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ABOUT THE LIBRARY
The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
The library contains a computer lab and several study spaces available to visiting students, scientists, or groups (such as attendees of a writing retreat).
The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
- 4,600 monographs
- 5,800 bound volumes
- 200 journal titles
- 26 current journal subscriptions
- 850 maps
- 35 atlases
- 3,600 government documents
- 1,500 reprints
In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
HOURS OF OPERATION
- The LUMCON Library is staffed Monday through Friday from 7:00 AM to 3:30 PM. All visitors are welcome during these hours.
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CIRCULATION
- Books can be checked out by filling out a card at the circulation desk. The length of time a book can be checked out varies depending on the patron’s status. Books may be renewed by contacting the department, but all items are subject to recall at any time.
- Interlibrary loan service is available for LUMCON faculty, postdocs, lab personnel, and summer students. Although we strive to get items at no charge, the patron may be asked to pay for interlibrary loan charges under certain circumstances.
- Reserve items, reference materials, and journals must remain in the Library. The Library has no photocopier, but copies or scans can be made in the LUMCON main office.
- All materials must be checked out before removal from the Library, without exception.
- Library materials can be placed on reserve for summer classes. A list of items to be placed on reserve should be provided to the librarian as soon as possible.
- When returning material that has been checked out, please drop off items at the circulation counter.
Food is not allowed in the Library under any circumstance. Drinks are only allowed with prior approval by the librarian or the security guard.
INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
The LUMCON Library is available as an internship site for graduate-level students who have completed at least two semesters toward a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science. Applications will be accepted on a continuing basis and internships may be completed during any semester. Prior library experience or an undergraduate degree in science is desirable, but not necessary. Credits will be awarded based on the number of person-hours completed (40 person-hours per credit hour).
The internship will consist of both field experience, encompassing many operations of a special library, and a special project in technical services. The Librarian will give the intern an overview of reference services, technical services, library administration, and budgeting, and will guide the intern through special projects. The LUMCON Library uses SIRSI/Dynix’s Symphony Integrated Library System as well as OCLC for Cataloging/Interlibrary Loan services.
Contact the Librarian for more information or to apply for an internship.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
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- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
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The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
Clark, R.B. 1971. The biological consequences of oil pollution of the sea. In Water Pollution as a World Problem: The Legal, Scientific and Political Aspects: Report of a Conference Held at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, 11/12 July 1970, London: Europa Publications, for the David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies. pp. 53-73. ISBN: 0900362413.
Clarke, P.J.; Ward, T.J. 1994. The response of southern hemisphere saltmarsh plants and gastropods to experimental contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 175 (1): 43-57. ISSN: 0022-0981. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(94)90175-9.
Abstract
Field experiments examined the response of two common perennial saltmarsh plants and their gastropod epifauna to the effects of weathered petroleum hydrocarbons. Application of the petroleum hydrocarbons to the saltmarsh mimicked an accidental spill, but confined the contamination to small areas. Populations of the perennial chenopod, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, and the perennial grass, Sporobolus virginicus, showed little inertia and senesced rapidly after the application of weathered Bass Strait crude oil and diesel (11 · m-2). No resprouting from underground stems or recruitment of seedling was detected up to 17 months after the application of hydrocarbons to Sarcocornia. Dead stems of the perennial grass Sporobolus persisted in areas treated with oil and diesel for up to 12 months, but showed no signs of resprouting from basal shoots or rhizomes originating from culms within the treated areas. Slow recovery from rhizomes originating outside the plots was evident after a few months but tiller growth appeared to be inhibited by residual hydrocarbons. No recruitment of seedlings was observed in the denuded plots and no other macrophytes were observed to colonise these areas until the end of the study (17 months). The response of saltmarsh gastropods to petroleum hydrocarbons shows greater inertia and stability than the vascular plants. Initial mortality was high, but migrations from the edges of the treated areas restored densities to control and pre-treatments levels within a few months. The reduction in cover of plants apparently had little effect on the abundance of gastropods although residual effects of the hydrocarbons may have inhibited predators of gastropods from the openings created by the death of saltmarsh plants. We predict that the widespread contamination of saltmarshes in south-eastern Australia by spills of crude oil or diesel would result in the loss of vegetation cover and reductions in the abundance of gastropod epifauna
Reprinted from Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, Volume 175, P.J. Clarke, T.J. Ward, Copyright 1994, with permission from ElsevierField experiments examined the response of two common perennial saltmarsh plants and their gastropod epifauna to the effects of weathered petroleum hydrocarbons. Application of the petroleum hydrocarbons to the saltmarsh mimicked an accidental spill, but confined the contamination to small areas. Populations of the perennial chenopod, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, and the perennial grass, Sporobolus virginicus, showed little inertia and senesced rapidly after the application of weathered Bass Strait crude oil and diesel (11 · m-2). No resprouting from underground stems or recruitment of seedling was detected up to 17 months after the application of hydrocarbons to Sarcocornia. Dead stems of the perennial grass Sporobolus persisted in areas treated with oil and diesel for up to 12 months, but showed no signs of resprouting from basal shoots or rhizomes originating from culms within the treated areas. Slow recovery from rhizomes originating outside the plots was evident after a few months but tiller growth appeared to be inhibited by residual hydrocarbons. No recruitment of seedlings was observed in the denuded plots and no other macrophytes were observed to colonise these areas until the end of the study (17 months). The response of saltmarsh gastropods to petroleum hydrocarbons shows greater inertia and stability than the vascular plants. Initial mortality was high, but migrations from the edges of the treated areas restored densities to control and pre-treatments levels within a few months. The reduction in cover of plants apparently had little effect on the abundance of gastropods although residual effects of the hydrocarbons may have inhibited predators of gastropods from the openings created by the death of saltmarsh plants. We predict that the widespread contamination of saltmarshes in south-eastern Australia by spills of crude oil or diesel would result in the loss of vegetation cover and reductions in the abundance of gastropod epifauna
Clayton, Jr., J.R. 1992. Chemical Oil Spill Dispersants; Evaluation of Three Laboratory Procedures for Estimating Performance, Cincinnati, Oh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. 195p.
Abstract
The report presents data from studies designed to evaluate characteristics of selected bench-scale test methods for estimating performance of chemical agents for dispersing oil from surface slicks into an underlying water column. In order to mitigate the effect of surface slicks with chemical dispersant agents, however, an on-scene coordinator must have information and an understanding of performance characteristics for available dispersant agents. Performance of candidate dispersant agents can be estimated on the basis of laboratory testing procedures that are designed to evaluate performance of different agents. Data presented in the report assist in the evaluation of candidate test methods for estimating performance of candidate dispersant agents. Three test methods were selected for evaluating performance: the currently accepted Revised Standard EPA test, Environmental Canada's Swirling Flask test, and the IFP-Dilution test
The report presents data from studies designed to evaluate characteristics of selected bench-scale test methods for estimating performance of chemical agents for dispersing oil from surface slicks into an underlying water column. In order to mitigate the effect of surface slicks with chemical dispersant agents, however, an on-scene coordinator must have information and an understanding of performance characteristics for available dispersant agents. Performance of candidate dispersant agents can be estimated on the basis of laboratory testing procedures that are designed to evaluate performance of different agents. Data presented in the report assist in the evaluation of candidate test methods for estimating performance of candidate dispersant agents. Three test methods were selected for evaluating performance: the currently accepted Revised Standard EPA test, Environmental Canada's Swirling Flask test, and the IFP-Dilution test
Clayton, Jr., J.R. 1993. Chemical Shoreline Cleaning Agents: Evaluation of Two Laboratory Procedures for Estimating Performance, Cincinnati, Oh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory. 137p.
Clayton, Jr., J.R. 1993. Chemical Shoreline Cleaning Agents for Oil Spills: Update State-of-the-Art on Mechanisms of Action and Factors Influencing Performance, Cincinnati, Oh: Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 48p.
Abstract
The purpose of the report is to provide an updated review of information from the available literature for (1) the mechanism of action of cleaning by chemical agents for oil that strands on shorelines, (2) variables affecting performance of these chemical agents, (3) evaluations of laboratory tests designed to assess performance of such agents, and (4) a brief consideration of actual applications of chemical cleaning agents in field situations. Considerations also are given to strengths and limitations of specific laboratory tests, including brief discussions of the applicability of test results for estimating performance of chemical cleaning agents in field trials or conditions encountered in real-world spill events. Finally, a modest attempt is made at providing recommendations for needed research in the laboratory and field for chemical cleaning agents
The purpose of the report is to provide an updated review of information from the available literature for (1) the mechanism of action of cleaning by chemical agents for oil that strands on shorelines, (2) variables affecting performance of these chemical agents, (3) evaluations of laboratory tests designed to assess performance of such agents, and (4) a brief consideration of actual applications of chemical cleaning agents in field situations. Considerations also are given to strengths and limitations of specific laboratory tests, including brief discussions of the applicability of test results for estimating performance of chemical cleaning agents in field trials or conditions encountered in real-world spill events. Finally, a modest attempt is made at providing recommendations for needed research in the laboratory and field for chemical cleaning agents
Clayton, Jr., J.R.; Payne, J.R.; Farlow, J.S. 1993. Oil Spill Dispersants: Mechanisms of Action and Laboratory Tests, Boca Raton, FL: C.K. Smoley. 113p. ISBN: 0873719468.
Clayton, Jr., J.R. et al. 1989. Effects of chemical dispersant agents on the behavior and retention of spilled crude oil in a simulated streambed channel. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 4-24. ISBN: 0803111940.
Abstract
Field experiments were performed to obtain first-step estimates of the effects of selected chemical dispersant agents (OFC D-609 an Corexit 9550) on the behavior and retention of spilled crude oil in a shallow freshwater streambed environment in southcentral Alaska. Comparisons between experiments with and without pre-spill additions of dispersants to the oil included measurements of oil in sediment and water samples. Sediment and water contamination by oil was quantified by flame ionization detector capillary gas chromatography (FID-GC) as well as visual observations in the simulated streambed channel following the spill events. Inclusion of dispersants in the oil produced the intended result of enhancing dispersion of oil into the aqueous phase. However, distributions of oil in aqueous and sediment samples were controlled by interactions between a variety of factors including rheological properties of the oil (for example, oil/water interfacial surface tension values), particle size distributions of sediment matrices, exposure of sediment surfaces to oil, and in situ water flow characteristics at specific streambed channel sites. The results imply that use of chemical dispersants to mitigate effects of oil spills in freshwater streambed environments must include an understanding of the interplay between variables related to both the type of oil released and the specific streambed environment
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalField experiments were performed to obtain first-step estimates of the effects of selected chemical dispersant agents (OFC D-609 an Corexit 9550) on the behavior and retention of spilled crude oil in a shallow freshwater streambed environment in southcentral Alaska. Comparisons between experiments with and without pre-spill additions of dispersants to the oil included measurements of oil in sediment and water samples. Sediment and water contamination by oil was quantified by flame ionization detector capillary gas chromatography (FID-GC) as well as visual observations in the simulated streambed channel following the spill events. Inclusion of dispersants in the oil produced the intended result of enhancing dispersion of oil into the aqueous phase. However, distributions of oil in aqueous and sediment samples were controlled by interactions between a variety of factors including rheological properties of the oil (for example, oil/water interfacial surface tension values), particle size distributions of sediment matrices, exposure of sediment surfaces to oil, and in situ water flow characteristics at specific streambed channel sites. The results imply that use of chemical dispersants to mitigate effects of oil spills in freshwater streambed environments must include an understanding of the interplay between variables related to both the type of oil released and the specific streambed environment
Clayton, Jr., J.R. et al. 1996. Methodology for estimating cleaning effectiveness and dispersion of oil with shoreline cleaning agents in the field. In Proceedings, Nineteenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar: June 12-14, 1996, Sandman Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, Technical Services Branch. pp. 423-451.
Clean Seas Inc. 1979. Oil Spill Cleanup Manual: Final Report. San Francisco, Ca: Woodward-Clyde Consultants. (no page information available).
Coastal Response Research Center. 2006. Research and Development Needs for Making Decisions Regarding Dispersing Oil, Durham, N.H: University of New Hampshire. 29p.. URL
Coelho, G.M.; Aurand, D. 1996. Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting of the Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum, Purcellville, Va: Ecosystem Management & Associates. 1 Volume.
Coelho, G.M.; Aurand, D. 1997. Proceedings of the Sixth Meeting of the Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum, Purcellville, Va: Ecosystem Management & Associates. 1 Volume.
Coelho, G.M.; Aurand, D.V. 1998. Proceedings of the Seventh Meeting of the Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum, Purcellville, Va: Ecosystem Management & Associates, Inc. 53p. URL
Coelho, G.M.; Aurand, D.; Wright, D.A. 1999. Biological uptake analysis of organisms exposed to oil and chemically dispersed oil. In Proceedings: Twenty-Second Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 2 to 4, 1999, Westin Hotel, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 685-694.
Coelho, G.M.; Bragin, G.E.; Aurand, D.V.; Clark, J.R.; Wright, D.A. 1995. Field and laboratory investigation of the toxicity of physically and chemically dispersed oil. In Proceedings, Eighteenth Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, June 14-16, 1995, West Edmonton Mall Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 1117-1131.
Cohen, A.M.; Nugegoda, D. 2000. Toxicity of three oil spill remediation techniques to the Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 47 (2): 178-185. ISSN: 0147-6513. doi:10.1006/eesa.2000.1946.
Abstract
Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, were exposed to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait crude oil, dispersed crude oil, burnt crude oil, and 4-chlorophenol. The WAF of dispersed crude oil was the most toxic treatment with 96-h LC(50) values of 7. 15% (7.94% upper and 6.42% lower 95% CI) and 7.45% (8.26% upper and 6.71% lower 95% CI). The WAF of crude oil was less toxic, with 96-h LC(50) values of 43.72% (49.21% upper and 38.87% lower 95% CI) and 45.87% (51.51% upper and 40.97% lower 95% CI). The WAF of burnt crude oil was the least toxic treatment with 96-h LC(50) values of 49.81% (63.33% upper and 39.44% lower 95% CI) and 47.28% (59.72% upper and 37.62% lower 95% CI). Sublethal toxicity of the crude oil WAF and burnt crude oil WAF was observed at dilutions seven to eight times less than in the dispersed crude oil WAF
Reprinted from Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 47, A.M. Cohen, D. Nugegoda, Copyright 2000, with permission from ElsevierAustralian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, were exposed to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait crude oil, dispersed crude oil, burnt crude oil, and 4-chlorophenol. The WAF of dispersed crude oil was the most toxic treatment with 96-h LC(50) values of 7. 15% (7.94% upper and 6.42% lower 95% CI) and 7.45% (8.26% upper and 6.71% lower 95% CI). The WAF of crude oil was less toxic, with 96-h LC(50) values of 43.72% (49.21% upper and 38.87% lower 95% CI) and 45.87% (51.51% upper and 40.97% lower 95% CI). The WAF of burnt crude oil was the least toxic treatment with 96-h LC(50) values of 49.81% (63.33% upper and 39.44% lower 95% CI) and 47.28% (59.72% upper and 37.62% lower 95% CI). Sublethal toxicity of the crude oil WAF and burnt crude oil WAF was observed at dilutions seven to eight times less than in the dispersed crude oil WAF
Cohen, A.M.; Nugegoda, D.; Gagnon, M.M. 2001. Metabolic responses of fish following exposure to two different oil spill remediation techniques. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 48 (3): 178-185. ISSN: 0147-6513. doi:10.1006/eesa.2000.2020.
Abstract
To assess the impacts of two oil spill remediation techniques on fish metabolism, change in aerobic and anaerobic enzyme activities in juvenile Australian Bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, was examined. Changes in cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were investigated following exposure to the crude oil water accommodated fraction (WAF) and chemically dispersed crude oil WAF. There was a significant stimulation in CCO activity in the gills and livers of fish exposed to the WAF of Bass Strait crude oil and chemically dispersed crude oil, compared to the control treatment. In addition, LDH activity was significantly stimulated in the liver of fish exposed to dispersed crude oil WAF, compared to the crude oil WAF. Fish exposed to the dispersed crude oil WAF treatment had significantly higher oxygen consumption, as measured by oxygen depletion in a sealed chamber, than fish exposed to the crude oil WAF and control treatments
Reprinted from Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 2001, A.M. Cohen, D. Nugegoda, M.M. Gagnon, Copyright 2001, with permission from ElsevierTo assess the impacts of two oil spill remediation techniques on fish metabolism, change in aerobic and anaerobic enzyme activities in juvenile Australian Bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, was examined. Changes in cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were investigated following exposure to the crude oil water accommodated fraction (WAF) and chemically dispersed crude oil WAF. There was a significant stimulation in CCO activity in the gills and livers of fish exposed to the WAF of Bass Strait crude oil and chemically dispersed crude oil, compared to the control treatment. In addition, LDH activity was significantly stimulated in the liver of fish exposed to dispersed crude oil WAF, compared to the crude oil WAF. Fish exposed to the dispersed crude oil WAF treatment had significantly higher oxygen consumption, as measured by oxygen depletion in a sealed chamber, than fish exposed to the crude oil WAF and control treatments
Cohen, A.M.; Nugegoda, D.; Gagnon, M.M. 2001. The effect of different oil spill remediation techniques on petroleum hydrocarbon elimination in Australian bass (Macquaria novemaculeata). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40 (2): 264-270. ISSN: 0090-4341. doi:10.1007/s002440010171.
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbons were investigated in juvenile Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, following exposure to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait crude oil, chemically dispersed crude oil, and burnt crude oil. Each treatment was administered for 16 days either through the water column or through the diet (amphipod, Allorchestes compressa). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) elimination was determined by measuring biliary benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and naphthalene-type metabolites. Biliary PAH-type metabolite concentrations varied with the type of oil spill remediation technique, route of exposure (food versus water), and exposure concentration. Fish exposed to chemically dispersed crude oil via the water exhibited the highest PAH-type biliary metabolite concentrations, relative to fish exposed to other treatments. In fish exposed via the diet, the highest concentration of both types of biliary metabolites also appeared in the dispersed oil–exposed individuals. The results suggest that chemically dispersing oil may have the greatest effect on bioavailability of hydrocarbons, both through waterborne and food chain exposures
© Springer, 2001. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business MediaPetroleum hydrocarbons were investigated in juvenile Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, following exposure to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait crude oil, chemically dispersed crude oil, and burnt crude oil. Each treatment was administered for 16 days either through the water column or through the diet (amphipod, Allorchestes compressa). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) elimination was determined by measuring biliary benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and naphthalene-type metabolites. Biliary PAH-type metabolite concentrations varied with the type of oil spill remediation technique, route of exposure (food versus water), and exposure concentration. Fish exposed to chemically dispersed crude oil via the water exhibited the highest PAH-type biliary metabolite concentrations, relative to fish exposed to other treatments. In fish exposed via the diet, the highest concentration of both types of biliary metabolites also appeared in the dispersed oil–exposed individuals. The results suggest that chemically dispersing oil may have the greatest effect on bioavailability of hydrocarbons, both through waterborne and food chain exposures
Cohen, A.M.; Gagnon, M.M.; Nugegoda, D. 2005. Alterations of metabolic enzymes in Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, after exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 49 (2): 200-205. ISSN: 0090-4341. doi:10.1007/s00244-004-0174-1.
Abstract
Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata were exposed to the water-accommodated fraction of Bass Strait crude oil, dispersed crude oil, or burnt crude oil to assess sublethal effects of oil spill remediation techniques on fish. Fish were exposed to these treatments for 16 days either through the water column or by way of a pre-exposed diet of amphipod Allorchestes compressa. Fish gills, liver, and white muscle were sampled and cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities quantified. In all treatments containing fish exposed by way of the water column, aerobic activity increased in the gills, whereas a decrease of this enzymic activity was observed in the liver and white muscle. Exposures by way of the food pathway indicated similar trends. Anaerobic (LDH) activity increased in the gills, liver, and white muscle after waterborne exposures. Stimulation in anaerobic activity also occurred in the liver and white muscle of fish after exposure to contaminated food. CCO activity in the gills was the most sensitive biomarker when monitoring waterborne exposures to petroleum hydrocarbons. In the gills, the dispersed oil treatment resulted in the most pronounced biological response, suggesting that in the short term the use of dispersants on an oil slick might cause the most perturbations to fish metabolism
© Springer, 2005. Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business MediaAustralian bass Macquaria novemaculeata were exposed to the water-accommodated fraction of Bass Strait crude oil, dispersed crude oil, or burnt crude oil to assess sublethal effects of oil spill remediation techniques on fish. Fish were exposed to these treatments for 16 days either through the water column or by way of a pre-exposed diet of amphipod Allorchestes compressa. Fish gills, liver, and white muscle were sampled and cytochrome C oxidase (CCO) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities quantified. In all treatments containing fish exposed by way of the water column, aerobic activity increased in the gills, whereas a decrease of this enzymic activity was observed in the liver and white muscle. Exposures by way of the food pathway indicated similar trends. Anaerobic (LDH) activity increased in the gills, liver, and white muscle after waterborne exposures. Stimulation in anaerobic activity also occurred in the liver and white muscle of fish after exposure to contaminated food. CCO activity in the gills was the most sensitive biomarker when monitoring waterborne exposures to petroleum hydrocarbons. In the gills, the dispersed oil treatment resulted in the most pronounced biological response, suggesting that in the short term the use of dispersants on an oil slick might cause the most perturbations to fish metabolism
Cohen, A.M.; Gagnon, M.M.; Nugegoda, D. 2003. Biliary PAH metabolite elimination in Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata following exposure to Bass Strait crude oil and chemically dispersed crude oil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 70 (2): 394-400. ISSN: 0007-4861. doi:10.1007/s00128-002-0204-5.
Coit, R.A. 1978. Dispersant usage for offshore oil spills. Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills: A Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 226-235. ISBN: 0465900024.
Abstract
In some situations the use of dispersants to control oil spills is environmentally desirable and is an accepted practice in many areas of the world. In the U.S. the use of dispersants has historically (1967) been discouraged by federal regulation, due primarily to the early concern over the use of some toxic dispersants. Since 1967 it has become very apparent that the use of low-toxicity dispersants to control oil spills may be the most environmentally sound control approach in offshore areas, particularly when an oil spill may approach a sensitive coastline. A task force was appointed over a year ago by the API to make recommendations on the utilization of dispersants based on studies of current information on dispersants and mechanical recovery equipment. The task force believes that the use of low-toxicity dispersants should be encouraged where justified, specifically when it would be the most cost effective and biologically sound method of controlling an offshore oil spill. For this reason the National Contingency Plan should be revised so that the responsible on-scene coordinator (OSC) has authority over the use of dispersants. The OSC should be able to decide to use dispersants, as part of preplanned contingency plan implementations, to control offshore oil spills that threaten to move into sensitive environmental areas
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalIn some situations the use of dispersants to control oil spills is environmentally desirable and is an accepted practice in many areas of the world. In the U.S. the use of dispersants has historically (1967) been discouraged by federal regulation, due primarily to the early concern over the use of some toxic dispersants. Since 1967 it has become very apparent that the use of low-toxicity dispersants to control oil spills may be the most environmentally sound control approach in offshore areas, particularly when an oil spill may approach a sensitive coastline. A task force was appointed over a year ago by the API to make recommendations on the utilization of dispersants based on studies of current information on dispersants and mechanical recovery equipment. The task force believes that the use of low-toxicity dispersants should be encouraged where justified, specifically when it would be the most cost effective and biologically sound method of controlling an offshore oil spill. For this reason the National Contingency Plan should be revised so that the responsible on-scene coordinator (OSC) has authority over the use of dispersants. The OSC should be able to decide to use dispersants, as part of preplanned contingency plan implementations, to control offshore oil spills that threaten to move into sensitive environmental areas
Colcomb, K.; Salt, D.; Peddar, M.; Lewis, A. 2005. Determination of the limiting oil viscosity for chemical dispersion at sea. In 2005 International Oil Spill Conference; Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: May 15-19, 2005, Miami Beach Convention Center, Miami Beach, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 53-58. URL
Abstract
Many previous studies using laboratory test methods have shown that the ability to disperse spilled oils depends on several factors including: spilled oil properties (and how these change with oil weathering), the mixing energy, and the dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR). There appears to be a ‘limiting oil viscosity’ value that, when exceeded, causes a sharp reduction in the effectiveness of a dispersant. The results obtained in laboratory tests are relative and not absolute, and it has therefore proved very difficult to correlate dispersant effectiveness results from these laboratory tests with dispersant performance at sea. A series of small-scale dispersant tests were conducted at sea in the English Channel in June 2003. Several small test slicks of residual fuel oils of different viscosity grades were laid on the sea and immediately sprayed with different dispersants at different DORs. Observers used a simple ranking system to visually assess the degree of dispersion that occurred when a cresting wave passed through an area of the dispersant-treated oil. Collation of the results showed that there were obvious and consistent differences in the degree of effectiveness observed with different combinations of oil viscosity, dispersant and treatment rate
© 2005 with permission from APIMany previous studies using laboratory test methods have shown that the ability to disperse spilled oils depends on several factors including: spilled oil properties (and how these change with oil weathering), the mixing energy, and the dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR). There appears to be a ‘limiting oil viscosity’ value that, when exceeded, causes a sharp reduction in the effectiveness of a dispersant. The results obtained in laboratory tests are relative and not absolute, and it has therefore proved very difficult to correlate dispersant effectiveness results from these laboratory tests with dispersant performance at sea. A series of small-scale dispersant tests were conducted at sea in the English Channel in June 2003. Several small test slicks of residual fuel oils of different viscosity grades were laid on the sea and immediately sprayed with different dispersants at different DORs. Observers used a simple ranking system to visually assess the degree of dispersion that occurred when a cresting wave passed through an area of the dispersant-treated oil. Collation of the results showed that there were obvious and consistent differences in the degree of effectiveness observed with different combinations of oil viscosity, dispersant and treatment rate
Colcomb-Heiliger, K. 1997. Investigations into the Use of Demulsifiers as a Countermeasure to Oil Spills at Sea, Oxfordshire, U.K: AEA Technology. (no page information available). ISBN: 0856248916.
Abstract
The report describes a programme of work completed in 1992 into the use of demulsifiers on oil spills at sea. Emulsion formation often follows a spill at sea which results in an increase in the volume of the pollutant and an increased persistence on the sea surface. This report describes large scale sea trials undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of the aerial application of demulsifiers undertaken by Warren Spring Laboratory. The report concludes that the aerial application of demulsifier solution has considerable potential and that the most promising aspect must be their application to thicker, and probably more persistent, areas of oil and emulsion
© CSA, 1997The report describes a programme of work completed in 1992 into the use of demulsifiers on oil spills at sea. Emulsion formation often follows a spill at sea which results in an increase in the volume of the pollutant and an increased persistence on the sea surface. This report describes large scale sea trials undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of the aerial application of demulsifiers undertaken by Warren Spring Laboratory. The report concludes that the aerial application of demulsifier solution has considerable potential and that the most promising aspect must be their application to thicker, and probably more persistent, areas of oil and emulsion
Connor, P.M. 1972. Further investigations into the toxicity of oil and dispersants. In International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Fisheries Improvement Committee, C.M. 1972/E (14): 4p.
Conway, M.A. 1987. A history of the development of oil dispersant guidelines for Alaska. In Proceedings: 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), April 6-9, 1987, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 189-192.
Abstract
The Oil Dispersant Guidelines for Alaska, Cook Inlet Section, were implemented on August 6, 1986, when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Coast Guard, and Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation signed a Memorandum of Agreement. State and federal agencies, private industry, commercial fishermen, and environmentalists had to work together toward this achievement. Without this cooperative effort, there would be no planning for effective dispersant use in Alaska as a spill control method
© 1987 with permission from APIThe Oil Dispersant Guidelines for Alaska, Cook Inlet Section, were implemented on August 6, 1986, when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Coast Guard, and Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation signed a Memorandum of Agreement. State and federal agencies, private industry, commercial fishermen, and environmentalists had to work together toward this achievement. Without this cooperative effort, there would be no planning for effective dispersant use in Alaska as a spill control method
Cook Inlet Spill Prevention and Response Inc. 1991. Salmon Tainting by Untreated and Chemically Dispersed Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil, Anchorage, Ak: Alaskan Clean Seas. 93p.
Cook, C.B.; Knap, A.H. 1983. Effects of crude oil and chemical dispersant on photosynthesis in the brain coral Diploria strigosa. Marine Biology, 78 (1): 21-27. ISSN: 0025-3162. doi:10.1007/BF00392967.
Abstract
Brain corals exposed to Arabian Light crude oil and Corexit 9527 (19 ppm to 1 ppm ratio) for 8 hours in a flowing seawater system resulted in an 85% reduction of photosynthesis by symbiotic zooxanthellae. This appeared to impact the processes responsible for the synthesis of photosynthetic products to lipids, particularly storage lipids. Restoration of carbon fixation was apparent within 3 to 5 hours after treatment, and lipid synthesis returned to normal between 5 and 24 hours after exposure
Brain corals exposed to Arabian Light crude oil and Corexit 9527 (19 ppm to 1 ppm ratio) for 8 hours in a flowing seawater system resulted in an 85% reduction of photosynthesis by symbiotic zooxanthellae. This appeared to impact the processes responsible for the synthesis of photosynthetic products to lipids, particularly storage lipids. Restoration of carbon fixation was apparent within 3 to 5 hours after treatment, and lipid synthesis returned to normal between 5 and 24 hours after exposure
Cooper, D.; Volchek, K.; Cathum, S.; Peng, H.; Lane, J. 2003. Trace dispersant detection and removal. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, June 10-12, 2003, Victoria (British Columbia) Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 799-812.
Corbin, R.F.; Ott, G.L. 1985. Federal region II regional contingency planning for a dispersant decision process. In Proceedings: 1985 Oil Spill Conference, (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 25-28, 1985, Los Angeles, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 417-420.
Abstract
In the fall of 1983, the Third Coast Guard District began to coordinate contingency planning and develop a dispersant use decision process that would establish guidelines for considering and authorizing the use of chemical dispersants by Coast Guard On-Scene Coordinators (OSC) as an oil spill response alternative. Contingency planning covered three areas: Background and education, the what, why, and where of dispersants; Water basin tasking, who does what; and Communications, how to share information. This paper examines each of the three corresponding study phases and shows how a final dispersant use decision process was achieved through incorporating each phase into the Regional Contingency Plan (RCP)
© 1985 with permission from APIIn the fall of 1983, the Third Coast Guard District began to coordinate contingency planning and develop a dispersant use decision process that would establish guidelines for considering and authorizing the use of chemical dispersants by Coast Guard On-Scene Coordinators (OSC) as an oil spill response alternative. Contingency planning covered three areas: Background and education, the what, why, and where of dispersants; Water basin tasking, who does what; and Communications, how to share information. This paper examines each of the three corresponding study phases and shows how a final dispersant use decision process was achieved through incorporating each phase into the Regional Contingency Plan (RCP)
Cormack, D. 1977. Oil pollution. Chemistry and Industry (London), 1977 (14): 605-608.
Abstract
The problems created by the accidental release of large volumes of crude oil in coastal waters are reviewed, with particular reference to the experience and weaknesses highlighted by the Torrey Canyon disaster in 1967. Dispersion of oil slicks with details of the quantities of materials needed, the time for effective dispersal and the concentrations of oil in water known to exert toxic effects on various marine organisms, and recovery of oil deposited on beaches, as an alternative to dispersal, are described
© CSA, 1978The problems created by the accidental release of large volumes of crude oil in coastal waters are reviewed, with particular reference to the experience and weaknesses highlighted by the Torrey Canyon disaster in 1967. Dispersion of oil slicks with details of the quantities of materials needed, the time for effective dispersal and the concentrations of oil in water known to exert toxic effects on various marine organisms, and recovery of oil deposited on beaches, as an alternative to dispersal, are described
Cormack, D. 1983. The Use of Aircraft for Dispersant Treatment of Oil Slicks at Sea: Report of a Joint UK Government/Esso Petroleum Company Limited Investigation, London: Department of Transportation, Marine Pollution Control Unit. 83p.
Cormack, D. 1977. How Britain handles oil spills. Petroleum Engineer International, 49 (5): 14,16. ISSN: 0164-8322.
Abstract
With other methods proving to be impractical or environmentally unsound, Britain became reliant on the use of dispersants for oil spill clearance. The principle of dispersant is explained. The result of work carried out at the Warren Spring Laboratory is the formulation of dispersant spraying equipment which can be fitted to most types of vessels. Dispersants intended for use in Britain have to be tested at Warren Spring and also by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The author also describes other work carried out by Warren Spring in the use of dispersants, e.g. applying dispersant from the air, and determining the impact of dispersant treated oil slicks at sea
© CSA, 1977With other methods proving to be impractical or environmentally unsound, Britain became reliant on the use of dispersants for oil spill clearance. The principle of dispersant is explained. The result of work carried out at the Warren Spring Laboratory is the formulation of dispersant spraying equipment which can be fitted to most types of vessels. Dispersants intended for use in Britain have to be tested at Warren Spring and also by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. The author also describes other work carried out by Warren Spring in the use of dispersants, e.g. applying dispersant from the air, and determining the impact of dispersant treated oil slicks at sea
Cormack, D.; Nichols, J.A. 1977. The concentrations of oil in sea water resulting from a naturally and chemically induced dispersion of oil slicks. In Proceedings of the 1977 Oil Spill Conference, March 8-10, New Orleans, Louisiana, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 381-385.
Abstract
Results are presented on the factors relating to the dissipation of oil spills at sea, including evaporation, emulsion formation, spreading, and natural dispersion into the water column. For Ekofisk oil, 20% evaporates in about 7. 5 hours and, while emulsion formation is as rapid as for Kuwait crude, the resulting viscosity is low and insufficient to allow interference with the natural spreading and dispersion rates. Spreading has two components. One is controlled by surface tension-viscous drag forces and the other is wind-induced. Together they contribute to the two-dimensional dissipation of the oil so that subsequent oil concentrations in the sea are of necessity, low. These concentrations were measured for naturally dispersing and chemically dispersed slicks. The chemically dispersed slicks were of two kinds. One was previously weathered for three hours, the other was of controlled thickness and was dispersed immediately upon being laid. Resulting concentrations of oil in the sea are low and of short duration compared with those required to give observable effects in laboratory toxicity studies. No significant deleterious effects were found to result from the dispersion of oil slicks at sea using low toxicity dispersant chemicals; also it was noted that, in any case, substantial quantities of oil can be expected to enter the sea before oil recovery operations can be mounted
© 1977 with permission from APIResults are presented on the factors relating to the dissipation of oil spills at sea, including evaporation, emulsion formation, spreading, and natural dispersion into the water column. For Ekofisk oil, 20% evaporates in about 7. 5 hours and, while emulsion formation is as rapid as for Kuwait crude, the resulting viscosity is low and insufficient to allow interference with the natural spreading and dispersion rates. Spreading has two components. One is controlled by surface tension-viscous drag forces and the other is wind-induced. Together they contribute to the two-dimensional dissipation of the oil so that subsequent oil concentrations in the sea are of necessity, low. These concentrations were measured for naturally dispersing and chemically dispersed slicks. The chemically dispersed slicks were of two kinds. One was previously weathered for three hours, the other was of controlled thickness and was dispersed immediately upon being laid. Resulting concentrations of oil in the sea are low and of short duration compared with those required to give observable effects in laboratory toxicity studies. No significant deleterious effects were found to result from the dispersion of oil slicks at sea using low toxicity dispersant chemicals; also it was noted that, in any case, substantial quantities of oil can be expected to enter the sea before oil recovery operations can be mounted
Cormack, D.; Nichols, J.A. 1978. A system for the application of dispersants to the problems of oil spill clearance. Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills: A Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 236-252. ISBN: 0465900024.
Abstract
This paper describes, by way of introduction only, the UK response capability for oil spill clearance and outlines the reasons for choosing a dispersant approach. The paper then concentrates on the details of the system used to render the dispersant approach operational. The methods of applying dispersants to slicks at sea are described in detail for ships, small vessels, and aircraft. This leads logically to consideration of the oil concentrations in the water column resulting from dispersant use, and data on the topic are presented. Finally, the respective capability of ships and aircraft is presented in terms of oil treatment rate per hour and the whole rounded off by a statement in the amounts of dispersant and equipment held in the UK in support of the national contingency plan, with examples of performance in real spills
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalThis paper describes, by way of introduction only, the UK response capability for oil spill clearance and outlines the reasons for choosing a dispersant approach. The paper then concentrates on the details of the system used to render the dispersant approach operational. The methods of applying dispersants to slicks at sea are described in detail for ships, small vessels, and aircraft. This leads logically to consideration of the oil concentrations in the water column resulting from dispersant use, and data on the topic are presented. Finally, the respective capability of ships and aircraft is presented in terms of oil treatment rate per hour and the whole rounded off by a statement in the amounts of dispersant and equipment held in the UK in support of the national contingency plan, with examples of performance in real spills
Cormack, D.; Parker, H. 1979. The use of aircraft for the clearance of oil spills at sea. In Proceedings of the 1979 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), Los Angeles, Ca., March, 1979, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 469-474.
Abstract
This paper describes experiments conducted with undiluted concentrate dispersants both in the laboratory and at sea which show that oil may be dispersed without the addition or artificial agitation. A description is given of trials over airfields, in which the appropriate droplet size was determined so that virtually all of the liquid discharged from the plane actually reaches the ground/sea surface. Experimental slicks were then laid at sea and the methods are described. These were treated by aircraft using the technique developed over the airfields. Results are presented on fresh crude oil (Kuwait, Ekofisk), topped Kuwait, and topped Kuwait waiter-in-oil emulsion. Experiments and results obtained with a Piper Pawnee and a DC-4 are included. Information is also presented on the logistics of aircraft use in spills offshore and close to shore with a view to giving as precise an evaluation as possible of the overall feasibility of aircraft dispersant operations
© 1979 with permission from APIThis paper describes experiments conducted with undiluted concentrate dispersants both in the laboratory and at sea which show that oil may be dispersed without the addition or artificial agitation. A description is given of trials over airfields, in which the appropriate droplet size was determined so that virtually all of the liquid discharged from the plane actually reaches the ground/sea surface. Experimental slicks were then laid at sea and the methods are described. These were treated by aircraft using the technique developed over the airfields. Results are presented on fresh crude oil (Kuwait, Ekofisk), topped Kuwait, and topped Kuwait waiter-in-oil emulsion. Experiments and results obtained with a Piper Pawnee and a DC-4 are included. Information is also presented on the logistics of aircraft use in spills offshore and close to shore with a view to giving as precise an evaluation as possible of the overall feasibility of aircraft dispersant operations
Cormack, D.; Lynch, B.W.J.; Dowsett, B.D. 1986. Evaluation of dispersant effectiveness. Oil and Chemical Pollution, 3 (2): 87-103. ISSN: 0269-8579. doi:10.1016/S0269-8579(86)80001-6.
Abstract
This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of methods of dispersant application, and the methods used to improve dispersant use by applying results from the laboratory into the field, observing results, and noting deficiencies or limitations in the operation or performance
This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of methods of dispersant application, and the methods used to improve dispersant use by applying results from the laboratory into the field, observing results, and noting deficiencies or limitations in the operation or performance
Cormack, D. 1983. Response to Oil and Chemical Marine Pollution, New York: Applied Science Publishers. 531p. ISBN: 0853341826.
Cormack, D. 1981. The relative effectiveness of current techniques for oil spill clearance. In Petroleum and the Marine Environment: PETROMAR 80, London: Graham & Trotman. pp. 135-147. ISBN: 0860102157.
Abstract
The salient features of the problem are identified and related to the strengths and limitations of current response techniques with the aim of assessing the chances of success. It is emphasized that the oil clearance potential of any technique is limited by the rate at which the response unit can encounter the oil to be treated. It is shown how encounter rate limits the current shipborne dispersant treatment rate and how performance can be improved by the use of aircraft. Relative rates of treatment with estimated costs are given for ships and aircraft systems. Oil recovery is then discussed in terms of encounter rate and it is shown that this being shipborne, must in general be less effective in terms of tonnage per hour than aircraft spraying. Waves on the open sea have in the past made oil recovery extremely difficult in any case but new observations now embodied in newly designed systems may allow the wave problem to be substantially overcome. New beach cleaning techniques are briefly described. It is however too soon to say what their cost effectiveness will be but a considerable improvement is anticipated
© CSA, 1982The salient features of the problem are identified and related to the strengths and limitations of current response techniques with the aim of assessing the chances of success. It is emphasized that the oil clearance potential of any technique is limited by the rate at which the response unit can encounter the oil to be treated. It is shown how encounter rate limits the current shipborne dispersant treatment rate and how performance can be improved by the use of aircraft. Relative rates of treatment with estimated costs are given for ships and aircraft systems. Oil recovery is then discussed in terms of encounter rate and it is shown that this being shipborne, must in general be less effective in terms of tonnage per hour than aircraft spraying. Waves on the open sea have in the past made oil recovery extremely difficult in any case but new observations now embodied in newly designed systems may allow the wave problem to be substantially overcome. New beach cleaning techniques are briefly described. It is however too soon to say what their cost effectiveness will be but a considerable improvement is anticipated
Cormack, D.; Nichols, J.A. (undated). Feasibility and Cost-Effectiveness Study of the Use of a Large Multi-Engined Aircraft for the Application of Oil Dispersant Chemicals at Sea, Stevenge, U.K: Warren Spring Laboratory. 5p.
Cormack, D.; Lynch, B.; Smith, J. 1979. Dispersants for Oil Spill Clean Up Operations at Sea, on Coastal Waters and Beaches, Stevenage, U.K: Warren Spring Laboratory, Department of Industry. 9p. ISBN: 0856241695.
Corner, E.D.S.; Southward, A.J.; Southward, E.C. 1968. Toxicity of oil-spill removers (‘detergents’) to marine life: an assessment using the intertidal barnacle Elminius modestus. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 48 (1): 29-47. ISSN: 0025-3154.
Abstract
The oil spill romovers BP 1002, Gamlen, Slipclean and Dasic have been tested for toxicity using the barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin. All four substances were more toxic than the laboratory detergent Teepol-L, and Kuwait crude oil. BP 1002 was the most toxic of the oil-spill removers, and Dasic the least, but all were poisonous at concentrations between 2 and 10 ppm. Most of the toxicity of BP 1002 was provided by the ‘Kerosene extract’ (‘Kex’) used as an organic solvent; the solvent ‘Shelsol R’ used in the preparation of Dasic, was also highly toxic. Suspensions of these solvents in sea water soon lose toxicity, however, because of evaporation. The surfactant component of BP 1002, although of lower toxicity (25 ppm) is likely to be more persistent. Low concentrations of BP 1002 (0.5 and 1.0 ppm) inhibit the development of larvae while 3 ppm slows down the swimming activity of cyprids and prevents their settlement. Sensitivity to the poison varies with stage of development; the adults are far more resistant than the nauplii, being killed by 100 ppm of BP 1002, but at 5 and 10 ppm slow down cirral activity. Possible modes of action of the poisons are discussed and conclusions made about their future use
© Cambridge University Press, 1968The oil spill romovers BP 1002, Gamlen, Slipclean and Dasic have been tested for toxicity using the barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin. All four substances were more toxic than the laboratory detergent Teepol-L, and Kuwait crude oil. BP 1002 was the most toxic of the oil-spill removers, and Dasic the least, but all were poisonous at concentrations between 2 and 10 ppm. Most of the toxicity of BP 1002 was provided by the ‘Kerosene extract’ (‘Kex’) used as an organic solvent; the solvent ‘Shelsol R’ used in the preparation of Dasic, was also highly toxic. Suspensions of these solvents in sea water soon lose toxicity, however, because of evaporation. The surfactant component of BP 1002, although of lower toxicity (25 ppm) is likely to be more persistent. Low concentrations of BP 1002 (0.5 and 1.0 ppm) inhibit the development of larvae while 3 ppm slows down the swimming activity of cyprids and prevents their settlement. Sensitivity to the poison varies with stage of development; the adults are far more resistant than the nauplii, being killed by 100 ppm of BP 1002, but at 5 and 10 ppm slow down cirral activity. Possible modes of action of the poisons are discussed and conclusions made about their future use
Cotou, E.; Castritsi-Catharios, I.; Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, M. 2001. Surfactant-based oil dispersant toxicity to developing nauplii of Artemia: effects on ATPase enzymatic system. Chemosphere, 42 (8): 959-964. ISSN: 0045-6535. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00108-9.
Abstract
The paper deals with the toxicity of a surfactant-based oil dispersant to the ATPase activities of two naupliar stages of Artemia (instar I & II). Both instars were exposed to sub-lethal and lethal concentrations derived from acute toxicity data. The chosen concentrations were near to LOECs and NOECs. An eightfold difference indicated between the instars was instar-exposure time dependent. The most prominent effects were the inhibition and the stimulation of Na+/K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities, respectively. The cause of these effects was related to the dispersant components, the surfactants. The pattern stimulation/inhibition of Mg2+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase activities could be used to indicate toxic stress by surfactant-based oil dispersants since previous studies with other contaminants have shown different ATPase activity patterns
Reprinted from Chemosphere, Volume 42, E. Cotou, I. Castritsi-Catharios, M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, Copyright 2001, with permission from ElsevierThe paper deals with the toxicity of a surfactant-based oil dispersant to the ATPase activities of two naupliar stages of Artemia (instar I & II). Both instars were exposed to sub-lethal and lethal concentrations derived from acute toxicity data. The chosen concentrations were near to LOECs and NOECs. An eightfold difference indicated between the instars was instar-exposure time dependent. The most prominent effects were the inhibition and the stimulation of Na+/K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities, respectively. The cause of these effects was related to the dispersant components, the surfactants. The pattern stimulation/inhibition of Mg2+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase activities could be used to indicate toxic stress by surfactant-based oil dispersants since previous studies with other contaminants have shown different ATPase activity patterns
Couillard, C.M.; Lee, K.; Légaré, B.; King, T.L. 2005. Effect of dispersant on the composition of the water-accommodated fraction of crude oil and its toxicity to larval marine fish. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 24 (6): 1496-1504. ISSN: 0730-7268. doi:10.1897/04-267R.1.
Abstract
WAF and dispersed crude oil WAF were used in experiments to determine dispersant-induced changes in concentrations of PAHs on larval survival, body length, and EROD activity. For this experiment, newly-hatched Fundulus heteroclitus were used, along with the dispersant Corexit 9500, during 96-h static renewal assays. At 0.2 g/L, the dispersant addition created a two- and fivefold increase in the concentrations of total PAHs and high-molecular-weight PAHs. Dispersed crude oil WAF caused higher mortalities in larvae, reduced body length correlation with higher concentrations of high-molecular-weight PAHs, and a linear increase between EROD activity and high-molecular-weight PAHs
WAF and dispersed crude oil WAF were used in experiments to determine dispersant-induced changes in concentrations of PAHs on larval survival, body length, and EROD activity. For this experiment, newly-hatched Fundulus heteroclitus were used, along with the dispersant Corexit 9500, during 96-h static renewal assays. At 0.2 g/L, the dispersant addition created a two- and fivefold increase in the concentrations of total PAHs and high-molecular-weight PAHs. Dispersed crude oil WAF caused higher mortalities in larvae, reduced body length correlation with higher concentrations of high-molecular-weight PAHs, and a linear increase between EROD activity and high-molecular-weight PAHs
Coull, B.C.; Chandler, G.T. 1992. Pollution and meiofauna: field, laboratory, and mesocosm studies. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 30 191-271. ISSN: 0078-3218.
Cowell, E.B. 1971. Some effects of oil pollution in Milford Haven, United Kingdom. In Proceedings of Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills: June 15-17, 1971, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 429-436.
Abstract
Research on the biological effects of oil pollution and detergent cleaning operations within the port of Milford Haven is described. Observations made on accidental spillages, experimental field spillages and laboratory investigations confirm that both salt marsh communities and rocky shores do normally recover from oil pollution accidents but that shore cleaning with emulsifiers (BP 1002, BP 1100) can do serious damage is misused, although recovery follows. The effects of some new emulsifiers which are up to 1000x less toxic are discussed. Chronic pollution damage from refinery discharges has been identified in both Milford Haven and elsewhere, but it has been shown that these effects are eliminated if the outfall pipes are located offshore in locations of good dispersion and currents. Long term surveys reveal no widespread long term damage to the Fauna and Flora of Milford Haven attributable to the development of the oil port
© 1971 with permission from APIResearch on the biological effects of oil pollution and detergent cleaning operations within the port of Milford Haven is described. Observations made on accidental spillages, experimental field spillages and laboratory investigations confirm that both salt marsh communities and rocky shores do normally recover from oil pollution accidents but that shore cleaning with emulsifiers (BP 1002, BP 1100) can do serious damage is misused, although recovery follows. The effects of some new emulsifiers which are up to 1000x less toxic are discussed. Chronic pollution damage from refinery discharges has been identified in both Milford Haven and elsewhere, but it has been shown that these effects are eliminated if the outfall pipes are located offshore in locations of good dispersion and currents. Long term surveys reveal no widespread long term damage to the Fauna and Flora of Milford Haven attributable to the development of the oil port
Cowell, E.B. 1978. Ecological effects of dispersants in the United Kingdom. Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills: A Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 277-292. ISBN: 0465900024.
Abstract
The problems associated with the toxicity of dispersants at the time of the Torrey Canyon disaster are described together with subsequent developments to reduce toxicity. The problems of a laboratory bioassay and its limitations in ecological prediction are reviewed in relation to dispersant concentrations that are reached under field use. Problems of the use and ecological effects of dispersants in shore cleaning are described in association with practical aspects of safe application and limitations. The author concludes that modern dispersant formulations can be used with minimum ecological risk provided the application is done with care by trained operators. It is stressed that even the most recently developed materials should not be used on areas of vascular plants such as salt marshes and mangroves. The lack of adequate research precludes recommending dispersants to treat oil spillage in freshwater rivers and lakes unless the bodies of water are extremely large
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalThe problems associated with the toxicity of dispersants at the time of the Torrey Canyon disaster are described together with subsequent developments to reduce toxicity. The problems of a laboratory bioassay and its limitations in ecological prediction are reviewed in relation to dispersant concentrations that are reached under field use. Problems of the use and ecological effects of dispersants in shore cleaning are described in association with practical aspects of safe application and limitations. The author concludes that modern dispersant formulations can be used with minimum ecological risk provided the application is done with care by trained operators. It is stressed that even the most recently developed materials should not be used on areas of vascular plants such as salt marshes and mangroves. The lack of adequate research precludes recommending dispersants to treat oil spillage in freshwater rivers and lakes unless the bodies of water are extremely large
Cowell, E.B.; Baker, J.M.; Crapp, G.B. 1972. The biological effects of oil pollution and oil-cleaning materials on littoral communities, including salt marshes. Marine Pollution and Sea Life, West Byfleet (Surrey), U.K: Fishing News Ltd. for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 359-364. ISBN: 0852380216.
Cox, J.C.; Schultz, L.A. 1981. Dispersant effectiveness under Arctic conditions, including ice. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 16-18, 1981, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 373-399.
Cox, J.C. 1981. Modelling considerations for laboratory testing of dispersant effectiveness. In Proceedings of the Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, June 16-18, 1981, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Research and Development Division, Environmental Emergency Branch, Environmental Protection Service. pp. 353-371.
Crain, O.L. 1984. A multifaceted approach to applying dispersants. Oil Spill Chemical Dispersants: Research, Experience and Recommendations. A Symposium Sponsored by ASTM Committee F-20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, West Palm Beach, Florida, October 12-13, 1982, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 428-435. ISBN: 0803104006.
Abstract
A comprehensive oil spill response plan has been developed partially to deal with accidental discharges of oil into the Arabian Gulf. The spill response capabilities of contractor companies in the area are fairly limited. The response plan relies on chemical agents and recovery as cleanup tools. The key to effective response is a rapid response and deployment of cleanup equipment. Initially, marine vessels equipped with portable dispersant spray booms patterned after the Warren Springs equipment were used. To improve existing oil spill response, an extensive modernization of dispersant deployment equipment has been developed. The areas of modernization include (1) upgrading the marine vessel equipment, (2) dedicating boats and vessels of opportunity for dispersant application, (3) using helicopters for spill response, (4) using large fixed-wing aircraft for spill response, and (5) establishing dispersant and refueling stockpiles. This paper discusses the use of dispersants in response to an oil spill. It is intended not as a scientific paper but as a paper on a local response capability
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalA comprehensive oil spill response plan has been developed partially to deal with accidental discharges of oil into the Arabian Gulf. The spill response capabilities of contractor companies in the area are fairly limited. The response plan relies on chemical agents and recovery as cleanup tools. The key to effective response is a rapid response and deployment of cleanup equipment. Initially, marine vessels equipped with portable dispersant spray booms patterned after the Warren Springs equipment were used. To improve existing oil spill response, an extensive modernization of dispersant deployment equipment has been developed. The areas of modernization include (1) upgrading the marine vessel equipment, (2) dedicating boats and vessels of opportunity for dispersant application, (3) using helicopters for spill response, (4) using large fixed-wing aircraft for spill response, and (5) establishing dispersant and refueling stockpiles. This paper discusses the use of dispersants in response to an oil spill. It is intended not as a scientific paper but as a paper on a local response capability
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Quarterly Issues
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Compilations
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- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.