulation System facility in Corpus Christi, Texas. This study encompassed topics such as the transport, fate, and environmental effects of a nearshore spill either untreated or dispersed with Corexit® 9500. Biological effects of a nearshore treatment were determined using caged organisms from different parts of the coastal zone, including intertidal (oysters, shrimp, fish), infaunal (polychaetes), and shoreline (snails and fiddler crabs). Differences in response to types of spill were not observed, but other environmental factors showed the potential benefits of dispersant use
An investigation of crude oil and dispersed oil was undertaken at the Coastal Oil Spill Simulation System facility in Corpus Christi, Texas. This study encompassed topics such as the transport, fate, and environmental effects of a nearshore spill either untreated or dispersed with Corexit® 9500. Biological effects of a nearshore treatment were determined using caged organisms from different parts of the coastal zone, including intertidal (oysters, shrimp, fish), infaunal (polychaetes), and shoreline (snails and fiddler crabs). Differences in response to types of spill were not observed, but other environmental factors showed the potential benefits of dispersant use
Brakstad, O.G.; Faksness, L.G. 2000. Biodegradation of water-accommodated fractions and dispersed oil in the seawater column. In Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production: SPE International Conference on Health Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production: Proceedings: 26-28 June, 2000, Stavanger Forum, Stavanger, Norway (CD-ROM), Richardson, Tx: Society of Petroleum Engineers. (no page information available).
Brandvik P.J.; Rainuzzo J.; Overrein I.; Bredesen J.; Crescenzi F. Testing of the EPS Biosurfactant Used as an Oil Spill Dispersant and as a Dispersant for Dietary Oils Used in Fish Farming, Trondheim, Norway: SINTEF. 64p..
Brandvik, P.J.; Daling, P.S. 1990. Statistical experimental design optimization of dispersant’s performance. In Proceedings: Thirteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 6-8, 1990, Chateau Lacombe, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 243-254. ISBN: 0662575350.
Brandvik, P.J.; Daling, P.S. 1992. Statistical Experimental Design in the Optimization of Dispersants Performance, Trondheim, Norway: Institutt for Kontinentalsokkelundersøkelser. 22p.
Abstract
The variation in performance of commercial dispersants is large. Furthermore, the performance of a specific dispersant can also show a large variation among different crudes and petroleum products. When a decision has been made to use dispersants in a given oil spill situation, it is crucial to select a dispersant that is formulated to give high effectiveness for the actual oil type. To enhance the optimization of the dispersant and to reduce the number of experiments needed for development of new products, statistical experimental design has been used together with multivariate analysis. This combined technique has proved to be very powerful in the optimization of dispersants. The optimized formulation has been effectively worked out for different surfactant combinations tested on a wide range of oil qualities. As a result, Continental Shelf Institute (IKU) has developed a new dispersant that is specially formulated for high effectiveness on weathered North Sea crudes. The optimization technique used is presented here together with the measured performance of the new dispersant on both fresh and weathered evaporated (or "topped"), photo-oxidized and water-in-oil emulsified crudes and petroleum products. The effectiveness of the new dispersant is also compared to commercial products
© CSA, 1990The variation in performance of commercial dispersants is large. Furthermore, the performance of a specific dispersant can also show a large variation among different crudes and petroleum products. When a decision has been made to use dispersants in a given oil spill situation, it is crucial to select a dispersant that is formulated to give high effectiveness for the actual oil type. To enhance the optimization of the dispersant and to reduce the number of experiments needed for development of new products, statistical experimental design has been used together with multivariate analysis. This combined technique has proved to be very powerful in the optimization of dispersants. The optimized formulation has been effectively worked out for different surfactant combinations tested on a wide range of oil qualities. As a result, Continental Shelf Institute (IKU) has developed a new dispersant that is specially formulated for high effectiveness on weathered North Sea crudes. The optimization technique used is presented here together with the measured performance of the new dispersant on both fresh and weathered evaporated (or "topped"), photo-oxidized and water-in-oil emulsified crudes and petroleum products. The effectiveness of the new dispersant is also compared to commercial products
Brandvik, P.J.; Moldestad, M.Ø.; Daling, P.S. 1992. Laboratory testing of dispersants under arctic conditions. In Proceedings, Fifteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 10-12, 1992, Westin Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Minister of Supply and Services Canada. pp. 123-134. ISBN: 0662590503.
Brandvik, P.J.; Daling, P.S.; Lewis, A.; Lunel, T. 1995. Measurements of dispersed oil concentrations by in-situ UV fluorescence during the Norwegian experimental oil spill with Sture blend. In Proceedings, Eighteenth Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, June 14-16, 1995, West Edmonton Mall Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 519-535.
Brandvik, P.J.; Knudsen, O.Ø.; Moldestad, M.Ø.; Daling, P.S. 1995. Laboratory testing of dispersants under arctic conditions. The Use of Chemicals in Oil Spill Response, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 191-206. ISBN: 0803119992.
Abstract
The effectiveness of relevant dispersants for use under "Arctic conditions" has been tested with the IFP dilution test. "Arctic conditions" in this context are defined as low temperature (0ºC) and water salinities varying between 0.5% and 3.5%. The study was performed in three steps with a screening activity first, where 14 dispersants were tested on water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions from two weathered oil types. In the next step five dispersants were tested on both weathered water free oils and w/o emulsions from four different oil types. As a third step, dispersant effectiveness as a function of salinity (0.5 to 3.5%) was tested with the most effective dispersants at high and low salinity. The results from this study shows that many of the most used dispersants which previously have shown an excellent effectiveness at high sea water salinity (3.5%) may give a very low effectiveness at low salinity (0.5%). Recently developed products especially designed for low salinity use (e.g. Inipol IPF) are very effective at low salinities, but suffer from a rather poor effectiveness at higher salinities. This is of significant operational importance in Arctic oil spill combat operations since the salinity of the surface water may vary due to ice melting. This study of dispersants' effectiveness under Arctic conditions shows the need for development of dispersants with high effectiveness both at low temperature (0ºC) and over a wide range of salinities (3.5% to 0.5%). Dispersant development has been a limited but important activity at IKU for the last five years and one of the objectives for an ongoing Arctic program at IKU is to develop such new dispersants for use under Arctic conditions
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalThe effectiveness of relevant dispersants for use under "Arctic conditions" has been tested with the IFP dilution test. "Arctic conditions" in this context are defined as low temperature (0ºC) and water salinities varying between 0.5% and 3.5%. The study was performed in three steps with a screening activity first, where 14 dispersants were tested on water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions from two weathered oil types. In the next step five dispersants were tested on both weathered water free oils and w/o emulsions from four different oil types. As a third step, dispersant effectiveness as a function of salinity (0.5 to 3.5%) was tested with the most effective dispersants at high and low salinity. The results from this study shows that many of the most used dispersants which previously have shown an excellent effectiveness at high sea water salinity (3.5%) may give a very low effectiveness at low salinity (0.5%). Recently developed products especially designed for low salinity use (e.g. Inipol IPF) are very effective at low salinities, but suffer from a rather poor effectiveness at higher salinities. This is of significant operational importance in Arctic oil spill combat operations since the salinity of the surface water may vary due to ice melting. This study of dispersants' effectiveness under Arctic conditions shows the need for development of dispersants with high effectiveness both at low temperature (0ºC) and over a wide range of salinities (3.5% to 0.5%). Dispersant development has been a limited but important activity at IKU for the last five years and one of the objectives for an ongoing Arctic program at IKU is to develop such new dispersants for use under Arctic conditions
Brandvik, P.J.; Lewis, A.; Daling, P.S.; Strøm-Kristiansen, T. 1997. On-land and offshore testing of a new helicopter bucket for dispersant application - response 3000D. In Proceedings: Twentieth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 11-13, 1997, Coast Plaza Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 499-519.
Brandvik, P.J. 1997. Optimisation of Oil Spill Dispersants on Weathered Oils. A New Approach Using Experimental Design and Multivariate Data Analysis, Trondheim, Norway: Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. 187p. ISBN: 8278610304.
Brandvik, P.J. 1998. Statistical simulation as an effective tool to evaluate and illustrate the advantage of experimental designs and response surface methods. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 42 (1-2): 51-61. ISSN: 0169-7439. doi:10.1016/S0169-7439(98)00008-2.
Abstract
Authors discuss the benefits of using statistical simulation as a time- and cost-saving procedure to traditional testing methods. In this paper, a statistical simulation was used to evaluate three experimental designs and their success in analyzing process variables of surfactants in an oil spill dispersant and a quality describing variable of dispersant effectiveness. Statistical simulation was found to be an effective method of evaluating and illustrating the benefits of using designed experiments
Authors discuss the benefits of using statistical simulation as a time- and cost-saving procedure to traditional testing methods. In this paper, a statistical simulation was used to evaluate three experimental designs and their success in analyzing process variables of surfactants in an oil spill dispersant and a quality describing variable of dispersant effectiveness. Statistical simulation was found to be an effective method of evaluating and illustrating the benefits of using designed experiments
Brandvik, P.J.; Daling, P.S. 1998. Optimisation of oil spill dispersant composition by mixture design and response surface methods. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 42 (1-2): 63-72. ISSN: 0169-7439. doi:10.1016/S0169-7439(98)00009-4.
Abstract
Oil spill dispersants are used to enhance the rate of natural dispersion of an oil spill at sea. Dispersants remove the oil slick from the sea surface and dilute the oil as small droplets in the water column. The large increase in the oil-water interface due to oil droplet formation increases the biodegradation of the oil by natural occurring micro-organisms. Mixture design (simplex-centroid) and response surface methods have in an earlier simulation study [P.J. Brandvik. Statistical simulation as an effective tool to evaluate and illustrate the advantage of experimental designs and response surface methods. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems (submitted for publication).] proved to be an effective tool to enhance optimisation of oil spill dispersant and to reduce the number of experiments needed for development of new products. This proposed multivariate method is representing a new approach within the development of oil spill dispersants. The main objective for the work presented in this paper was to verify the performance of this new approach within this area on real laboratory data. This combined technique using mixture design and response surface methods has been verified to be a powerful and cost reducing approach in dispersant optimisation. New dispersant formulations for both crude oils and bunker fuels have been formulated and verified by measurements to have high effectiveness
Reprinted from Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, Volume 42, P.J. Brandvik, P.S. Daling, Copyright 1998, with permission from ElsevierOil spill dispersants are used to enhance the rate of natural dispersion of an oil spill at sea. Dispersants remove the oil slick from the sea surface and dilute the oil as small droplets in the water column. The large increase in the oil-water interface due to oil droplet formation increases the biodegradation of the oil by natural occurring micro-organisms. Mixture design (simplex-centroid) and response surface methods have in an earlier simulation study [P.J. Brandvik. Statistical simulation as an effective tool to evaluate and illustrate the advantage of experimental designs and response surface methods. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems (submitted for publication).] proved to be an effective tool to enhance optimisation of oil spill dispersant and to reduce the number of experiments needed for development of new products. This proposed multivariate method is representing a new approach within the development of oil spill dispersants. The main objective for the work presented in this paper was to verify the performance of this new approach within this area on real laboratory data. This combined technique using mixture design and response surface methods has been verified to be a powerful and cost reducing approach in dispersant optimisation. New dispersant formulations for both crude oils and bunker fuels have been formulated and verified by measurements to have high effectiveness
Brandvik, P.J.; Daling, P.S. 1998. Optimising oil spill dispersants as a function of oil type and weathering degree: A multivariate approach using partial least squares (PLS). Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 42 (1-2): 73-91. ISSN: 0169-7439. doi:10.1016/S0169-7439(98)00006-9.
Abstract
This is last of three papers concerning multivariate optimisation of oil spill dispersants. Dispersants are used in oil spill response operations to enhance the natural dispersion of an oil slick at sea as small oil droplets in the water column. The first paper in this series proposes a multivariate approach for dispersant optimisation based on simulations with different experimental designs. The second paper verifies the usefulness of this approach using real laboratory data. This multivariate approach is based on designed experiments and response surface methods and represents a new approach within the dispersant development. The work described in this third paper shows how the PLS (Partial Least Squares) algorithm can be used to predict optimised dispersant composition as a function of oil type and degree of weathering. This is done by characterisation of the oil type and weathering degree by principal component analysis (PCA). Score values from the first and second principal component are used to select oil type and weathering degree for the calibration samples. Together with selected surfactants the score values are used as parameters for a new 25-1 fractional factorial design. The data from this factorial design are used as a calibration set for predicting optimal dispersant composition as a function of oil type and weathering degree. The experimental design used in this study (simplex-centroid for response surface modelling and fractional factorial design) combined with PLS modelling has made it possible to gain new basic knowledge concerning optimal dispersant composition for different oil types and degrees of weathering. The final optimised dispersant was verified to have a high effectiveness on a broad selection of oil types and a low toxicity. It also had the highest effectiveness and the lowest toxicity when compared to a selection of commercially available products
Reprinted from Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, Volume 42, P.J. Brandvik, P.S. Daling, Copyright 1998, with permission from ElsevierThis is last of three papers concerning multivariate optimisation of oil spill dispersants. Dispersants are used in oil spill response operations to enhance the natural dispersion of an oil slick at sea as small oil droplets in the water column. The first paper in this series proposes a multivariate approach for dispersant optimisation based on simulations with different experimental designs. The second paper verifies the usefulness of this approach using real laboratory data. This multivariate approach is based on designed experiments and response surface methods and represents a new approach within the dispersant development. The work described in this third paper shows how the PLS (Partial Least Squares) algorithm can be used to predict optimised dispersant composition as a function of oil type and degree of weathering. This is done by characterisation of the oil type and weathering degree by principal component analysis (PCA). Score values from the first and second principal component are used to select oil type and weathering degree for the calibration samples. Together with selected surfactants the score values are used as parameters for a new 25-1 fractional factorial design. The data from this factorial design are used as a calibration set for predicting optimal dispersant composition as a function of oil type and weathering degree. The experimental design used in this study (simplex-centroid for response surface modelling and fractional factorial design) combined with PLS modelling has made it possible to gain new basic knowledge concerning optimal dispersant composition for different oil types and degrees of weathering. The final optimised dispersant was verified to have a high effectiveness on a broad selection of oil types and a low toxicity. It also had the highest effectiveness and the lowest toxicity when compared to a selection of commercially available products
Brandvik, P.J.; Singsaas, I.; Daling, P.S. 2004. Oil spill R&D in Norwegian Arctic waters with special focus on large-scale oil weathering experiments. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2004 Conference, Trondheim, Norway (CD-ROM), Horten, Norway: Norwegian Oil Spill Control Association (NOSCA). 18p..
Brandvik, P.J. et al. 1991. Chemical Dispersability Testing of Fresh and Weathered Oils: An Extended Study with Eight Oil Types, Trondheim, Norway: SINTEF. 78p.
Brandvik, P.J. et al. 1991. Dispersability Testing of Artificial Blended Oils - Gullfaks Crude with Different Contents of Wax and Asphaltene Added, Trondheim, Norway: SINTEF. 23p.
Brandvik, P.J. et al. 1993. Testing of Dispersants Under Arctic Conditions: A Laboratory Study, Trondheim, Norway: Institutt for Kontinentalsokkelundersøkelser. 50p.
Brandvik, P.J. et al. 1996. The Norwegian sea trial 1995 offshore testing of two dispersant systems and simulation of an underwater pipeline leakage. A summary paper. In Proceedings, Nineteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1996, Sandman Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, Technical Services Branch. pp. 1395-1416.
Brannon, E.L. et al. 1986. Homing of adult chinook salmon after brief exposure to whole and dispersed crude oil. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 115 (6): 823-827. ISSN: 1548-8659. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1986).
Abstract
Chinook salmon returning to natal areas for spawning were captured, exposed to oil, dispersant (Tween 85, Span 80, and solvent combination), or oil/dispersant mixtures for 1 hour, held for 20-22 hours, and then displaced 5 km downstream. Results indicate that exposure to dispersant and oil/dispersant mixtures did not impact homing migration, nor days spent returning to hatchery site
Chinook salmon returning to natal areas for spawning were captured, exposed to oil, dispersant (Tween 85, Span 80, and solvent combination), or oil/dispersant mixtures for 1 hour, held for 20-22 hours, and then displaced 5 km downstream. Results indicate that exposure to dispersant and oil/dispersant mixtures did not impact homing migration, nor days spent returning to hatchery site
Bratbak, G.; Heldal, M.; Knutsen, G. 1982. Correlation of dispersant effectiveness and toxicity of oil dispersants towards the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardti. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 13 (19): 351-353. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(82)90039-X.
Abstract
Using synchronous cultures of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardti, the toxicities of mixtures of Ekofisk crude oil and oil dispersants were measured. Sixteen so-called concentrates and 10 solvent-based dispersants were tested. The dispersing effectiveness of these compounds with respect to the Ekofisk crude oil was also measured. The concentrates were tested undiluted as well as diluted using algal growth medium (2% salinity) and artificial sea water (33% salinity) as dispersing liquid. The solvent-based compounds were tested in algal medium. For all compounds we found significant correlations between their toxicity and their effectiveness in dispersing the Ekofisk oil, such that the more effective the compound, the more toxic it was
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 13, G. Bratbak, M. Heldal, G. Knutsen, Copyright 1982, with permission from ElsevierUsing synchronous cultures of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardti, the toxicities of mixtures of Ekofisk crude oil and oil dispersants were measured. Sixteen so-called concentrates and 10 solvent-based dispersants were tested. The dispersing effectiveness of these compounds with respect to the Ekofisk crude oil was also measured. The concentrates were tested undiluted as well as diluted using algal growth medium (2% salinity) and artificial sea water (33% salinity) as dispersing liquid. The solvent-based compounds were tested in algal medium. For all compounds we found significant correlations between their toxicity and their effectiveness in dispersing the Ekofisk oil, such that the more effective the compound, the more toxic it was
Bratten, B.; Granmo, A.; Lange, R. 1972. Tissue swelling in Mytilus edulis L. induced by exposure to a nonionic surface active agent. Norwegian Journal of Zoology, 20 (2): 137-140. ISSN: 0029-6864.
Brekne, T.M.; Holmemo, S.; Skeie, G.M. 2003. Optimizing offshore combat of oil spills - development of new booms and helicopter-based application of dispersants. In IOSC 2003 Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Restoration, Perspectives for a Cleaner Environment: April 6-11, 2003, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 1279-1284. URL
Abstract
There is an increasing focus on offshore combat of oil spills on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). One result of this focus is a change from field specific to area specific contingency, moving from many medium sized oil spill combat vessels, to fewer and more robust systems and vessels. An important element in the emerging configuration is the use of helicopter based chemical dispersant systems, permanently located on offshore installations. An increasing diversity, of oil types being produced, configuration of installations, water depths and geographic location, are all factors that require a robust, mobile and flexible oil spill response. The Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) has recently initiated development of new technology, as projects under NOFO’s Research & Development Programme. Three of these projects address the development of improved heavy offshore booms, applying new principles for containment of oil, and a heavy duty skimmer optimized for mobility. A fourth project addresses the development of a system for helicopter based application of chemical dispersants, optimized for offshore storage and maintenance. This paper presents the status for and experience from these projects, as well as the plan for testing and verification of this new technology
© 2003 with permission from APIThere is an increasing focus on offshore combat of oil spills on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). One result of this focus is a change from field specific to area specific contingency, moving from many medium sized oil spill combat vessels, to fewer and more robust systems and vessels. An important element in the emerging configuration is the use of helicopter based chemical dispersant systems, permanently located on offshore installations. An increasing diversity, of oil types being produced, configuration of installations, water depths and geographic location, are all factors that require a robust, mobile and flexible oil spill response. The Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) has recently initiated development of new technology, as projects under NOFO’s Research & Development Programme. Three of these projects address the development of improved heavy offshore booms, applying new principles for containment of oil, and a heavy duty skimmer optimized for mobility. A fourth project addresses the development of a system for helicopter based application of chemical dispersants, optimized for offshore storage and maintenance. This paper presents the status for and experience from these projects, as well as the plan for testing and verification of this new technology
Brekne, T.M.; Holmemo, S.; Engen, F.; Skeie, G.M. 2004. Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies (NOFO) – research and development program for next generation Arctic recovery equipment. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2004 Conference, Trondheim, Norway (CD-ROM), Horten, Norway: Norwegian Oil Spill Control Association (NOSCA). 14p..
Bresch, H.; Ockenfels, H. 1977. The influence of tween surfactants on the development of the sea urchin embryo. Naturwissenschaften, 64 (11): 593-594. ISSN: 0028-1042. doi:10.1007/BF00450654.
Briant, J.; Gatellier, C. 1971. Prevention and the fight against pollution in the course of drilling operations and production in the sea. IV. Treatment of spills by dispersion and degradation. Revue de L'Institut Français du Pétrole et Annales des Combustibles Liquides, 26 (9): 802-811. ISSN: 0020-2274.
Bridié, A.L.; Wanders, T.H.; Zegveld, W.; van der Heij, H.B. 1980. Formation, prevention and breaking of sea water in crude oil emulsions ‘chocolate mousses’. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 11 (12): 343-348. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(80)90279-9.
Abstract
In the course of investigations, a type of chemical additive was found which was effective in the prevention of crude oil emulsion formation. The additive also decreased water content normally found as a by-product of removal and storage. The additive prevented vertical dispersion of oil in the water column when applied to both oil and emulsified oil
In the course of investigations, a type of chemical additive was found which was effective in the prevention of crude oil emulsion formation. The additive also decreased water content normally found as a by-product of removal and storage. The additive prevented vertical dispersion of oil in the water column when applied to both oil and emulsified oil
Brochu, C.; Pelletier, É.; Caron, G.; Desnoyers, J.E. 1986. Dispersion of crude oil in seawater: the role of synthetic surfactants. Oil and Chemical Pollution, 3 (4): 257-279. ISSN: 0269-8579. doi:10.1016/S0269-8579(86)80030-2.
Abstract
This paper stresses the importance of interfacial properties that are responsible for the effectiveness of synthetic surfactants. The structural stability of molecules are responsible for the efficiency of surfactants, and improved knowledge of this aspect of surfactant behavior will allow for creating better dispersant formulas
This paper stresses the importance of interfacial properties that are responsible for the effectiveness of synthetic surfactants. The structural stability of molecules are responsible for the efficiency of surfactants, and improved knowledge of this aspect of surfactant behavior will allow for creating better dispersant formulas
Brockis, G.J. 1975. Industry emergency oil spill plans and programmes. Environmental Protection, 2 51-55. ISSN: 1057-4298.
Abstract
The oil industry, through the United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association (UKOOA), has established stocks of materials and equipment which are available to member companies for dealing, on an emergency basis, with oil spills which may occur due to exploration and production activity off the northern and eastern seaboard of the UK. The present capability and some plans for expansion of the scheme, which is based on dispersant application, are discussed. The equipment available from the UKOOA can be augmented by that available in other countries in north west Europe, through the north Sea Operators Clean Seas Committee on which 7 national operations' organizations, including UKOOA, are represented
© CSA, 1975The oil industry, through the United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association (UKOOA), has established stocks of materials and equipment which are available to member companies for dealing, on an emergency basis, with oil spills which may occur due to exploration and production activity off the northern and eastern seaboard of the UK. The present capability and some plans for expansion of the scheme, which is based on dispersant application, are discussed. The equipment available from the UKOOA can be augmented by that available in other countries in north west Europe, through the north Sea Operators Clean Seas Committee on which 7 national operations' organizations, including UKOOA, are represented
Brodie, D. 1987. Oil pollution response arrangements in Australia: the government view (including an update on dispersant testing). In Proceedings: 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), April 6-9, 1987, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 181-188.
Bronchart, R.D.E.; Cadron, J.; Charlier, A.; Gillot, A.A.R.; Verstraete, W. 1985. A new approach in enhanced biodegradation of spilled oil: development of an oil dispersant containing oleophilic nutrients. In Proceedings: 1985 Oil Spill Conference, (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 25-28, 1985, Los Angeles, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 453-462.
Abstract
A research program has been set up to develop oil dispersants containing oleophilic nutrients. This new type of dispersant will not only dilute the oil slick into the sea, but also start and speed up the microbial growth around the fine oil droplets, because the nutrients remain at the oil water interface and are not washed away in the water. Each of these newly synthesized nutrients is made of an oleophilic part (normal paraffine or olefine) and of a hydrophilic moiety (containing nitrogen and or phosphorus). This surfactant-like structure allows it to maintain a good level of dispersing efficiency. The capacity to stimulate biodegradation of the various compounds was evaluated by measuring the microbial CO2 production (mineralization) in a gas train arrangement of 40 channels monitored by a 40-way valve. This guaranteed a constant air supply to each test vial. A practical partition coefficient of the nutrient between oil and water was determined to evaluate its ability to remain at the interphase. The influence of the following parameters on the biodegradation process was studied: Amount and chain length of the oleophilic part and type of nutrient, used as such or incorporated in a dispersant; Replacement or no replacement of the water phase prior to degradation, to simulate the washing of nutrients into the sea; Dispersing efficiency of HLB of the formulated dispersant of a dispersant which exhibits a high dispersion efficiency and a quick-starting biodegradation of the dispersed crude oil
© 1985 with permission from APIA research program has been set up to develop oil dispersants containing oleophilic nutrients. This new type of dispersant will not only dilute the oil slick into the sea, but also start and speed up the microbial growth around the fine oil droplets, because the nutrients remain at the oil water interface and are not washed away in the water. Each of these newly synthesized nutrients is made of an oleophilic part (normal paraffine or olefine) and of a hydrophilic moiety (containing nitrogen and or phosphorus). This surfactant-like structure allows it to maintain a good level of dispersing efficiency. The capacity to stimulate biodegradation of the various compounds was evaluated by measuring the microbial CO2 production (mineralization) in a gas train arrangement of 40 channels monitored by a 40-way valve. This guaranteed a constant air supply to each test vial. A practical partition coefficient of the nutrient between oil and water was determined to evaluate its ability to remain at the interphase. The influence of the following parameters on the biodegradation process was studied: Amount and chain length of the oleophilic part and type of nutrient, used as such or incorporated in a dispersant; Replacement or no replacement of the water phase prior to degradation, to simulate the washing of nutrients into the sea; Dispersing efficiency of HLB of the formulated dispersant of a dispersant which exhibits a high dispersion efficiency and a quick-starting biodegradation of the dispersed crude oil
Brown, C.W.; Lynch, P.F.; Ahmadjian, M. 1978. Chemical analysis of dispersed oil in the water column. Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills: A Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 188-202. ISBN: 0465900024.
Abstract
Water and air samples collected from treated and untreated simulated oil spills have been analyzed for hydrocarbons. In test tanks, 6.2 m tall, the concentration of oil in the water just beneath the surface is initially 27 times greater when a dispersant is used. During a 3-day experiment, however, the amount of oil in the water column decreased significantly in both the treated and untreated cases. When a dispersant was used, the maximum concentration in the water column gradually moved toward the bottom of the tank. Results of laboratory, meso scale, and a real spill are compared
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM International.Water and air samples collected from treated and untreated simulated oil spills have been analyzed for hydrocarbons. In test tanks, 6.2 m tall, the concentration of oil in the water just beneath the surface is initially 27 times greater when a dispersant is used. During a 3-day experiment, however, the amount of oil in the water column decreased significantly in both the treated and untreated cases. When a dispersant was used, the maximum concentration in the water column gradually moved toward the bottom of the tank. Results of laboratory, meso scale, and a real spill are compared
Brown, D.H. 1972. The effect of Kuwait crude oil and a solvent emulsifier on the metabolism of the marine lichen Lichina pygmaea. Marine Biology, 12 (4): 309-315. ISSN: 0025-3162. doi:10.1007/BF00366331.
Abstract
A marine lichen Lichina pygmaea (Lightf.) C. AG. was used to investigate the effects of crude oil and BP 1002 on metabolism. 14C fixation patterns and rates were determined during photosynthesis in the presence of NaH14CO3. Results suggested that BP 1002 exposure inhibited metabolism more than exposure to crude oil. BP 1002 concentrations and exposure times influenced amounts of reduced metabolism
A marine lichen Lichina pygmaea (Lightf.) C. AG. was used to investigate the effects of crude oil and BP 1002 on metabolism. 14C fixation patterns and rates were determined during photosynthesis in the presence of NaH14CO3. Results suggested that BP 1002 exposure inhibited metabolism more than exposure to crude oil. BP 1002 concentrations and exposure times influenced amounts of reduced metabolism
Brown, D.H. 1972. Toxicity studies on the components of an oil-spill emulsifier using Lichina pygmaea and Xanthoria parietina. Marine Biology, 18 (4): 291-297. ISSN: 0025-3162. doi:10.1007/BF00347791.
Abstract
Two lichens, Lichina pygmaea and Xanthoria parietina, were exposed to components of BP 1002. Their responses, as measured by reduced total photosynthetic 14C-fixation, were compared with those of two alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Anabaena cylindrica. Components affected specific organisms in different ways, including altered permeability of cell membranes, removal of the extra-cellular pigment parietin, and loss of lipid- and water-soluble intercellular pigments
Two lichens, Lichina pygmaea and Xanthoria parietina, were exposed to components of BP 1002. Their responses, as measured by reduced total photosynthetic 14C-fixation, were compared with those of two alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Anabaena cylindrica. Components affected specific organisms in different ways, including altered permeability of cell membranes, removal of the extra-cellular pigment parietin, and loss of lipid- and water-soluble intercellular pigments
Brown, H.M.; Goodman, R.H. 1987. The Dispersion of Alaska North Slope Oil in Wave Basin Tests, Calgary, Alta: Esso Resources Canada Ltd. 11 leaves.
Brown, H.M.; Weiss, D.K.; Goodman, R.H. 1990. Emulsion formation in dispersant-treated crude oil. In Proceedings: Thirteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 6-8, 1990, Chateau Lacombe, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 255-264. ISBN: 0662575350.
Abstract
Trials were carried out in a wave basin to determine the effectiveness of chemical emulsifying agents applied to spilled oil contained behind parallel floating booms, each 10 m in diameter, on the surface of the basin. Samples of the oil (either North Slope or Drift River crudes) were taken at intervals up to 80 h from the initial application of dispersant. Viscosity and water content of the oil samples were determined and the water content expressed as a function of time by a series of linear regression equations, depending on the source of the original oil, the presence or absence of waves and the nature of the dispersants (Corexit 9550 or 9527). For the non-dispersed portions of slicks of Drift River crude, the application of dispersants enhanced the rate of water incorporation and also increased the viscosity, while the opposite effect was observed for North Slope crude oil
© CSA, 1990Trials were carried out in a wave basin to determine the effectiveness of chemical emulsifying agents applied to spilled oil contained behind parallel floating booms, each 10 m in diameter, on the surface of the basin. Samples of the oil (either North Slope or Drift River crudes) were taken at intervals up to 80 h from the initial application of dispersant. Viscosity and water content of the oil samples were determined and the water content expressed as a function of time by a series of linear regression equations, depending on the source of the original oil, the presence or absence of waves and the nature of the dispersants (Corexit 9550 or 9527). For the non-dispersed portions of slicks of Drift River crude, the application of dispersants enhanced the rate of water incorporation and also increased the viscosity, while the opposite effect was observed for North Slope crude oil
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Quarterly Issues
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Compilations
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- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.