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The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
The library contains a computer lab and several study spaces available to visiting students, scientists, or groups (such as attendees of a writing retreat).
The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
- 4,600 monographs
- 5,800 bound volumes
- 200 journal titles
- 26 current journal subscriptions
- 850 maps
- 35 atlases
- 3,600 government documents
- 1,500 reprints
In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
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- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
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The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
Brown, H.M.; Goodman, R.H. 1996. The use of dispersants in broken ice. In Proceedings, Nineteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1996, Sandman Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, Technical Services Branch. pp. 453-460.
Brown, H.M.; Weiss, D.K.; Goodman, R.H. 1989. The Formation of Emulsions in Dispersant Treated Crude Oils: A Report, Calgary, Alta: Esso Resources Canada, Ltd. (no page information available).
Brown, H.M.; Goodman, R.H. 1989. Dispersants in the freshwater environment. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 31-40. ISBN: 0803111940.
Abstract
During the past four years, a research program to investigate the effect of oil and dispersant chemicals on a freshwater ecosystem has been carried out. Laboratory experiments were used to select a suitable dispersant for a field trial and to develop monitoring techniques which would be capable of detecting chronic and sublethal effects in selected species of the freshwater ecosystem. The field trial demonstrated that a spill of light oil covering 5 to 10% of the surface of a shallow freshwater lake had no long-term measurable effects and that the application of a dispersant ameliorated some short-term effects even in this low-energy system
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalDuring the past four years, a research program to investigate the effect of oil and dispersant chemicals on a freshwater ecosystem has been carried out. Laboratory experiments were used to select a suitable dispersant for a field trial and to develop monitoring techniques which would be capable of detecting chronic and sublethal effects in selected species of the freshwater ecosystem. The field trial demonstrated that a spill of light oil covering 5 to 10% of the surface of a shallow freshwater lake had no long-term measurable effects and that the application of a dispersant ameliorated some short-term effects even in this low-energy system
Brown, H.M.; Goodman, R.H.; Canevari, G.P. 1985. Dispersant effectiveness in cold water. In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: Seminar Sponsored by the Environmental Protection Service, Environment Canada, June 18-20, 1985, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Technical Services Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 245-259.
Brown, H.M.; To, N.M.; Goodman, R.H. 1986. Experimental and theoretical basin studies of dispersant effectiveness in cold water. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. Seminar Sponsored by Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, June 10-12, 1986, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Beauregard Press. pp. 635-651. ISBN: 0662148126.
Brown, H.M.; Goodman, R.H.; Canevari, G.P. 1987. Where has all the oil gone? Dispersed oil detection in a wave basin and at sea. In Proceedings: 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), April 6-9, 1987, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 307-312.
Abstract
During the past 10 years, there have been many sea trials of dispersant chemicals for the purpose of demonstrating the effectiveness of specific products or elucidating the processes of oil dispersion into the water column. Unfortunately, most of these tests have proved inconclusive, leading many to believe that dispersant chemicals are only marginally effective. Wave basin tests have been carried out at the Esso Resources Canada Limited laboratory in Calgary, Canada, to measure dispersant effectiveness under closely controlled conditions. These tests show that dispersed oil plumes may be irregular and concentrated over small volumes, so that extensive plume sampling was required to obtain accurate dispersant effectiveness measurements. In large-scale sea trials, dispersants have been shown effective, but only where sufficient sampling of the water column was done to detect small concentrated dispersed oil plumes and where it was known that the dispersant was applied primarily to the thick floating oil
© 1987 with permission from APIDuring the past 10 years, there have been many sea trials of dispersant chemicals for the purpose of demonstrating the effectiveness of specific products or elucidating the processes of oil dispersion into the water column. Unfortunately, most of these tests have proved inconclusive, leading many to believe that dispersant chemicals are only marginally effective. Wave basin tests have been carried out at the Esso Resources Canada Limited laboratory in Calgary, Canada, to measure dispersant effectiveness under closely controlled conditions. These tests show that dispersed oil plumes may be irregular and concentrated over small volumes, so that extensive plume sampling was required to obtain accurate dispersant effectiveness measurements. In large-scale sea trials, dispersants have been shown effective, but only where sufficient sampling of the water column was done to detect small concentrated dispersed oil plumes and where it was known that the dispersant was applied primarily to the thick floating oil
Brown, H.M.; To, N.M.; Goodman, R.H. 1987. The use of tests in a wave basin to define dispersant effectiveness. Fate and Effects of Oil in Marine Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Conference on Oil Pollution, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 211-213. ISBN: 9024734894.
Abstract
An account is given of tests conducted in a large wave basin in order to assess the discrepancy between laboratory tests and sea spill observations regarding the effectiveness of oil dispersants. Following definition of dispersant effectiveness, a method is proposed for measuring the effectiveness in experimental spills at sea, which involves the measurement of oil concentration from beneath the oil slick
© CSA, 1987An account is given of tests conducted in a large wave basin in order to assess the discrepancy between laboratory tests and sea spill observations regarding the effectiveness of oil dispersants. Following definition of dispersant effectiveness, a method is proposed for measuring the effectiveness in experimental spills at sea, which involves the measurement of oil concentration from beneath the oil slick
Brown, H.M.; Goodman, R.H. 1988. Dispersant tests in a wave basin: four years of experience. In Proceedings: Eleventh Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 7-9, 1988, Sheraton Landmark Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, Technical Services Branch. pp. 501-514. ISBN: 0662559282.
Brown, H.M. et al. 1990. Dispersion of spilled oil in freshwater systems: field trial of a chemical dispersant. Oil and Chemical Pollution, 6 (1): 37-54. ISSN: 0269-8579. doi:10.1016/S0269-8579(05)80038-3.
Abstract
The impacts of oil and dispersed oil on freshwater ecosystems were examined in a field experiment conducted as part of the Freshwater Oil Spill Research Program. In July 1985, 3 m3 of Normal Wells crude oil were spilled on each of two fen lakes. The slick on one lake was treated with the dispersant Corexit 9550. Corexit 9550 was effective in removing the oil from the water surface even though wave energy was very low. The oil or dispersed oil had little detectable short or long term impact on all water quality parameters measured, or on the microbial populations and activities in the water column and sediments of both lakes. Untreated oil caused more damage than the dispersed oil to floating aquatic plants and the shoreline vegetation, but new growth within the affected areas was observed one month after treatment. Seasonal regrowth of vegetation in all areas affected by the treatments appeared normal. Our results suggest that the best response to oil contamination in isolated fen lakes is no action at all. However, floating oil or oil washed ashore could pose a significant threat to indigenous wildlife or its habitats. Under these conditions, chemical dispersion may prove to be an effective alternative when conventional control and recovery measures are not feasible
Reprinted from Oil and Chemical Pollution, Volume 6, H.M. Brown, J.S. Goudey, J.M. Foght, S.K. Cheng, M. Dale, J. Hoddinott, L.R. Quaife, D,W,S. Westlake, Copyright 1990, with permission from ElsevierThe impacts of oil and dispersed oil on freshwater ecosystems were examined in a field experiment conducted as part of the Freshwater Oil Spill Research Program. In July 1985, 3 m3 of Normal Wells crude oil were spilled on each of two fen lakes. The slick on one lake was treated with the dispersant Corexit 9550. Corexit 9550 was effective in removing the oil from the water surface even though wave energy was very low. The oil or dispersed oil had little detectable short or long term impact on all water quality parameters measured, or on the microbial populations and activities in the water column and sediments of both lakes. Untreated oil caused more damage than the dispersed oil to floating aquatic plants and the shoreline vegetation, but new growth within the affected areas was observed one month after treatment. Seasonal regrowth of vegetation in all areas affected by the treatments appeared normal. Our results suggest that the best response to oil contamination in isolated fen lakes is no action at all. However, floating oil or oil washed ashore could pose a significant threat to indigenous wildlife or its habitats. Under these conditions, chemical dispersion may prove to be an effective alternative when conventional control and recovery measures are not feasible
Brown, M. 1994. Slick work that can avoid disaster. Horizon: The Magazine of BP Exploration Worldwide, 12 19-21.
Brude, O.W.; Moe, K.A.; Skeie, G.M.; Østby, C.; Engen, F. 2004. An approach to Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) for the Norwegian continental shelf. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2004 Conference, Trondheim, Norway (CD-ROM). Horten, Norway: Norwegian Oil Spill Control Association (NOSCA), Horten, Norway: Norwegian Oil Spill Control Association (NOSCA). 10p..
Bruheim, P.; Bredholt, H.; Eimhjellen, K. 1999. Effects of surfactant mixtures, including Corexit 9527, on bacterial oxidation of acetate and alkanes in crude oil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65 (4): 1658-1661. ISSN: 1098-5336.
Abstract
Corexit 9527 and its constituent parts (including Span 80, dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT)) were used in treatments to determine what effects they had on the oxidation of acetate and alkanes in crude oil by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 31012. Alkane oxidation was inhibited by the presence of Corexit 9527. Span 80 was found to increase oil oxidation rates while AOT strongly reduced oxidation rates. A combination of Span 80 and AOT was found to increase oxidation rates, though not as much as Span 80 alone. Acetate uptake and oxidation by A. calcoaceticus was affected in separate ways: nonionic surfactants interacted with acetate uptake while the anionic surfactant interacted with the oxidation process
Corexit 9527 and its constituent parts (including Span 80, dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT)) were used in treatments to determine what effects they had on the oxidation of acetate and alkanes in crude oil by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ATCC 31012. Alkane oxidation was inhibited by the presence of Corexit 9527. Span 80 was found to increase oil oxidation rates while AOT strongly reduced oxidation rates. A combination of Span 80 and AOT was found to increase oxidation rates, though not as much as Span 80 alone. Acetate uptake and oxidation by A. calcoaceticus was affected in separate ways: nonionic surfactants interacted with acetate uptake while the anionic surfactant interacted with the oxidation process
Bruheim, P.; Bredholt, H.; Eimhjellen, K. 1997. Bacterial degradation of emulsified crude oil and the effect of various surfactants. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 43 (1): 17-22. ISSN: 0008-4166.
Abstract
A Rhodococcus sp. 094 bacterium was tested for its ability to oxidize alkanes in crude oil emulsified by nonionic chemical and biological surfactants. Oxidation rates were measured in a 3-h period by Warburg respirometry. 14CO2 recovery was measured from the [1-14C]hexadecane spiked crude oil. Response to emulsified oil depended on the physiological state of the bacteria (i.e., cells harvested in the exponential and stationary growth phases) were tested. Oxidation rates by cells in the exponential growth phase were negatively affected by surfactant amendment. Oxidation rates by cells in the stationary growth phase were in some cases stimulated by surfactants. The stimulatory effect depended on both the chemical structure and the physicochemical properties (i.e., hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB)) of the surfactants. Surfactants with intermediate HLB values (8–12) gave the best results. Neither the biosurfactants nor the commercial oil-spill dispersants tested had any significant stimulatory effect
Copyright 1997, National Research Council Canada. Reprinted with permission from NRC Research PressA Rhodococcus sp. 094 bacterium was tested for its ability to oxidize alkanes in crude oil emulsified by nonionic chemical and biological surfactants. Oxidation rates were measured in a 3-h period by Warburg respirometry. 14CO2 recovery was measured from the [1-14C]hexadecane spiked crude oil. Response to emulsified oil depended on the physiological state of the bacteria (i.e., cells harvested in the exponential and stationary growth phases) were tested. Oxidation rates by cells in the exponential growth phase were negatively affected by surfactant amendment. Oxidation rates by cells in the stationary growth phase were in some cases stimulated by surfactants. The stimulatory effect depended on both the chemical structure and the physicochemical properties (i.e., hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB)) of the surfactants. Surfactants with intermediate HLB values (8–12) gave the best results. Neither the biosurfactants nor the commercial oil-spill dispersants tested had any significant stimulatory effect
Bruheim, P.; Eimhjelle, K. 2000. Effects of non-ionic surfactants on the uptake and hydrolysis of fluoresceindiacetate by alkane-oxidizing bacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 46 (4): 387-390. ISSN: 0008-4166.
Abstract
Biological effects of non-ionic surfactants on alkane-oxidizing bacteria were studied by assessing their influence on the uptake of prefluorochrome fluoresceindiacetate (FDA) and its intracellular hydrolysis to fluorescein. Both decreasing and increasing rates of hydrolysis as a consequence of the presence of surfactants were observed. The surfactants influenced the uptake of FDA, but not its intracellular hydrolysis. The effects of the surfactants on the uptake rate depended strongly on the structure and physico-chemical properties of the surfactants. There was no qualitative or significant quantitative difference in surfactant susceptibility between induced (alkane grown) and non-induced bacteria (acetate grown), even though the induced cells possess greater cell surface hydrophobicity
Copyright 2000, National Research Council Canada. Reprinted with permission from NRC Research PressBiological effects of non-ionic surfactants on alkane-oxidizing bacteria were studied by assessing their influence on the uptake of prefluorochrome fluoresceindiacetate (FDA) and its intracellular hydrolysis to fluorescein. Both decreasing and increasing rates of hydrolysis as a consequence of the presence of surfactants were observed. The surfactants influenced the uptake of FDA, but not its intracellular hydrolysis. The effects of the surfactants on the uptake rate depended strongly on the structure and physico-chemical properties of the surfactants. There was no qualitative or significant quantitative difference in surfactant susceptibility between induced (alkane grown) and non-induced bacteria (acetate grown), even though the induced cells possess greater cell surface hydrophobicity
Bryan, G.W. 1969. The effects of oil-spill removers (‘detergents’) on gastropod Nucella lapillus on a rocky shore and in the laboratory. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 49 (4): 1067-1092. ISSN: 0025-3154.
Abstract
The effects of oil-spill removers ('detergents') on a population of Nucella lapillus was studied at Porthleven in South Cornwall, where heavy oil pollution occurred following the Torrey Canyon incident in March 1967. Nucella is one of the shore animals which are most resistant to ‘detergent’ treatment, but at Porthleven the species was wiped out in the harbour and the majority of animals were killed on the reef nearby. Growing animals which recovered from the effects of the 'detergent' (BP 1002) were later found to have developed growth disturbances in the shell. These effects on growth were studied in the field and in the laboratory and appear to be an indirect effect of 'detergent' resulting from its interference with the ability of the animal to feed and with the availability of food. Recolonization of the reef was more rapid than expected and depended largely on the survival of some very young animals in the sublittoral zone. Probably because most of the potential predators had been wiped out by the 'detergent’, these animals were able to invade the reef in large numbers late in 1967. In fact, 2 years after the ‘detergent’ treatment, there was some evidence that the reef may have become overpopulated with Nucella. In contrast, recolonization of the outer harbour, where the species was wiped out, was slow during the first 2 years and dependent on lateral movements of animals from the reef. It is concluded that if the ‘detergent’ treatment of the reef had been slightly heavier then the species would have been wiped out there as well and would have been slow to recover
© Cambridge University Press, 1969The effects of oil-spill removers ('detergents') on a population of Nucella lapillus was studied at Porthleven in South Cornwall, where heavy oil pollution occurred following the Torrey Canyon incident in March 1967. Nucella is one of the shore animals which are most resistant to ‘detergent’ treatment, but at Porthleven the species was wiped out in the harbour and the majority of animals were killed on the reef nearby. Growing animals which recovered from the effects of the 'detergent' (BP 1002) were later found to have developed growth disturbances in the shell. These effects on growth were studied in the field and in the laboratory and appear to be an indirect effect of 'detergent' resulting from its interference with the ability of the animal to feed and with the availability of food. Recolonization of the reef was more rapid than expected and depended largely on the survival of some very young animals in the sublittoral zone. Probably because most of the potential predators had been wiped out by the 'detergent’, these animals were able to invade the reef in large numbers late in 1967. In fact, 2 years after the ‘detergent’ treatment, there was some evidence that the reef may have become overpopulated with Nucella. In contrast, recolonization of the outer harbour, where the species was wiped out, was slow during the first 2 years and dependent on lateral movements of animals from the reef. It is concluded that if the ‘detergent’ treatment of the reef had been slightly heavier then the species would have been wiped out there as well and would have been slow to recover
Buckley, J.; Green, D.; Humphrey, B. 1981. Oil spill cleanup with dispersants: a boomed oil spill experiment. In Proceedings: 1981 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), March 2-5, 1981, Atlanta, Georgia, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 263-268.
Abstract
Three experimental oil spills of 200, 400, and 200 litres (l) were conducted in October, 1978, in a semiprotected coastal area on Canada's west coast. The surface slicks were restrained with a Bennett inshore oil boom. The spilled oil was chemically dispersed using Corexit 9527, applied as a 10-percent solution in sea water and sprayed from a boat. The dispersed oil was monitored fluorometrically for some hours. Surface and dispersed oil were sampled for chemical analysis. The highest recorded concentration of dispersed oil was 1 part per million (ppm). After a short time (30 minutes), concentrations around 0.05 ppm were normal, decreasing to background within 5 hours. The concentrations were low compared to those expected for complete dispersion which, as visual observation confirmed, was not achieved. The dispersed oil did not mix deeper into the water column with the passage of time, in contrast to predicted behaviour and in spite of the lack of a significant vertical density gradient in the sea water. This was attributed to the buoyancy of the dispersed oil droplets and the limited vertical turbulence in the coastal locale of the experiment. The integrated quantity of oil in the water column decreased more rapidly than either the mean oil concentration of the cloud or the maximum concentration indicating that some of the dispersed oil was rising back to the surface. The surfacing of dispersed oil was confirmed visually during the experiment. The mixing action of the spray boat and breaker boards apparently created large oil droplets that did not form a stable dispersion. Horizontal diffusion of the dispersed oil was initially more rapid than expected, but the rate of spreading did not increase with time as predicted. The results imply that the scale of diffusion was larger than the scale of turbulence which again can be attributed to the locale of the experiment
© 1981 with permission from APIThree experimental oil spills of 200, 400, and 200 litres (l) were conducted in October, 1978, in a semiprotected coastal area on Canada's west coast. The surface slicks were restrained with a Bennett inshore oil boom. The spilled oil was chemically dispersed using Corexit 9527, applied as a 10-percent solution in sea water and sprayed from a boat. The dispersed oil was monitored fluorometrically for some hours. Surface and dispersed oil were sampled for chemical analysis. The highest recorded concentration of dispersed oil was 1 part per million (ppm). After a short time (30 minutes), concentrations around 0.05 ppm were normal, decreasing to background within 5 hours. The concentrations were low compared to those expected for complete dispersion which, as visual observation confirmed, was not achieved. The dispersed oil did not mix deeper into the water column with the passage of time, in contrast to predicted behaviour and in spite of the lack of a significant vertical density gradient in the sea water. This was attributed to the buoyancy of the dispersed oil droplets and the limited vertical turbulence in the coastal locale of the experiment. The integrated quantity of oil in the water column decreased more rapidly than either the mean oil concentration of the cloud or the maximum concentration indicating that some of the dispersed oil was rising back to the surface. The surfacing of dispersed oil was confirmed visually during the experiment. The mixing action of the spray boat and breaker boards apparently created large oil droplets that did not form a stable dispersion. Horizontal diffusion of the dispersed oil was initially more rapid than expected, but the rate of spreading did not increase with time as predicted. The results imply that the scale of diffusion was larger than the scale of turbulence which again can be attributed to the locale of the experiment
Buckley, J.; Humphrey, B. 1979. Fate of dispersed oil in the environment. Part II. A boomed oil spill. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: March 7, 8, 9, 1979, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Fisheries and Environment Canada, Environmental Emergency Branch. pp. 10-18.
Bugden, J.B.C.; Yeung, C.W.; Kepkay, P.E.; Lee, K. 2008. Application of ultraviolet fluorometry and excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) to fingerprint oil and chemically dispersed oil in seawater. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2008: 56 (4): 677-685. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.12.022.
Abstract
Excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) was used to characterize the ultra violet fluorescence fingerprints of eight crude oils (with a 14,470-fold range of dynamic viscosity) in seawater. When the chemical dispersant Corexit 9500® was mixed with the oils prior to their dispersion in seawater, the fingerprints of each oil changed primarily as an increase in fluorescence over an emission band centered on 445 nm. In order to simplify the wealth of information available in the excitation–emission matrix spectra (EEMs), two ratios were calculated. A 66–90% decrease in the slope ratio was observed with the addition of Corexit. When the slope ratios were reduced in complexity to intensity ratios, similar trends were apparent. As a result either of the ratios could be used as a simple and rapid means of identifying and monitoring chemically dispersed oil in the open ocean
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 56, J.B.C. Bugden, C.W. Yeung, P.E. Kepkay, K. Lee, Copyright 2008, with permission from ElsevierExcitation–emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) was used to characterize the ultra violet fluorescence fingerprints of eight crude oils (with a 14,470-fold range of dynamic viscosity) in seawater. When the chemical dispersant Corexit 9500® was mixed with the oils prior to their dispersion in seawater, the fingerprints of each oil changed primarily as an increase in fluorescence over an emission band centered on 445 nm. In order to simplify the wealth of information available in the excitation–emission matrix spectra (EEMs), two ratios were calculated. A 66–90% decrease in the slope ratio was observed with the addition of Corexit. When the slope ratios were reduced in complexity to intensity ratios, similar trends were apparent. As a result either of the ratios could be used as a simple and rapid means of identifying and monitoring chemically dispersed oil in the open ocean
Buist, I. 2002. Extending temporary storage capacity with emulsion breakers. In Twenty-Fifth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Nineteenth Technical Seminar on Chemical Spills (TSOCS) and Fourth Biotechnology Solutions for Spills (BIOSS): June 11 to 13, 2002, Westin Calgary Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada: Proceedings, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 139-167. URL
Buist, I.; Lewis, A.; Guarino, A.; Mullin, J. 2005. Examining the fate of emulsion breakers used for decanting. In 2005 International Oil Spill Conference: Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: May 15-19, 2005, Miami Beach Convention Center, Miami Beach, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 171-175. URL
Buist, I.; Morrison, J. 2005. Research on using oil herding surfactants to thicken oil slicks in pack ice for in situ burning. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar: June 7-9, 2005, Calgary (Alberta) Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 349-375. URL
Buist, I. et al. 2003. Decanting tests at OHMSETT with and without emulsion breakers. In IOSC 2003 Prevention, Preparedness, Response and Restoration, Perspectives for a Cleaner Environment: April 6-11, 2003, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 827-832. URL
Abstract
This paper summarizes a multi-year research program to address the decanting of water from oil spill fluids recovered by skimmers. The first series of tests, with two weir-type skimmers at Ohmsett, was conducted to study the rate and amount of free water separation that can be expected in temporary storage containers. The goal of this study was to predict the best time to decant water back into the boomed area and optimize the available onsite storage space. The results indicated that “primary break” (the initial separation of the recovered liquids) occurred within a few minutes to one hour, depending on the physical characteristics of the oil. Rapidly decanting this free water layer may offer immediate increases of 200 to 300% in available temporary storage volume. Initial oil concentrations in the decanted water also depended on the physical properties of the oil; they ranged from 100 to 3000 mg/L. These declined by a factor of approximately 3 after one hour after settling, and by a factor of approximately 5 after one day. The second series of tests was undertaken to develop a more complete understanding of the use of emulsion breakers injected into an oil spill recovery system at both lab-scale (at SL Ross) and mid-scale (at Ohmsett). The experiments were designed to assess the injection/mixing/settling regimes required for optimum water-removal from a meso-stable water-in-oil emulsion with an oil spill demulsifier. The use of a demulsifier injected into a recovery system, combined with decanting, did substantially reduce the volume of water in temporary storage tanks and the water content of emulsions for disposal/recycling
© 2003 with permission from APIThis paper summarizes a multi-year research program to address the decanting of water from oil spill fluids recovered by skimmers. The first series of tests, with two weir-type skimmers at Ohmsett, was conducted to study the rate and amount of free water separation that can be expected in temporary storage containers. The goal of this study was to predict the best time to decant water back into the boomed area and optimize the available onsite storage space. The results indicated that “primary break” (the initial separation of the recovered liquids) occurred within a few minutes to one hour, depending on the physical characteristics of the oil. Rapidly decanting this free water layer may offer immediate increases of 200 to 300% in available temporary storage volume. Initial oil concentrations in the decanted water also depended on the physical properties of the oil; they ranged from 100 to 3000 mg/L. These declined by a factor of approximately 3 after one hour after settling, and by a factor of approximately 5 after one day. The second series of tests was undertaken to develop a more complete understanding of the use of emulsion breakers injected into an oil spill recovery system at both lab-scale (at SL Ross) and mid-scale (at Ohmsett). The experiments were designed to assess the injection/mixing/settling regimes required for optimum water-removal from a meso-stable water-in-oil emulsion with an oil spill demulsifier. The use of a demulsifier injected into a recovery system, combined with decanting, did substantially reduce the volume of water in temporary storage tanks and the water content of emulsions for disposal/recycling
Buist, I.A.; Ross, S.L. 1986. A study of chemicals to inhibit emulsification and promote dispersion of oil spills. Oil and Chemical Pollution, 3 (6): 485-503. ISSN: 0269-8579. doi:10.1016/S0269-8579(86)80028-4.
Abstract
This report describes the advent of emulsion inhibitors, and the types of testing employed to quantify their effectiveness in spill response scenarios. Chemicals normally sold as demulsifiers were an integral part of the new class of treating agents. One of the products, produced in Europe, could prevent emulsification when present in oil at ratios of 1:20,000 at 20°C and 1:1000 at higher than 10°C. However, lower temperatures negatively impacted emulsification of oil
This report describes the advent of emulsion inhibitors, and the types of testing employed to quantify their effectiveness in spill response scenarios. Chemicals normally sold as demulsifiers were an integral part of the new class of treating agents. One of the products, produced in Europe, could prevent emulsification when present in oil at ratios of 1:20,000 at 20°C and 1:1000 at higher than 10°C. However, lower temperatures negatively impacted emulsification of oil
Buist, I.A.; Ross, S.L. 1986. The use of emulsion inhibitors to control offshore oil spills: part 2. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. Seminar Sponsored by Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, June 10-12, 1986, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Beauregard Press. pp. 271-299. ISBN: 0662148126.
Buist, I.A.; Ross, S.L. 1987. Emulsion inhibitors: a new concept in oil spill treatment. In Proceedings: 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), April 6-9, 1987, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 217-222.
Abstract
As a result of a two year program involving bench-scale, small-scale, and meso-scale testing, a new class of oil spill treating agents has been identified. These agents, called emulsion inhibitors, are highly oleophilic surfactants, which, when applied onto oil spills in very low concentrations, not only prevent mousse formation for significant periods of time but also cause a large reduction in oil-water inter- facial tension. Both of these promote the dispersion of the oil into the water column. The best chemicals to effect these results were found to be surfactants normally sold as oil spill “demulsifiers” (that is, surfactants that “break” oil spill mousse once collected). The best of these, a European-manufactured product was to found to prevent emulsification at dosages as low as one part inhibitor to 20,000 parts of fresh oil at 20° C. At dosages on the order of 1:1000, at temperatures higher than 10° C, the chemical also results in significant and rapid dispersion of the oil. For very low temperatures of highly weathered oil the performance of the chemical falls off sharply
© 1987 with permission from APIAs a result of a two year program involving bench-scale, small-scale, and meso-scale testing, a new class of oil spill treating agents has been identified. These agents, called emulsion inhibitors, are highly oleophilic surfactants, which, when applied onto oil spills in very low concentrations, not only prevent mousse formation for significant periods of time but also cause a large reduction in oil-water inter- facial tension. Both of these promote the dispersion of the oil into the water column. The best chemicals to effect these results were found to be surfactants normally sold as oil spill “demulsifiers” (that is, surfactants that “break” oil spill mousse once collected). The best of these, a European-manufactured product was to found to prevent emulsification at dosages as low as one part inhibitor to 20,000 parts of fresh oil at 20° C. At dosages on the order of 1:1000, at temperatures higher than 10° C, the chemical also results in significant and rapid dispersion of the oil. For very low temperatures of highly weathered oil the performance of the chemical falls off sharply
Burns, K.A.; Codi, S.; Pratt, C.; Duke, N.C. 1999. Weathering of hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments: testing the effects of using dispersants to treat oil spills. Organic Geochemistry, 30 (10): 1273-1286. ISSN: 0146-6380. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(99)00101-1.
Abstract
This field study was a combined chemical and biological investigation of the relative effects of using dispersants to treat oil spills impacting mangrove habitats. The aim of the chemistry was to determine whether dispersant affected the short- or long-term composition of a medium range crude oil (Gippsland) stranded in a tropical mangrove environment in Queensland, Australia. Sediment cores from three replicate plots of each treatment (oil only and oil plus dispersant) were analyzed for total hydrocarbons and for individual molecular markers (alkanes, aromatics, triterpanes, and steranes). Sediments were collected at 2 days, then 1, 7, 13 and 22 months post-spill. Over this time, oil in the six treated plots decreased exponentially from 36.6±16.5 to 1.2±0.8 mg/g dry wt. There was no statistical difference in initial oil concentrations, penetration of oil to depth, or in the rates of oil dissipation between oiled or dispersed oil plots. At 13 months, alkanes were >50% degraded, aromatics were ~30% degraded based upon ratios of labile to resistant markers. However, there was no change in the triterpane or sterane biomarker signatures of the retained oil. This is of general forensic interest for pollution events. The predominant removal processes were evaporation (≤27%) and dissolution (≥56%), with a lag-phase of 1 month before the start of significant microbial degradation (≤17%). The most resistant fraction of the oil that remained after 7 months (the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons) correlated with the initial total organic carbon content of the soil. Removal rate in the Queensland mangroves was significantly faster than that observed in the Caribbean and was related to tidal flushing
Reprinted from Organic Geochemistry, Volume 30, K.A. Burns, S. Codi, C. Pratt, N.C. Duke, Copyright 1999, with permission from ElsevierThis field study was a combined chemical and biological investigation of the relative effects of using dispersants to treat oil spills impacting mangrove habitats. The aim of the chemistry was to determine whether dispersant affected the short- or long-term composition of a medium range crude oil (Gippsland) stranded in a tropical mangrove environment in Queensland, Australia. Sediment cores from three replicate plots of each treatment (oil only and oil plus dispersant) were analyzed for total hydrocarbons and for individual molecular markers (alkanes, aromatics, triterpanes, and steranes). Sediments were collected at 2 days, then 1, 7, 13 and 22 months post-spill. Over this time, oil in the six treated plots decreased exponentially from 36.6±16.5 to 1.2±0.8 mg/g dry wt. There was no statistical difference in initial oil concentrations, penetration of oil to depth, or in the rates of oil dissipation between oiled or dispersed oil plots. At 13 months, alkanes were >50% degraded, aromatics were ~30% degraded based upon ratios of labile to resistant markers. However, there was no change in the triterpane or sterane biomarker signatures of the retained oil. This is of general forensic interest for pollution events. The predominant removal processes were evaporation (≤27%) and dissolution (≥56%), with a lag-phase of 1 month before the start of significant microbial degradation (≤17%). The most resistant fraction of the oil that remained after 7 months (the higher molecular weight hydrocarbons) correlated with the initial total organic carbon content of the soil. Removal rate in the Queensland mangroves was significantly faster than that observed in the Caribbean and was related to tidal flushing
Burridge, T.R.; Shir, M.A. 1995. The comparative effects of oil dispersants and oil/dispersant conjugates on germination of the marine macroalga Phyllospora comosa (Fucales: Phaeophyta). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 31 (4-12): 446-452. ISSN: 0025-326X. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(95)00177-O.
Abstract
Germination inhibition of the marine macrophyte Phyllospora comosa was utilized as a sub-lethal end-point to assess and compare the effects of four oil dispersants and dispersed diesel fuel and crude oil combinations. Inhibition of germination by the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel increased following the addition of each of the dispersants; the nominal 48-h EC50 concentration of diesel fuel declined from 6800 to approximately 400 μl l-1 nominal for each dispersed combination. This contrasted with crude oil, where the addition of two dispersants resulted in an enhanced germination rate and an increase in nominal EC50 concentrations from 130 μl l-1 for the undispersed crude to 4000 and 2500 μl l-1. The results indicate that, while germination inhibition of P. comosa may be enhanced by the chemical dispersal of oil, the response varies with type of both oil and oil dispersant
Reprinted from Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 31, T.R. Burridge, M.A. Shir, Copyright 1995, with permission from ElsevierGermination inhibition of the marine macrophyte Phyllospora comosa was utilized as a sub-lethal end-point to assess and compare the effects of four oil dispersants and dispersed diesel fuel and crude oil combinations. Inhibition of germination by the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel increased following the addition of each of the dispersants; the nominal 48-h EC50 concentration of diesel fuel declined from 6800 to approximately 400 μl l-1 nominal for each dispersed combination. This contrasted with crude oil, where the addition of two dispersants resulted in an enhanced germination rate and an increase in nominal EC50 concentrations from 130 μl l-1 for the undispersed crude to 4000 and 2500 μl l-1. The results indicate that, while germination inhibition of P. comosa may be enhanced by the chemical dispersal of oil, the response varies with type of both oil and oil dispersant
Butler, J.N. 1989. Using oil spill dispersants on the sea. In Proceedings: 1989 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup); February 13-16, 1989, San Antonio, Texas, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 343-346.
Abstract
Primary consideration in this critical review was given to treating oil spills at sea with the intent of reducing the environmental impact of that oil if it should reach the shore. The general conclusions reached were: 1) In carefully planned and monitored laboratory and sea tests, oil has been effectively dispersed; but at many field tests and at accidental spills, reported effectiveness has been low--perhaps because of poor targeting and distribution of aerial sprays, because the oils were too viscous to be dispersable, or the observations of effectiveness were inconclusive; 2) The acute lethal toxicities of dispersant formulations currently in use are usually lower than those of the more volatile and soluble fractions of crude oils and their refined products; hence the toxicity of dispersed oil is due primarily to the oil and not to the dispersant; 3) Sublethal effects of dispersed oil observed in the laboratory occur in most cases at concentrations comparable to or higher than those expected in the water column during treatment of an oil slick at sea (1 to 10 ppm) but seldom at concentrations less than are found several hours after treatment (less than 1 ppm). Since the times of exposure in the laboratory are much longer than predicted exposures during slick dispersal at sea (one to three hours), the effects would be correspondingly less; 4) In open waters, organisms on the surface will be less affected by dispersed oil than by an oil slick, but organisms in the upper water column will experience greater exposure to oil components if the oil is dispersed. In shallow habitats with poor water circulation, benthic organisms will be more immediately affected by dispersed than untreated oil. Long-term effects of dispersed oil on some habitats, such as mangroves, are less, and the habitat recovers faster if the oil is dispersed before it reaches that area; 5) Because the principal benefit of dispersant use is to prevent oil stranding on sensitive shorelines, and because dispersability of oil decreases rapidly with weathering, prompt response is essential
© 1989 with permission from APIPrimary consideration in this critical review was given to treating oil spills at sea with the intent of reducing the environmental impact of that oil if it should reach the shore. The general conclusions reached were: 1) In carefully planned and monitored laboratory and sea tests, oil has been effectively dispersed; but at many field tests and at accidental spills, reported effectiveness has been low--perhaps because of poor targeting and distribution of aerial sprays, because the oils were too viscous to be dispersable, or the observations of effectiveness were inconclusive; 2) The acute lethal toxicities of dispersant formulations currently in use are usually lower than those of the more volatile and soluble fractions of crude oils and their refined products; hence the toxicity of dispersed oil is due primarily to the oil and not to the dispersant; 3) Sublethal effects of dispersed oil observed in the laboratory occur in most cases at concentrations comparable to or higher than those expected in the water column during treatment of an oil slick at sea (1 to 10 ppm) but seldom at concentrations less than are found several hours after treatment (less than 1 ppm). Since the times of exposure in the laboratory are much longer than predicted exposures during slick dispersal at sea (one to three hours), the effects would be correspondingly less; 4) In open waters, organisms on the surface will be less affected by dispersed oil than by an oil slick, but organisms in the upper water column will experience greater exposure to oil components if the oil is dispersed. In shallow habitats with poor water circulation, benthic organisms will be more immediately affected by dispersed than untreated oil. Long-term effects of dispersed oil on some habitats, such as mangroves, are less, and the habitat recovers faster if the oil is dispersed before it reaches that area; 5) Because the principal benefit of dispersant use is to prevent oil stranding on sensitive shorelines, and because dispersability of oil decreases rapidly with weathering, prompt response is essential
Butler, M.J.A.; Berkes, F.; Powles, H. 1974. Biological Aspects of Oil Pollution in the Marine Environment: A Review. Montreal: Marine Sciences Centre, McGill University. 133p.
Abstract
This review was prepared as a background document from the Marine Sciences Centre for the oil pollution study undertaken by McGill University on behalf of the Canadian Department of the Environment. The aim of this study is to analyze the environmental implications of a series of hypothetical incidents that would be associated with activities involving oil exploration, exploitation, export and import, coastal movement and marine transportation activities and facilities. The present volume is an updated version of the original report prepared by Butler and Berkes as a background paper for the McGill University study on oil for Environment Canada
© CSA, 1974This review was prepared as a background document from the Marine Sciences Centre for the oil pollution study undertaken by McGill University on behalf of the Canadian Department of the Environment. The aim of this study is to analyze the environmental implications of a series of hypothetical incidents that would be associated with activities involving oil exploration, exploitation, export and import, coastal movement and marine transportation activities and facilities. The present volume is an updated version of the original report prepared by Butler and Berkes as a background paper for the McGill University study on oil for Environment Canada
Butler, R.G.; Trivelpiece, W.; Miller, D.S. 1982. The effect of oil, dispersant, and emulsions on the survival and behavior of an estuarine teleost and an intertidal amphipod. Environmental Research, 27 (2): 266-276. ISSN: 0013-9351. doi:10.1016/0013-9351(82)90082-2.
Abstract
Killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and amphipods (Gammarus oceanicus) were exposed separately to either a No. 2 fuel oil, AP dispersant, or emulsions of the two in a static system. Both species exhibited a concentration-dependent response to all three treatments. However, emulsification of oil with dispersant clearly increased its lethal effect on killifish survival, but did not cause a differential change in behavioral parameters such as schooling, chafing, substrate nipping, activity, or depth preference. Killifish exposed to conditions of thermal or osmotic stress were more sensitive to the lethal effects of emulsions. In contrast, emulsions caused quantitative changes in amphipod activity and precopulatory behavior, but did not increase mortality beyond that caused by exposure to oil alone. Changes in salinity had little effect on amphipod sensitivity to emulsions, but decreasing temperature did result in increased survival
Reprinted from Environmental Research, Volume 27, R.G. Butler, W. Trivelpiece, D.S. Miller, Copyright 1982, with permission from ElsevierKillifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and amphipods (Gammarus oceanicus) were exposed separately to either a No. 2 fuel oil, AP dispersant, or emulsions of the two in a static system. Both species exhibited a concentration-dependent response to all three treatments. However, emulsification of oil with dispersant clearly increased its lethal effect on killifish survival, but did not cause a differential change in behavioral parameters such as schooling, chafing, substrate nipping, activity, or depth preference. Killifish exposed to conditions of thermal or osmotic stress were more sensitive to the lethal effects of emulsions. In contrast, emulsions caused quantitative changes in amphipod activity and precopulatory behavior, but did not increase mortality beyond that caused by exposure to oil alone. Changes in salinity had little effect on amphipod sensitivity to emulsions, but decreasing temperature did result in increased survival
Butler, R.G.; Harfenist, A.; Leighton, F.A.; Peakall, D.B. 1988. Impact of sublethal oil and emulsion exposure on the reproductive success of Leach's storm-petrels: short and long-term effects. Journal of Applied Ecology, 25 (1): 125-143. ISSN: 0021-8901.
Abstract
A 3-year field study investigated reproductive success of Oceanodroma leucorhoa Vieillot exposed to oil and an oil/dispersant emulsion. Results indicate that initial breeding success was impacted by internal or external exposure to oil/dispersant mixtures in sublethal concentrations. Adults were more sensitive to pollutants during late incubation and early post-hatching periods. Nesting and hatching rates generally returned to normal in the second year after exposure
A 3-year field study investigated reproductive success of Oceanodroma leucorhoa Vieillot exposed to oil and an oil/dispersant emulsion. Results indicate that initial breeding success was impacted by internal or external exposure to oil/dispersant mixtures in sublethal concentrations. Adults were more sensitive to pollutants during late incubation and early post-hatching periods. Nesting and hatching rates generally returned to normal in the second year after exposure
Butler, R.G. et al. 1979. Further studies on the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine birds. Bulletin - Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, 19 33-35. ISSN: 0097-0883.
Abstract
The effects of crude oils, Corexit (0.1 mL), and 10:1 mixtures of crude/Corexit were studied using young Larus argentatus and adult plus young Oceanodroma leucorhoa to discover which components of oil were responsible for the effects observed and whether the toxicity could be modified by emulsification of the oil. Chicks of both species exposed to Corexit exhibited no significant changes in growth rate or organ weights compared to controls. Exposure to crude/Corexit mixtures resulted in similar effects in growth and organ weight found in birds dosed by oil alone
The effects of crude oils, Corexit (0.1 mL), and 10:1 mixtures of crude/Corexit were studied using young Larus argentatus and adult plus young Oceanodroma leucorhoa to discover which components of oil were responsible for the effects observed and whether the toxicity could be modified by emulsification of the oil. Chicks of both species exposed to Corexit exhibited no significant changes in growth rate or organ weights compared to controls. Exposure to crude/Corexit mixtures resulted in similar effects in growth and organ weight found in birds dosed by oil alone
Byford, D.C.; Green, P.J.; Lewis, A. 1983. Factors influencing the performance and selection of low-temperature dispersants. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar; June 14-16, 1983, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Technical Services Branch Environmental Protection Service. pp. 140-150.
Byford, D.C.; Green, P.J. 1984. A view of the Mackay and Labofina laboratory tests for assessing dispersant effectiveness with regard to performance at sea. Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants: Research, Experience and Recommendations. A Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, West Palm Beach, Florida, October 12-13, 1982, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 69-86. ISBN: 0803104006.
Abstract
A comparison has been made of the Mackay and Labofina tests for evaluating oil spill dispersants, in terms of showing correlation with effectiveness at sea. Both tests have been found to provide repeatable data on the efficiency of dispersants. Good agreement was obtained between the two tests for the efficiency ratings of five commercially available dispersants as well as for the identification of optimum surfactant combinations. When differences occurred between the two methods in the selection of optimum formulations, the cause was found to be the onset of wave damping affecting the Mackay test results. The major advantages of each test were speed and simplicity in the case of the Labofina test and the simulations of wind shear and wave-mixing action on dispersant-treated oil at sea for the Mackay test. While both methods showed significant disadvantages, both were considered useful in predicting dispersant performance at sea
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalA comparison has been made of the Mackay and Labofina tests for evaluating oil spill dispersants, in terms of showing correlation with effectiveness at sea. Both tests have been found to provide repeatable data on the efficiency of dispersants. Good agreement was obtained between the two tests for the efficiency ratings of five commercially available dispersants as well as for the identification of optimum surfactant combinations. When differences occurred between the two methods in the selection of optimum formulations, the cause was found to be the onset of wave damping affecting the Mackay test results. The major advantages of each test were speed and simplicity in the case of the Labofina test and the simulations of wind shear and wave-mixing action on dispersant-treated oil at sea for the Mackay test. While both methods showed significant disadvantages, both were considered useful in predicting dispersant performance at sea
Byford, D.C.; Laskey, P.R.; Lewis, A. 1984. Effect of low temperature and varying energy input on the droplet size distribution of oils treated with dispersants. In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1984, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Protection Service, Environmental Emergency. pp. 208-228.
Byford, D.C. 1982. The development of dispersants for application at low temperatures. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar: Seminar Held June 15-17, 1982, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 239-254.
Byroade, J.D.; Twedell, A.M.; LeBoff, J.P. 1981. Handbook for Oil Spill Protection and Cleanup Priorities, Cincinnati, Oh: Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 134p.
Børseth, J.F.; Jørgensen, L. 1986. Physiological effects of oil and of chemical treatments of oil on eggs of plaice, Pleuronectes platessa. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. Seminar Sponsored by Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, June 10-12, 1986, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Beauregard Press. pp. 179-186. ISBN: 0662148126.
Cabridenc, R.; Lepailleur, H.; Bazzon, M.; Bocard, C. 1984. A flow-through system for testing oil dispersant toxicity. Ecotoxicological Testing for the Marine Environment: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ecotoxicological Testing for the Marine Environment, Ghent, Belgium, September 12-14, 1983, Bredene, Belgium: Institute for Marine Scientific Research. Volume 2. pp. 295-296. ISBN: 9090008136.
Calhoun, J.W.; Glenn, S.P.; Henderson, L.M.; Duncan, W.T.; Johnson, C. 1997. Development of a dispersant doctrine in the Gulf of Mexico. In Proceedings: 1997 International Oil Spill Conference: Improving Environmental Protection: Progress, Challenges, Responsibilities: April 7-10, 1997, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 637-642. URL
Abstract
To minimize the environmental damage caused by catastrophic oil spills, the response community must work together to keep spilled oil from impacting sensitive areas and natural resources. Since no response method is 100% effective, it, is essential to consider the use of all available cleanup methods simultaneously. Preapproval for the use of dispersants by on-scene coordinators (OSCs) is necessary to maximize the benefits of dispersant application in a major coastal oil spill, and such preapproval is the responsibility of federal and state agencies. Over the past several years, the petrochemical industry, the response community, and the Region VI Regional Response Team (RRT VI), have studied the efficacy of various cleanup technologies. On the basis of their findings, in January 1995 RRT VI gave OSCs authority to use dispersants off the coasts of Texas and Louisiana under specific conditions. This was a significant shift from past philosophies, under which OSCs relied almost exclusively on mechanical recovery methods. Concurrently, industry has developed reliable and dedicated resources for the aerial application of dispersants in the Gulf of Mexico and has strategically located stockpiles of dispersants throughout the Gulf region. Delivery aircraft and trained controllers have been retained by industry to maintain a readiness and response posture that will maximize the effectiveness of an aerial application
© 1997 with permission from APITo minimize the environmental damage caused by catastrophic oil spills, the response community must work together to keep spilled oil from impacting sensitive areas and natural resources. Since no response method is 100% effective, it, is essential to consider the use of all available cleanup methods simultaneously. Preapproval for the use of dispersants by on-scene coordinators (OSCs) is necessary to maximize the benefits of dispersant application in a major coastal oil spill, and such preapproval is the responsibility of federal and state agencies. Over the past several years, the petrochemical industry, the response community, and the Region VI Regional Response Team (RRT VI), have studied the efficacy of various cleanup technologies. On the basis of their findings, in January 1995 RRT VI gave OSCs authority to use dispersants off the coasts of Texas and Louisiana under specific conditions. This was a significant shift from past philosophies, under which OSCs relied almost exclusively on mechanical recovery methods. Concurrently, industry has developed reliable and dedicated resources for the aerial application of dispersants in the Gulf of Mexico and has strategically located stockpiles of dispersants throughout the Gulf region. Delivery aircraft and trained controllers have been retained by industry to maintain a readiness and response posture that will maximize the effectiveness of an aerial application
California. Water Pollution Control Laboratory. 1971. Evaluating Oil Spill Cleanup Agents; Development of Testing Procedures and Criteria. Sacramento, Ca: California State Water Resources Control Board. 150p.
Abstract
Authors provided technical data as criteria for the licensing and regulating of oil spill cleanup agents. Criteria included toxicity, performance effectiveness, and physical/chemical descriptions. Technical data was derived from a number of tests. Bioassays using fresh and saltwater established 96 h median tolerance limit (TLm) values for oil, dispersants, and oil/dispersant mixtures. Static, 24 h renewal and continuous flow bioassays were carried out. Researchers also conducted biodegradation tests, including monitoring biochemical oxygen demand and toxicity decay. Performance effectiveness was established by modification of the Federal Water Quality Association and U.S. Navy performance tests. The criteria for performance effectiveness included miscibility with seawater, emulsification percentage, amount of oil sinking, and amount of oil dispersed after two and six h. GLC, IR, a colorimetric method, Oil Red O method, and the weatherburn tests were used to identify pure dispersants and dispersants in seawater. From these tests, dispersants were observed to have the greatest potential for harm to the environment, while collecting and sinking agents were found to be relatively inert, insoluble, and probably nontoxic
Authors provided technical data as criteria for the licensing and regulating of oil spill cleanup agents. Criteria included toxicity, performance effectiveness, and physical/chemical descriptions. Technical data was derived from a number of tests. Bioassays using fresh and saltwater established 96 h median tolerance limit (TLm) values for oil, dispersants, and oil/dispersant mixtures. Static, 24 h renewal and continuous flow bioassays were carried out. Researchers also conducted biodegradation tests, including monitoring biochemical oxygen demand and toxicity decay. Performance effectiveness was established by modification of the Federal Water Quality Association and U.S. Navy performance tests. The criteria for performance effectiveness included miscibility with seawater, emulsification percentage, amount of oil sinking, and amount of oil dispersed after two and six h. GLC, IR, a colorimetric method, Oil Red O method, and the weatherburn tests were used to identify pure dispersants and dispersants in seawater. From these tests, dispersants were observed to have the greatest potential for harm to the environment, while collecting and sinking agents were found to be relatively inert, insoluble, and probably nontoxic
Canada. Environmental Protection Service. 1984. Guidelines on the Use and Acceptability of Oil Spill Dispersants, Ottawa, Ont: Environmental Protection Service. 31p.. ISBN: 0662132009.
Canada. Ministry of Transport. 1970. Report of the Task Force--Operation Oil (Clean-Up of the Arrow Oil Spill in Chedabucto Bay) to the Minister of Transport. Ottawa, Ont: Information Canada. 3 Vols.
Canadian Offshore Aerial Applications Task Force. 1986. The Effectiveness of Three Aerially Applied Dispersants in an Offshore Field Trial, Calgary, Alta: Pallister Resource Management Ltd. 145p.
Canadian Offshore Oil Spill Research Association. 1982. A Model of the Impact of Chemically-Treated and Untreated Oil Spills on Seabird and Fish Populations, Calgary, Alta: Canadian Offshore Oil Spill Research Association. (no page information available).
Canelas, L.D.; Calejo Monteiro, J.D. 1977. Some studies of an oil spillage due to the Jacob Maersk accident. In Proceedings of the 1977 Oil Spill Conference, March 8-10, New Orleans, Louisiana, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 281-288.
Abstract
The introduction of oil into the hydrosphere subjects it to several transformation processes, as a consequence of the different environmental conditions which may alter its composition. These modifications include evaporation, solution and dispersion, oxidation (other chemical alterations), microbial decomposition, absorption by biota and sedimentation. The Jacob Maersk accident taking place at Leixōes harbor on January 29, 1975, seemed not to have catastrophic consequences when compared to similar accidents. However, only after a long time will it be possible to estimate the influence of the different fractions of oil, as well as the dispersants and detergents used on biotic communities. Studies still are being conducted in that area on the behaviour of populations due to the impact and of the ecological recuperation of the community structure. It should be emphasized that the use of dispersants began on January 31. 160 barrels were used on February 2. Trawler ships applied the dispersant at a rate of four barrels/hour, using pressure hoses as well as one spray system. The dispersant application--about 2,000 barrels or 200 liters each were used by mid-March--was by “FINA” technicians. Two dispersion processes were used: emulsification at 4% with water and subsequent distribution with fire monitors, and distribution of product by sprinklers and subsequent mixing with high pressure nozzles. It was the aim of the present work to obtain some experience in order to collect the most information from such situations. This represents a preliminary survey carried out during several months on the accident site, and to be continued later by the responsible entities
© 1977 with permission from APIThe introduction of oil into the hydrosphere subjects it to several transformation processes, as a consequence of the different environmental conditions which may alter its composition. These modifications include evaporation, solution and dispersion, oxidation (other chemical alterations), microbial decomposition, absorption by biota and sedimentation. The Jacob Maersk accident taking place at Leixōes harbor on January 29, 1975, seemed not to have catastrophic consequences when compared to similar accidents. However, only after a long time will it be possible to estimate the influence of the different fractions of oil, as well as the dispersants and detergents used on biotic communities. Studies still are being conducted in that area on the behaviour of populations due to the impact and of the ecological recuperation of the community structure. It should be emphasized that the use of dispersants began on January 31. 160 barrels were used on February 2. Trawler ships applied the dispersant at a rate of four barrels/hour, using pressure hoses as well as one spray system. The dispersant application--about 2,000 barrels or 200 liters each were used by mid-March--was by “FINA” technicians. Two dispersion processes were used: emulsification at 4% with water and subsequent distribution with fire monitors, and distribution of product by sprinklers and subsequent mixing with high pressure nozzles. It was the aim of the present work to obtain some experience in order to collect the most information from such situations. This represents a preliminary survey carried out during several months on the accident site, and to be continued later by the responsible entities
Canevari G.P. 1985. The effect of crude oil composition on dispersant performance. In Proceedings: 1985 Oil Spill Conference, (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 25-28, 1985, Los Angeles, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 441-444.
Abstract
Previously, anomalous results from various laboratory dispersant effectiveness tests were believed due to the historic difficulties of replicating field conditions in the laboratory. Some variables were reported to cause differences in dispersant performance, such as the oil viscosity-i.e., both dispersant A and dispersant B exhibited poorer performance as the oil viscosity increase. Other test results showed an opposite trend. For example, dispersant A performed more effectively than dispersant B for Murban crude oil but B was better than A for the more viscous La Rosa crude oil. It is now believed that these inconsistent results are actually due to the chemical compositions of the crude oils. Various factors influence dispersant performance and some initial research directed at determining the mechanism of water-in-oil emulsion (mousse) formation has identified naturally occurring surfactants in the various crude oils. This will provide insight as to how these indigenous agents interacted with the surfactant package in the test dispersant to affect overall performance. Variations in dispersant performance for different crude oils are thus likely to be related to the water-in-oil emulsion formation of the particular crude oil. The results of this work indicate that dispersant treatment should be evaluated during spill situations even if the crude oil physical properties, such as high viscosity, might suggest that dispersant treatment would not be effective
© 1985 with permission from APIPreviously, anomalous results from various laboratory dispersant effectiveness tests were believed due to the historic difficulties of replicating field conditions in the laboratory. Some variables were reported to cause differences in dispersant performance, such as the oil viscosity-i.e., both dispersant A and dispersant B exhibited poorer performance as the oil viscosity increase. Other test results showed an opposite trend. For example, dispersant A performed more effectively than dispersant B for Murban crude oil but B was better than A for the more viscous La Rosa crude oil. It is now believed that these inconsistent results are actually due to the chemical compositions of the crude oils. Various factors influence dispersant performance and some initial research directed at determining the mechanism of water-in-oil emulsion (mousse) formation has identified naturally occurring surfactants in the various crude oils. This will provide insight as to how these indigenous agents interacted with the surfactant package in the test dispersant to affect overall performance. Variations in dispersant performance for different crude oils are thus likely to be related to the water-in-oil emulsion formation of the particular crude oil. The results of this work indicate that dispersant treatment should be evaluated during spill situations even if the crude oil physical properties, such as high viscosity, might suggest that dispersant treatment would not be effective
Canevari, G.P. 1970. Corexit 7664 Oil Dispersant - Status of Toxicity Evaluation. Esso Research and Engineering Company. 11p.
Canevari, G.P. 1969. General dispersant theory. In Proceedings of API/FWPCA Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills, New York: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 171-177.
Abstract
Chemical dispersants have a role in the cleanup of oil spills. However, neither dispersion nor any other current technique is a panacea for this purpose. There are situations where dispersants can be used for the benefit of our natural resources; but there are also instances where they should not be used. Similarly, there are conditions under which they are effective, as well as limits where they become ineffective. These aspects of the subject, as well as the mechanism of and basis for dispersing oil slicks, will be discussed. An understanding of the mechanism of dispersency is of prime importance in order to appreciate the behavior and variation in effectiveness of various generic types of surface active agents in promoting oil-in-water dispersions. In this regard, the presence of naturally occurring surfactants in crude oil and their properties are discussed. Even for the same chemical agent, its efficiency can vary due to the influence of many factors such as method application, degree of mixing, type of oil, temperature of water, amount of circulation in the body water, etc. Some chemicals can be more sensitive to a specific factor than others. Therefore, an appreciation of mechanism and the effect of environmental and application factors is necessary in order to assess the appropriate scope of application for dispersants as a tool for the handling of oil spills
© 1969 with permission from APIChemical dispersants have a role in the cleanup of oil spills. However, neither dispersion nor any other current technique is a panacea for this purpose. There are situations where dispersants can be used for the benefit of our natural resources; but there are also instances where they should not be used. Similarly, there are conditions under which they are effective, as well as limits where they become ineffective. These aspects of the subject, as well as the mechanism of and basis for dispersing oil slicks, will be discussed. An understanding of the mechanism of dispersency is of prime importance in order to appreciate the behavior and variation in effectiveness of various generic types of surface active agents in promoting oil-in-water dispersions. In this regard, the presence of naturally occurring surfactants in crude oil and their properties are discussed. Even for the same chemical agent, its efficiency can vary due to the influence of many factors such as method application, degree of mixing, type of oil, temperature of water, amount of circulation in the body water, etc. Some chemicals can be more sensitive to a specific factor than others. Therefore, an appreciation of mechanism and the effect of environmental and application factors is necessary in order to assess the appropriate scope of application for dispersants as a tool for the handling of oil spills
Canevari, G.P. 1969. The role of chemical dispersants in oil spill cleanup. Oil on the Sea; Proceedings of a Symposium on the Scientific and Engineering Aspects of Oil Pollution of the Sea, New York: Plenum Press. pp. 29-51.
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Quarterly Issues
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Compilations
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- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.