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ABOUT THE LIBRARY
The LUMCON Library collection was originally housed in Ellender Memorial Library, located at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, Louisiana. After completion of the DeFelice Marine Center in 1986, the collection was moved to its present location. Since that time, the Library has become an active resource center for LUMCON faculty and staff as well as Consortium member institutions, visiting researchers, students, and the public.
The library contains a computer lab and several study spaces available to visiting students, scientists, or groups (such as attendees of a writing retreat).
The collection and development of library materials reflects LUMCON’s research programs. The collection has approximately:
- 4,600 monographs
- 5,800 bound volumes
- 200 journal titles
- 26 current journal subscriptions
- 850 maps
- 35 atlases
- 3,600 government documents
- 1,500 reprints
In addition, the library houses a complete collection of research products generated by DeFelice Marine Center personnel since LUMCON’s inception.
HOURS OF OPERATION
- The LUMCON Library is staffed Monday through Friday from 7:00 AM to 3:30 PM. All visitors are welcome during these hours.
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CIRCULATION
- Books can be checked out by filling out a card at the circulation desk. The length of time a book can be checked out varies depending on the patron’s status. Books may be renewed by contacting the department, but all items are subject to recall at any time.
- Interlibrary loan service is available for LUMCON faculty, postdocs, lab personnel, and summer students. Although we strive to get items at no charge, the patron may be asked to pay for interlibrary loan charges under certain circumstances.
- Reserve items, reference materials, and journals must remain in the Library. The Library has no photocopier, but copies or scans can be made in the LUMCON main office.
- All materials must be checked out before removal from the Library, without exception.
- Library materials can be placed on reserve for summer classes. A list of items to be placed on reserve should be provided to the librarian as soon as possible.
- When returning material that has been checked out, please drop off items at the circulation counter.
Food is not allowed in the Library under any circumstance. Drinks are only allowed with prior approval by the librarian or the security guard.
INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
The LUMCON Library is available as an internship site for graduate-level students who have completed at least two semesters toward a Master’s degree in Library and Information Science. Applications will be accepted on a continuing basis and internships may be completed during any semester. Prior library experience or an undergraduate degree in science is desirable, but not necessary. Credits will be awarded based on the number of person-hours completed (40 person-hours per credit hour).
The internship will consist of both field experience, encompassing many operations of a special library, and a special project in technical services. The Librarian will give the intern an overview of reference services, technical services, library administration, and budgeting, and will guide the intern through special projects. The LUMCON Library uses SIRSI/Dynix’s Symphony Integrated Library System as well as OCLC for Cataloging/Interlibrary Loan services.
Contact the Librarian for more information or to apply for an internship.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the following individuals for their guidance and input when creating the Dispersants Bibliography:
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- Victoria Broje, Per Daling, Alun Lewis, and Francois-Xavier Merlin offered valuable assistance in the early phases of this project. Per Daling’s support was especially noteworthy, by providing conference proceedings that otherwise could not be obtained.
- Deborah Ansell, ITOPF’s librarian, contributed by sharing her sizeable list of library holdings on dispersant publications with us, and filling in gaps where existing citation information was incomplete.
- Likewise, Julie Anne Richardson, librarian for Environment Canada, compiled a publication listing on dispersants housed in her collection, which provided us with additional citations for our project.
- Qianxin Lin at Louisiana State University provided API conference proceedings for us to use in transcribing abstracts.
- Nancy Kinner at the Coastal Response Research Center provided encouragement, focus, and connected us with some of the aforementioned people.
- Finally, Don Davis and Karen Reeder Emory at OSRADP deserve special mention for all of their help and direction during the span of this project.
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The LUMCON Library is a member of the International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers (IAMSLIC), the Southeast Affiliate of IAMSLIC Libraries (SAIL), and the Louisiana Library Network and Information Consortium (LOUIS). Additionally, the Library has access to OCLC Cataloging/Interlibrary loan services.
Click here to search LUMCON’s e-Library catalog using the LOUIS portal.
DISPERSANTS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Total Records Found: 1944
Dalmazzone, C.; Bocard, C.; Ballerini, D. 1995. IFP procedure for testing and developing water-in-crude oil emulsion inhibitors. In Proceedings, Eighteenth Arctic Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, June 14-16, 1995, West Edmonton Mall Hotel, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. pp. 317-327.
Daly, E.J.; Hoddinott, J.; Dale, M.R.T. 1988. The effects of oil spill chemicals on carbon translocation rates in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Environmental Pollution, 52 (2): 151-163. ISSN: 0269-7491. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(88)90087-5.
Abstract
Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Black Valentine when sprayed with Corexit dispersants shows a rapid inhibition of photosynthesis. The plant retains the ability to translocate fixed carbon, and this involves mobilising previously fixed carbon in the sprayed leaf or the repartitioning of carbon from unsprayed regions of the plant towards the growing sink regions. The ability to maintain carbon translocation while photosynthesis is declining maximises the regrowth potential of the plant
Reprinted from Environmental Pollution, Volume 52, E.J. Daly, J. Hoddinott, M.R.T. Dale, Copyright 1988, with permission from ElsevierPhaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Black Valentine when sprayed with Corexit dispersants shows a rapid inhibition of photosynthesis. The plant retains the ability to translocate fixed carbon, and this involves mobilising previously fixed carbon in the sprayed leaf or the repartitioning of carbon from unsprayed regions of the plant towards the growing sink regions. The ability to maintain carbon translocation while photosynthesis is declining maximises the regrowth potential of the plant
Dames & Moore. 1991. Ecological Effects of BP1100X Shoreline Treatment on Knight Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska: Final Report, Portland, Or: Dames & Moore. 36 leaves.
Danenberger, E.P. 1991. Oil-spill contingency planning for OCS operations. Coastal Zone '91: Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management, Long Beach, California, July 8-12, 1991, New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. Volume 1. pp. 472-484. ISBN: 0872628094.
Daniels, C.B. 1996. Toxicology research: an update on EPA methods for the evaluation of oil spill dispersants. Proceedings: Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Oil Spills in Coastal Ecosystems: Assessing Effects, Natural Recovery, and Progress in Remediation Research, New Orleans, July 14-15, 1994, New Orleans, La: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region. pp. 130-135.
Abstract
Change is the hallmark of progress. In science, progress, i.e., change, is typically denoted by the advance of technology. The evolution of each new technology encourages the stabilization and in some instances the demise of other related technologies. Development of bioremediation as a technology for oil spill abatement is a clear example of waning interest in one technology, chemical dispersants, and the advancement of another. Oil spill research at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has followed a similar trend of expansion and stabilization with funding of dispersant research declining in recent years. The nutrient enrichment studies conducted in Alaska subsequent to the grounding of the EXXON Valdez was the most significant, single event to spur the advancement of the technology known as bioremediation. Since that time, research on bioremediation agents has moved forward, while research on oil spill dispersants has plateaued within both the Federal and private sectors. Although bioremediation remains as the primary focus of EPA's research program in oil spill pollution, studies have been conducted to enhance our knowledge of dispersants and to minimize potential hazards associated with their use. Within the Agency (EPA), the current research effort on dispersants is focused primarily in three areas: (1) spill response and contingency planning; (2) re-evaluation of regulatory test methods for efficacy and toxicity; and (3) risk estimation. This discussion will highlight toxicological research on dispersants as it relates to the latter two categories, regulatory test methods and risk estimation
Change is the hallmark of progress. In science, progress, i.e., change, is typically denoted by the advance of technology. The evolution of each new technology encourages the stabilization and in some instances the demise of other related technologies. Development of bioremediation as a technology for oil spill abatement is a clear example of waning interest in one technology, chemical dispersants, and the advancement of another. Oil spill research at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has followed a similar trend of expansion and stabilization with funding of dispersant research declining in recent years. The nutrient enrichment studies conducted in Alaska subsequent to the grounding of the EXXON Valdez was the most significant, single event to spur the advancement of the technology known as bioremediation. Since that time, research on bioremediation agents has moved forward, while research on oil spill dispersants has plateaued within both the Federal and private sectors. Although bioremediation remains as the primary focus of EPA's research program in oil spill pollution, studies have been conducted to enhance our knowledge of dispersants and to minimize potential hazards associated with their use. Within the Agency (EPA), the current research effort on dispersants is focused primarily in three areas: (1) spill response and contingency planning; (2) re-evaluation of regulatory test methods for efficacy and toxicity; and (3) risk estimation. This discussion will highlight toxicological research on dispersants as it relates to the latter two categories, regulatory test methods and risk estimation
Davenport, J. 1973. A comparison of the effects of oil, BP1100 and oleophilic fluff upon the porcelain crab Porcellana platycheles. Chemosphere, 2 (1): 3-6. ISSN: 0045-6535. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(73)90023-4.
Abstract
In anticipation of an oleophilic 'fluff' based on a mixture of fabric and rubber being used to treat marine oil spills, experiments were conducted with various concentrations of the 'fluff' in comparison with seawater solutions of the detergent BP 1100 and oil suspensions. The effects of oil treatment by both methods were also investigated. The 'fluff' appears to be relatively innocuous, and is not more toxic than BP 1100 at the same concentration. At high concentration it is less toxic than BP 1100. 'Fluff'/seawater mixtures caused death by mechanical effects, blocking nephropores or branchial chambers and this was potentiated by the oil making the 'fluff' sticky. On seashores, 'fluff' is unlikely to penetrate burrows and so would not exert this effect
Reprinted from Chemosphere, Volume 2, J. Davenport, Copyright 1973, with permission from Elsevier.In anticipation of an oleophilic 'fluff' based on a mixture of fabric and rubber being used to treat marine oil spills, experiments were conducted with various concentrations of the 'fluff' in comparison with seawater solutions of the detergent BP 1100 and oil suspensions. The effects of oil treatment by both methods were also investigated. The 'fluff' appears to be relatively innocuous, and is not more toxic than BP 1100 at the same concentration. At high concentration it is less toxic than BP 1100. 'Fluff'/seawater mixtures caused death by mechanical effects, blocking nephropores or branchial chambers and this was potentiated by the oil making the 'fluff' sticky. On seashores, 'fluff' is unlikely to penetrate burrows and so would not exert this effect
Davies, L.; Lewis, A.; Lunel, T.; Crosbie, A. 1998. Dispersion of Emulsified Oils at Sea: Laboratory Study, Oxfordshire, U.K: National Environmental Technology Centre. 32p.
Davies, L.; Daniel, F.; Swannell, R.; Braddock, J. 2001. Biodegradability of Chemically-Dispersed Oil, Oxfordshire, U.K: AEA Technology Environment. 49p.. URL
De Flora, S. et al. 1985. Genotoxicity assay of oil dispersants in bacteria (mutation, differential lethality, SOS DNA-repair) and yeast (mitotic crossing-over). Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, 158 (1-2): 19-30. ISSN: 0027-5107. doi:10.1016/0165-1218(85)90093-X.
Abstract
5 oil dispersants and a sample of paraffin were devoid of mutagenic activity in the Ames reversion test, with and without S9 mix, using 7 his- S. typhimurium strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102). However, 3 dispersants produced direct DNA damage in E. coli WP2, which was nonrepairable in repair-deficient strains (WP2uvrA, CM871, TM1080), as shown by two different DNA-repair test procedures. The uvrA excision-repair system was in all cases the most important mechanism involved in repairing the DNA damage produced by oil dispersants, while the combination of uvrA with other genetic defects (polA, recA, lexA) decreased the efficiency of the system. The observed genotoxic effects were considerably lowered in the presence of S9 mix containing liver S9 fractions from Aroclortreated rats. The sample of oil dispersant yielding the most pronounced DNA damage in repair-deficient E. coli failed to induce gene sfiA in E. coli (strain PQ37), using the SOS chromotest, or mitotic crossing-over in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain D5). The direct toxicity of the oil dispersant to both bacterial and yeast cells was markedly decreased in the presence of rat-liver preparations. These two short-term tests were effective in detecting the genotoxicity of both direct-acting compounds (such as 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide and methyl methanesulfonate) and procarcinogens (such as cyclophosphamide, 2-aminoanthracene and 2-aminofluorene). Moreover, the SOS chromotest was successfully applied to discriminate the activity of chromium compounds as related to their valence (i.e. Cr(VI) genotoxic and Cr(III) inactive). Combination of oil dispersants with Cr(VI) compounds did not affect the direct mutagenicity to S. typhimurium (TA102) of a soluble salt (sodium dichromate) nor did it result in any release of a water-soluble salt (lead chromate), as also confirmed by analytical methods. On the other hand, exposure to sunlight tended to decrease, to a slow rate, the direct genotoxicity of an oil dispersant in the bacterial DNA-repair test
Reprinted from Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, Volume 158, S. De Flora, G.P. De Renzi, A. Camoirano, M. Astengo, C. Basso, P. Zanacchi, C. Bennicelli, Copyright 1985, with permission from Elsevier5 oil dispersants and a sample of paraffin were devoid of mutagenic activity in the Ames reversion test, with and without S9 mix, using 7 his- S. typhimurium strains (TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102). However, 3 dispersants produced direct DNA damage in E. coli WP2, which was nonrepairable in repair-deficient strains (WP2uvrA, CM871, TM1080), as shown by two different DNA-repair test procedures. The uvrA excision-repair system was in all cases the most important mechanism involved in repairing the DNA damage produced by oil dispersants, while the combination of uvrA with other genetic defects (polA, recA, lexA) decreased the efficiency of the system. The observed genotoxic effects were considerably lowered in the presence of S9 mix containing liver S9 fractions from Aroclortreated rats. The sample of oil dispersant yielding the most pronounced DNA damage in repair-deficient E. coli failed to induce gene sfiA in E. coli (strain PQ37), using the SOS chromotest, or mitotic crossing-over in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain D5). The direct toxicity of the oil dispersant to both bacterial and yeast cells was markedly decreased in the presence of rat-liver preparations. These two short-term tests were effective in detecting the genotoxicity of both direct-acting compounds (such as 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide and methyl methanesulfonate) and procarcinogens (such as cyclophosphamide, 2-aminoanthracene and 2-aminofluorene). Moreover, the SOS chromotest was successfully applied to discriminate the activity of chromium compounds as related to their valence (i.e. Cr(VI) genotoxic and Cr(III) inactive). Combination of oil dispersants with Cr(VI) compounds did not affect the direct mutagenicity to S. typhimurium (TA102) of a soluble salt (sodium dichromate) nor did it result in any release of a water-soluble salt (lead chromate), as also confirmed by analytical methods. On the other hand, exposure to sunlight tended to decrease, to a slow rate, the direct genotoxicity of an oil dispersant in the bacterial DNA-repair test
DeCola, E. 2003. Dispersant Use in Oil Spill Response: A Worldwide Legislative and Practical Update, New York: Aspen Law and Business. 314p.. ISBN: 0735535574.
DeCola, E.G. 1999. Dispersed Oil Toxicity Issues: Final Report, Anchorage, Ak: Prince William Sound Regional Citizens' Advisory Council. 26p.
Dekker, R.; van Moorsel, G.W.N.M. 1987. Effects of different oil doses, dispersant and dispersed oil on macrofauna in model tidal flat ecosystems. Fate and Effects of Oil in Marine Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Conference on Oil Pollution, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 117-131. ISBN: 9024734894.
Abstract
Artificial intertidal mudflats were used to study effects of "Forties" oil, a dispersant and dispersed oil. Oil was added in a 0.5 and a 0.1 mm layer. In the latter treatment, 2 exposure times were used. The effects on the development of stocked macrobenthic infauna species are presented. As the experiments lasted 10 months, both short- and long-term effects and interactions could be investigated
© CSA, 1987Artificial intertidal mudflats were used to study effects of "Forties" oil, a dispersant and dispersed oil. Oil was added in a 0.5 and a 0.1 mm layer. In the latter treatment, 2 exposure times were used. The effects on the development of stocked macrobenthic infauna species are presented. As the experiments lasted 10 months, both short- and long-term effects and interactions could be investigated
DeLaune, R.D.; Smith, C.J.; Partrick, Jr., W.H. 1984. Effect of oil on salt marsh biota: methods for restoration. Environmental Pollution Series A: Ecological and Biological, 36 (3): 207-227. ISSN: 0143-1471. doi:10.1016/0143-1471(84)90003-5.
Abstract
South Louisiana crude was applied to replicated plots in a Louisiana Spartina alterniflora salt marsh. Various marsh restoration methods were evaluated for mitigating the impact of crude oil on the marsh biota. Oiling the marsh caused no reduction in macrophyte production as compared with the non-oiled plots. Thus the cleanup treatment showed no beneficial effects to S. alterniflora. Likewise, there was no oil-induced mortality for the marsh macrofauna or meiofauna. In Louisiana Gulf Coast salt marshes, which have a low sensitivity to oil as shown in this study, the best response is no cleanup action at all
Reprinted from Environmental Pollution Series A: Ecological and Biological, Volume 36, R.D. DeLaune, C.J. Smith, W.H. Partrick, Jr., Copyright 1984, with permission from ElsevierSouth Louisiana crude was applied to replicated plots in a Louisiana Spartina alterniflora salt marsh. Various marsh restoration methods were evaluated for mitigating the impact of crude oil on the marsh biota. Oiling the marsh caused no reduction in macrophyte production as compared with the non-oiled plots. Thus the cleanup treatment showed no beneficial effects to S. alterniflora. Likewise, there was no oil-induced mortality for the marsh macrofauna or meiofauna. In Louisiana Gulf Coast salt marshes, which have a low sensitivity to oil as shown in this study, the best response is no cleanup action at all
Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. 1984. A Series of Flume Experiments on the Natural and Chemical Dispersion of Oil, Delft, The Netherlands: Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. 72p.
Delvigne, G.A.L. 1985. Experiments on natural and chemical dispersion of oil in laboratory and field circumstances. In Proceedings: 1985 Oil Spill Conference, (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 25-28, 1985, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C: California. American Petroleum Institute. pp. 507-514.
Abstract
At the Delft Hydraulics Laboratory a laboratory flume has been constructed to aid research into natural and chemically induced dispersion processes as well as to test the effectiveness of dispersant in specific conditions. The flume allows the selection of variables and conditions, for instance, the generation of nonbreaking and breaking waves and currents, the variation of temperature, salinity, oil layer thickness, dispersant spray droplet size, and the droplet impact on the slick surface. The flume has been verified with empirical data gathered from an extensive sea survey on the natural and chemical dispersion of a number of oil slicks. The field experiments on natural dispersion can be modeled satisfactorily in the flume with respect to the formation of oil droplets from the oil slick and the initial intrusion in the water column. The further mixing of oil droplets in the water mass are to be calculated from diffusion theories and other transport processes. Field experiments on the natural and chemical dispersion of 10 artificial oil spills in the North Sea led to the remarkable conclusion that spraying an oil slick with chemical dispersant did not enhance the (natural) dispersion process, while a premixed dispersant in oil was very effective. The ineffectiveness of sprayed dispersant could not be explained from a limited series of experiments performed in the laboratory flume on the effects of evaporation, photo-oxidation, emulsification, and layer thickness on natural and chemical dispersion
© 1985 with permission from APIAt the Delft Hydraulics Laboratory a laboratory flume has been constructed to aid research into natural and chemically induced dispersion processes as well as to test the effectiveness of dispersant in specific conditions. The flume allows the selection of variables and conditions, for instance, the generation of nonbreaking and breaking waves and currents, the variation of temperature, salinity, oil layer thickness, dispersant spray droplet size, and the droplet impact on the slick surface. The flume has been verified with empirical data gathered from an extensive sea survey on the natural and chemical dispersion of a number of oil slicks. The field experiments on natural dispersion can be modeled satisfactorily in the flume with respect to the formation of oil droplets from the oil slick and the initial intrusion in the water column. The further mixing of oil droplets in the water mass are to be calculated from diffusion theories and other transport processes. Field experiments on the natural and chemical dispersion of 10 artificial oil spills in the North Sea led to the remarkable conclusion that spraying an oil slick with chemical dispersant did not enhance the (natural) dispersion process, while a premixed dispersant in oil was very effective. The ineffectiveness of sprayed dispersant could not be explained from a limited series of experiments performed in the laboratory flume on the effects of evaporation, photo-oxidation, emulsification, and layer thickness on natural and chemical dispersion
Delvigne, G.A.L. 1983. Sea Measurements on Natural and Chemical Dispersion of Oil, Delft, The Netherlands: Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. (no page information available).
Delvigne, G.A.L. 1987. Droplet size distribution of naturally dispersed oil. Fate and Effects of Oil in Marine Ecosystems: Proceedings of the Conference on Oil Pollution, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 29-40. ISBN: 9024734894.
Abstract
The mechanical action of breaking waves and turbulence cause oil to break up into small droplets and diffuse in the water column. The droplet size is important in view of the dispersion stability, the interaction with marine life, and the uptake by sediment. Laboratory measurements were performed on the droplet size distribution in various conditions. The droplet size distributions observed were strongly dependent on the turbulence energy level and on the duration of the turbulent state. Other distinct parameters were the oil type, weathering state and temperature, all being reflected in the single parameter of viscosity. The droplet size was independent of the salinity of the water, and the oil concentration. The droplet size distribution was similar for droplets generated from submerged oil lumps and those generated from a surface layer
© CSA, 1987The mechanical action of breaking waves and turbulence cause oil to break up into small droplets and diffuse in the water column. The droplet size is important in view of the dispersion stability, the interaction with marine life, and the uptake by sediment. Laboratory measurements were performed on the droplet size distribution in various conditions. The droplet size distributions observed were strongly dependent on the turbulence energy level and on the duration of the turbulent state. Other distinct parameters were the oil type, weathering state and temperature, all being reflected in the single parameter of viscosity. The droplet size was independent of the salinity of the water, and the oil concentration. The droplet size distribution was similar for droplets generated from submerged oil lumps and those generated from a surface layer
Delvigne, G.A.L. 1989. A sampler for the collection of dispersed oil droplets. In Proceedings: 1989 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup); February 13-16, 1989, San Antonio, Texas, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 567.
Delvigne, G.A.L.; Hulsen, L.J.M. 1994. Simplified laboratory measurement of oil dispersion coefficient - application in computations of natural oil dispersion. In Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June 8-10, 1994, Coast Plaza Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Ottawa, Ont: Technology Development Branch. pp. 173-187. ISBN: 0662559282.
Delvigne, G.A.L. 1989. Measurements on natural dispersion. Oil Dispersants: New Ecological Approaches, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp.194-206. ISBN: 0803111940.
Abstract
In the case of an oil spill, knowledge is needed of the natural dispersion behavior of the oil in the particular situation for decision making on the application of chemical dispersants. Small-scale and full-scale laboratory measurements were performed on the natural dispersion rate Q, droplet size distribution do(f), and intrusion depth zi, for a surface oil slick broken up by breaking waves and the breakup of submerged oil (submerged spill) in a turbulent ambience. Empirical relations were derived for Q, do(f), and zi as a function of oil type, weathering state, oil layer thickness, breaking wave energy, temperature, and water salinity
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalIn the case of an oil spill, knowledge is needed of the natural dispersion behavior of the oil in the particular situation for decision making on the application of chemical dispersants. Small-scale and full-scale laboratory measurements were performed on the natural dispersion rate Q, droplet size distribution do(f), and intrusion depth zi, for a surface oil slick broken up by breaking waves and the breakup of submerged oil (submerged spill) in a turbulent ambience. Empirical relations were derived for Q, do(f), and zi as a function of oil type, weathering state, oil layer thickness, breaking wave energy, temperature, and water salinity
Depledge, M.H. 1984. Changes in cardiac activity, oxygen uptake and perfusion indices in Carcinus maenas (L.) exposed to crude oil and dispersant. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 78 (2): 461-466. ISSN: 0306-4492. doi:10.1016/0742-8413(84)90114-2.
Abstract
1. Cardiac activity and oxygen consumption increased when C. maenas were exposed to a 20% solution of the water-soluble fraction of Fortes crude oil, a 10% solution of the dispersant BP1100WD or a combination of both. 2. Normal feeding behaviour was disrupted. 3. Perfusion indices (Q/Vo2) decreased as locomotor activity increased following exposure to crude oil. However, exposure to dispersant or dispersant + crude oil resulted in elevation of perfusion index despite crabs becoming active. 4. All test animals survived for at least 6 weeks following exposure to the pollutants. 5. The acute, sublethal effects of dispersant and dispersant + crude oil were more severe than the effects of crude oil alone
Reprinted from Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, Volume 78, M.H. Depledge, Copyright 1984, with permission from Elsevier1. Cardiac activity and oxygen consumption increased when C. maenas were exposed to a 20% solution of the water-soluble fraction of Fortes crude oil, a 10% solution of the dispersant BP1100WD or a combination of both. 2. Normal feeding behaviour was disrupted. 3. Perfusion indices (Q/Vo2) decreased as locomotor activity increased following exposure to crude oil. However, exposure to dispersant or dispersant + crude oil resulted in elevation of perfusion index despite crabs becoming active. 4. All test animals survived for at least 6 weeks following exposure to the pollutants. 5. The acute, sublethal effects of dispersant and dispersant + crude oil were more severe than the effects of crude oil alone
Deshimaru, O. 1971. Studies on the pollution of fish meat by mineral oils. II. Injury and pollution brought forth on fish by oil dispersers. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 37 (4): 302-306. ISSN: 0021-5392.
Abstract
Several kinds of oil dispersers have been used in time of emergency, and also when a tanker has to throw the loaded oil into the sea. This practice, however, may be harmful to fish living in the waters, and the pollution on fish meat caused by the oil and dispersers have also become of great concern. From this viewpoint the author tested 4 kinds of commercial dispersers with carp, Cyprinus carpio. 2 of them were highly toxic for the fish; at a level less than 20 ppm half of the fish died after 48 hr, the other 2 were relatively non-toxic and 600 ppm showed the same effect as in the above condition. Dispersers containing mineral oils in their ingredients showed an oily polluted smell on the fish meat. Analyzing the polluted meat gas chromatographically, the chromatogram interpreted well the causal dispersers which were olfactory not easily distinguishable from one another
© CSA, 1971Several kinds of oil dispersers have been used in time of emergency, and also when a tanker has to throw the loaded oil into the sea. This practice, however, may be harmful to fish living in the waters, and the pollution on fish meat caused by the oil and dispersers have also become of great concern. From this viewpoint the author tested 4 kinds of commercial dispersers with carp, Cyprinus carpio. 2 of them were highly toxic for the fish; at a level less than 20 ppm half of the fish died after 48 hr, the other 2 were relatively non-toxic and 600 ppm showed the same effect as in the above condition. Dispersers containing mineral oils in their ingredients showed an oily polluted smell on the fish meat. Analyzing the polluted meat gas chromatographically, the chromatogram interpreted well the causal dispersers which were olfactory not easily distinguishable from one another
Deshpande, N.; Chandrasekar, S.; Sorial, G.A.; Weaver, J.W. 2005. Dispersant effectiveness on oil spills - impact of environmental factors. In International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Theme Session on Oil Spills in Marine Ecosystems: Impacts and Remediation, C.M. 2005/S (30): 10p. URL
Desmarquest, J.P.; Croquette, J.; Merlin, F.; Bocard, C.; Gatellier, C. 1983. Field test and assessment of oil dispersant efficiency. In Proceedings: 1983 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 28 - March 3, 1983, San Antonio, Texas, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 574.
Abstract
Laboratory tests for the assessment of oil spill dispersant efficiency cannot exactly simulate the natural conditions existing at the marine air-water interface. On the other hand, large scale trials in the open sea are so complex and expensive that they can hardly be considered as a routine method to evaluate dispersant efficiency at sea. In this paper we describe the procedure of a middle-scale field test to be run in the open and sheltered waters of harbors or roadsteads. Three boats heading into the wind and sailing on line at a constant speed are used for successively: spreading the oil on the surface of the water; overspraying this immediately with the test dispersant; and continuously sampling the water at three different depths for hydrocarbon measurements. The spray boat is equipped to discharge dispersant ranging from highly diluted to neat concentrates by means of a volumetric pump and one boom with four spray nozzles mounted near the bow. Agitation of the oil-dispersant mixture is made by a net of floating plastic chains towed astern. The sampling system consists of a small catamaran rigged ahead of the bow of the analysis vessel. The samples, continuously collected from 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 m depths, are monitored by one line turbidimetry for the first two levels and UV fluorometry for the deepest one. Fractions of the sampling flows are recovered to check the analyzers and to measure separately the hydrocarbons and surfactant contents. In the first series of tests, the parameters investigated were: oil viscosity in the range of 50 cs (a reconstituted topped crude oil) to 2,000 cs at 20° C; dispersant type, including conventional and concentrates; dispersant concentration, from 10 percent aqueous to undiluted concentrate. In addition, the performances of various commercial dispersants could be compared under similar conditions. Three main conclusions were drawn from this work. 1) The viscosity limitation falls at about 1,500 cs with the oils investigated. 2) Concentrate dispersants applied undiluted are more efficient than when pre-diluted with water, but the distribution of the dispersant upon the slick is more subject to wind and sea-state. 3) Concentrate dispersants seem to work better than conventional ones, even on the more viscous oils
© 1983 with permission from APILaboratory tests for the assessment of oil spill dispersant efficiency cannot exactly simulate the natural conditions existing at the marine air-water interface. On the other hand, large scale trials in the open sea are so complex and expensive that they can hardly be considered as a routine method to evaluate dispersant efficiency at sea. In this paper we describe the procedure of a middle-scale field test to be run in the open and sheltered waters of harbors or roadsteads. Three boats heading into the wind and sailing on line at a constant speed are used for successively: spreading the oil on the surface of the water; overspraying this immediately with the test dispersant; and continuously sampling the water at three different depths for hydrocarbon measurements. The spray boat is equipped to discharge dispersant ranging from highly diluted to neat concentrates by means of a volumetric pump and one boom with four spray nozzles mounted near the bow. Agitation of the oil-dispersant mixture is made by a net of floating plastic chains towed astern. The sampling system consists of a small catamaran rigged ahead of the bow of the analysis vessel. The samples, continuously collected from 0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 m depths, are monitored by one line turbidimetry for the first two levels and UV fluorometry for the deepest one. Fractions of the sampling flows are recovered to check the analyzers and to measure separately the hydrocarbons and surfactant contents. In the first series of tests, the parameters investigated were: oil viscosity in the range of 50 cs (a reconstituted topped crude oil) to 2,000 cs at 20° C; dispersant type, including conventional and concentrates; dispersant concentration, from 10 percent aqueous to undiluted concentrate. In addition, the performances of various commercial dispersants could be compared under similar conditions. Three main conclusions were drawn from this work. 1) The viscosity limitation falls at about 1,500 cs with the oils investigated. 2) Concentrate dispersants applied undiluted are more efficient than when pre-diluted with water, but the distribution of the dispersant upon the slick is more subject to wind and sea-state. 3) Concentrate dispersants seem to work better than conventional ones, even on the more viscous oils
Desmarquest, J.P. et al. 1985. Recent advances in dispersant effectiveness evaluation: experimental and field aspects. In Proceedings: 1985 Oil Spill Conference, (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), February 25-28, 1985, Los Angeles, California, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 445-452.
Abstract
Although dispersants are used in different countries, it appeared from recent international meetings that more knowledge concerning dispersant effectiveness is still needed for a better response to oil spills. Large field trials which were conducted during the past two years raised some questions as to how dispersants work at sea. Even though the results obtained in different laboratory tests are generally in good accord, significant discrepancies of practical interest may be observed because of variations in the experimental conditions. With EEC support, an experimental program has been conducted by CEDRE and Institut-Français du Pétrole (IFP), both with the already-described French middle scale field test and with different laboratory tests (U.K. and French standard tests and the recently developed dilution test). With the objective of correlating the results obtained in field tests and in laboratory tests, several parameters were investigated at sea with different dispersants: the type and viscosity of the oil, slick thickness, and oil to dispersant ratio. Based mainly on the results obtained in the laboratory with dilution tests, new aspects of dispersant behavior have been identified, relating to the nature of the oil and the energy input
© 1985 with permission from APIAlthough dispersants are used in different countries, it appeared from recent international meetings that more knowledge concerning dispersant effectiveness is still needed for a better response to oil spills. Large field trials which were conducted during the past two years raised some questions as to how dispersants work at sea. Even though the results obtained in different laboratory tests are generally in good accord, significant discrepancies of practical interest may be observed because of variations in the experimental conditions. With EEC support, an experimental program has been conducted by CEDRE and Institut-Français du Pétrole (IFP), both with the already-described French middle scale field test and with different laboratory tests (U.K. and French standard tests and the recently developed dilution test). With the objective of correlating the results obtained in field tests and in laboratory tests, several parameters were investigated at sea with different dispersants: the type and viscosity of the oil, slick thickness, and oil to dispersant ratio. Based mainly on the results obtained in the laboratory with dilution tests, new aspects of dispersant behavior have been identified, relating to the nature of the oil and the energy input
Dewhirst, S. 2005. Case study of spill responses undertaken by and practical issues of implementing a tier 2 aerial dispersant and surveillance service in West and Central Africa. In 2005 International Oil Spill Conference; Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Restoration: May 15-19, 2005, Miami Beach Convention Center, Miami Beach, Florida, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 443-446. URL
Abstract
Following detailed investigation into the need and practical issues involved, The Global Alliance successfully implemented a cost effective solution to provide a Tier 2 regional aerial dispersant and surveillance service in West and Central Africa (WACAF). This paper will provide a case study of i) The practical issues concerned with the implementation of the project from conception, through development and implementation. Transboundary issues concerning the logistics and deployment of the service and location of depots are discussed along with the need for the oil community to work closely together and with national authorities are discussed. ii) The solution and rationale adopted to enable an effective response and cost effective service. iii) The response and lessons learnt by The Global Alliance following deployment of the service to two live spills in the region. Video footage of the aircraft trials and an actual spill response will be provided along with details of the aircraft and associated equipment
© 2005 with permission from APIFollowing detailed investigation into the need and practical issues involved, The Global Alliance successfully implemented a cost effective solution to provide a Tier 2 regional aerial dispersant and surveillance service in West and Central Africa (WACAF). This paper will provide a case study of i) The practical issues concerned with the implementation of the project from conception, through development and implementation. Transboundary issues concerning the logistics and deployment of the service and location of depots are discussed along with the need for the oil community to work closely together and with national authorities are discussed. ii) The solution and rationale adopted to enable an effective response and cost effective service. iii) The response and lessons learnt by The Global Alliance following deployment of the service to two live spills in the region. Video footage of the aircraft trials and an actual spill response will be provided along with details of the aircraft and associated equipment
Dewling, R.T.; Dorrier, J.S.; Pence, Jr., G.D. 1971. Dispersant use vs. water quality. In Proceedings of Joint Conference on Prevention and Control of Oil Spills: June 15-17, 1971, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 271-277.
Abstract
As environmentalists, we must constantly be aware of, and recognize the potential pollution problems that might result from an oil spill cleanup approach or system. Based on biodegradability and ultimate oxygen demand data developed by the Edison Water Quality Laboratory as well as others, it would appear that more than knowledge of toxicity and emulsion efficiency should guide our decisions regarding the use of chemical dispersants for oil spill cleanup
© 1971 with permission from APIAs environmentalists, we must constantly be aware of, and recognize the potential pollution problems that might result from an oil spill cleanup approach or system. Based on biodegradability and ultimate oxygen demand data developed by the Edison Water Quality Laboratory as well as others, it would appear that more than knowledge of toxicity and emulsion efficiency should guide our decisions regarding the use of chemical dispersants for oil spill cleanup
Dewling, R.T.; Dorrler, J.S. 1972. Handling Oil Spills by Chemical Treatment. New York: American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 18p.
Dewling, R.T.; Silva, C.C. 1979. Impact of dispersant use during the Brazilian Marina incident. In Proceedings of the 1979 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup), Los Angeles, Ca., March, 1979, Washington, D.C: American Petroleum Institute. pp. 269-276.
Abstract
In January 1978, the tanker Brazilian Marina, while under tow, struck rock in São Sebastiao Channel, São Paulo, Brazil, and spilled approximately 10,000 tons (3,000,000 gallons) of 31.4 API gravity Kuwait crude. Prevailing winds and currents carried the oil in a northeasterly direction, causing pollution of the coastal embayments and beach areas in the States of São Paulo and Rio de Janerio. The most severly impacted areas were those of Ubatuba, São Paulo, and the coastline along the southwestern shore of the State of Rio de Janeiro. In an attempt to protect recreational and other public use areas, particularly the popular beaches of Ubatuba, undiluted dispersants were applied to remove oil accumulations from the shoreline. This response action while it cosmetically removed oil from the surface of the beaches, caused the oil to penetrate more deeply into the underlying sand, thus compounding the pollution and aesthetic problems attributable to the spill incident. Chemical analysis of detergent-treated and oil-contaminated sand samples from Ubatuba beaches, as well as samples from a beach area in the State of Rio de Janeiro, located approximately 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the spill site, found similarities between the environmental samples and the suspected source, the Brazilian Marina. Preliminary follow-up studies, conducted seven months after the incident, verified the persistence of the detergent-treated oil in the beach sand
© 1979 with permission from APIIn January 1978, the tanker Brazilian Marina, while under tow, struck rock in São Sebastiao Channel, São Paulo, Brazil, and spilled approximately 10,000 tons (3,000,000 gallons) of 31.4 API gravity Kuwait crude. Prevailing winds and currents carried the oil in a northeasterly direction, causing pollution of the coastal embayments and beach areas in the States of São Paulo and Rio de Janerio. The most severly impacted areas were those of Ubatuba, São Paulo, and the coastline along the southwestern shore of the State of Rio de Janeiro. In an attempt to protect recreational and other public use areas, particularly the popular beaches of Ubatuba, undiluted dispersants were applied to remove oil accumulations from the shoreline. This response action while it cosmetically removed oil from the surface of the beaches, caused the oil to penetrate more deeply into the underlying sand, thus compounding the pollution and aesthetic problems attributable to the spill incident. Chemical analysis of detergent-treated and oil-contaminated sand samples from Ubatuba beaches, as well as samples from a beach area in the State of Rio de Janeiro, located approximately 200 kilometers (124 miles) from the spill site, found similarities between the environmental samples and the suspected source, the Brazilian Marina. Preliminary follow-up studies, conducted seven months after the incident, verified the persistence of the detergent-treated oil in the beach sand
Diasamidze, N.M. 1981. Effect of some oil dispersants on the survival rate and some indices of carbohydrate metabolism of the Black Sea mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Soobshcheniya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR, 104 (1): 193-196. ISSN: 0132-1447.
Diaz, A. 1986. A Field Dispersant Effectiveness Test, Cincinnati, Oh: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory. 41p.
Abstract
The EPA's OHMSETT facility has developed a rapid field test that includes some of the theoretical aspects and conditions of dispersion at sea. This Field Dispersant Effectiveness Test (FDET) has been used to evaluate the dispersibility of various commonly-transported oils and make a database for dispersant selection and application. The FDET is designed to generate droplet sizes that closely resemble the dispersion of oil occurring at sea. A fixed mixing intensity and time induces the effects necessary to produce the dispersion and reveal the effectiveness of the dispersant and dispersibility of the oil. The measurement of the dispersibility of various crude oils with several dispersants have been incorporated into a database. This data will help the officials involved in the control of oil spills to make more informed decisions about the use of dispersants
The EPA's OHMSETT facility has developed a rapid field test that includes some of the theoretical aspects and conditions of dispersion at sea. This Field Dispersant Effectiveness Test (FDET) has been used to evaluate the dispersibility of various commonly-transported oils and make a database for dispersant selection and application. The FDET is designed to generate droplet sizes that closely resemble the dispersion of oil occurring at sea. A fixed mixing intensity and time induces the effects necessary to produce the dispersion and reveal the effectiveness of the dispersant and dispersibility of the oil. The measurement of the dispersibility of various crude oils with several dispersants have been incorporated into a database. This data will help the officials involved in the control of oil spills to make more informed decisions about the use of dispersants
Dickens, D.F.; Brigham, L.W.; Parker, W.B. 2004. Advancing oil spill response in ice-covered waters: an R&D agenda. In Proceedings of the Interspill 2004 Conference, Trondheim, Norway (CD-ROM), Horten, Norway: Norwegian Oil Spill Control Association (NOSCA). 18p..
Dickins, D.F.; Thornton, D.E.; Cretney, W.J. 1987. Design and operation of oil discharge systems and characteristics of oil used in the Baffin Island Oil Spill Project. Arctic, 40 (Suppl. 1): 100-108. ISSN: 0004-0843. URL
Abstract
As part of the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project, two experimental oil discharges were made into bays at Cape Hatt at the northern end of Baffin Island. The objective was to allow the comparison of the nearshore fate and effects of an untreated surface oil slick and oil chemically dispersed into the water column. Weathered Lagomedio crude oil (15 m3) was discharged onto the water surface in one bay, and most of the slick became stranded on the intertidal zone under the influence of an onshore wind and ebb tide. The oil thickness averaged about 1 mm on the beach face. The same volume and type of oil premixed with Corexit 9527 in a ratio of 10:1 was pumped into a second bay through a perforated diffuser pipe lying on the bottom sediments. The cloud of chemically dispersed oil contacted the bottom sediments and benthic organisms in the second bay and an adjacent third bay. The total exposure in the water column in the second bay was about 300 µg·g-1·h and about 30 µg·g-1·h in the third bay
© 1987, Reprinted with permission from the Arctic Institute of North AmericaAs part of the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project, two experimental oil discharges were made into bays at Cape Hatt at the northern end of Baffin Island. The objective was to allow the comparison of the nearshore fate and effects of an untreated surface oil slick and oil chemically dispersed into the water column. Weathered Lagomedio crude oil (15 m3) was discharged onto the water surface in one bay, and most of the slick became stranded on the intertidal zone under the influence of an onshore wind and ebb tide. The oil thickness averaged about 1 mm on the beach face. The same volume and type of oil premixed with Corexit 9527 in a ratio of 10:1 was pumped into a second bay through a perforated diffuser pipe lying on the bottom sediments. The cloud of chemically dispersed oil contacted the bottom sediments and benthic organisms in the second bay and an adjacent third bay. The total exposure in the water column in the second bay was about 300 µg·g-1·h and about 30 µg·g-1·h in the third bay
Dickinson, A.; Mackay, D.; McWatt, D. 1985. Report On The Beaufort Sea Small Scale Oil Spill Dispersant Trial, Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada. Environmental Emergencies Technologies Division. 57p.
Division Qualité des Eaux, Peche et Pisculture. 1979. Evaluation de la Toxicite Algue des Dispersants pour Hydrocarbures, vis-à-vis des Poisons. Protocols Experimental. Paris: CTGREF, Peche et Pisculture. (no page information available).
Dodd, E.N. 1974. Oil and dispersants: chemical considerations. Ecological Aspects of Toxicity Testing of Oils and Dispersants, New York: Wiley. pp. 3-9. ISBN: 0470071907.
Abstract
Toxicity of oil alone is difficult to assess. Unweathered crude may lose volatile constituents to the air within a few hours, during which time light ends may have dissolved and been brought into contact with marine life in areas not directly contaminated by the visible oil. The low boiling aromatics in the crude represent the acute toxic hazard, while the higher molecular weight polynuclear species may be of significance in their long-term effects. In general, the deleterious effect of oil on marine life would appear to be physical rather than chemical. Careful consideration of the solubility of hydrocarbons in water should be made when designing toxicity tests. Chemical characteristics and the action of dispersants are discussed. Environmental parameters to be considered include temp and quantity of suspended solid. Administration of the dispersant is considered, and also the desirability of having a dispersant which could invert the water-in-oil emulsions, transforming the oil into the disperse phase, Toxicity characteristics of dispersants are discussed briefly, and details given of a specification governing the supply of oil spill dispersants, prepared by P.G. Jeffrey
© CSA, 1975Toxicity of oil alone is difficult to assess. Unweathered crude may lose volatile constituents to the air within a few hours, during which time light ends may have dissolved and been brought into contact with marine life in areas not directly contaminated by the visible oil. The low boiling aromatics in the crude represent the acute toxic hazard, while the higher molecular weight polynuclear species may be of significance in their long-term effects. In general, the deleterious effect of oil on marine life would appear to be physical rather than chemical. Careful consideration of the solubility of hydrocarbons in water should be made when designing toxicity tests. Chemical characteristics and the action of dispersants are discussed. Environmental parameters to be considered include temp and quantity of suspended solid. Administration of the dispersant is considered, and also the desirability of having a dispersant which could invert the water-in-oil emulsions, transforming the oil into the disperse phase, Toxicity characteristics of dispersants are discussed briefly, and details given of a specification governing the supply of oil spill dispersants, prepared by P.G. Jeffrey
Dodge, R.E.; Knap, A.H. 1993. Long-term monitoring (2.5 years) of effects of short-term field exposure of stony corals to dispersed and undispersed crude oil. In Case Histories for the Colloquium and Forum on Global Aspects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards and History, Miami, Fl: University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. pp. V1-V7.
Dodge, R.E. et al. 1984. The effects of oil and oil dispersants on the skeletal growth of the hermatypic coral Diploria strigosa. Coral Reefs, 3 (4): 191-198. ISSN: 0722-4028. doi:10.1007/BF00288254.
Abstract
In an attempt to understand long-term effects from brief exposures to low-level concentrations of oil and chemically dispersed oil, experiments were conducted recreating conditions of an oil slick passing over a coral reef. After exposures of 1 to 50 ppm concentrations of oil and oil/dispersant mixtures for periods between 6 and 24 hours in the laboratory and field, corals were returned to a natural environment. A year later, corals were recollected from the field and analyzed for linear growth with the alizarin strain method. No significant differences in extension growth or calical shape were noted. However, in summer experiments, calical relief was depressed following some treatments
In an attempt to understand long-term effects from brief exposures to low-level concentrations of oil and chemically dispersed oil, experiments were conducted recreating conditions of an oil slick passing over a coral reef. After exposures of 1 to 50 ppm concentrations of oil and oil/dispersant mixtures for periods between 6 and 24 hours in the laboratory and field, corals were returned to a natural environment. A year later, corals were recollected from the field and analyzed for linear growth with the alizarin strain method. No significant differences in extension growth or calical shape were noted. However, in summer experiments, calical relief was depressed following some treatments
Dodge, R.E. et al. 1985. The effect of dispersed oil on the calcification rate of the reef-building coral Diploria strigosa. In French Polynesian Coral Reefs: Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress: Tahiti, 27 May-1 June 1985, Moorea, French Polynesia: Antenne Museum--EPHE. Volume 6. pp. 453-457. ISBN: 2905630051.
Dodge, R.E. et al. 1995. The Effects of Oil and Chemically Dispersed Oil in Tropical Ecosystems: 10 Years of Monitoring Experimental Sites, Washington, D.C: Marine Spill Response Corporation. 90 leaves.
Doe, K.G.; Harris, G.W. 1976. Toxicity and Effectiveness Acceptability Ratings for Corexit 9527. Halifax, N.S: Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Service, Toxicity Evaluation Section. 78p.
Doe, K.G.; Wells, P.G. 1978. Acute aquatic toxicity and dispersing effectiveness of oil spill dispersants: results of a Canadian oil dispersant testing program (1973 to 1977). Chemical Dispersants for the Control of Oil Spills: A Symposium, Philadelphia, Pa: American Society for Testing and Materials. pp. 50-65. ISBN: 0465900024.
Abstract
An oil spill dispersant testing program was initiated in 1973 to evaluate the toxicity and dispersing effectiveness of dispersants submitted to Fisheries and Environment Canada for approval prior to use in Canadian waters. Screening toxicity tests with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were performed initially on 19 dispersants. Thirteen were considered sufficiently nonacutely toxic to justify further evaluation using methods and criteria of the Canadian Guidelines on the use and acceptability of oil spill dispersants. Twelve of the 13 dispersants had 4-day LC50’s to rainbow trout ranging from 50 to 39 360 mg/litre, while the 4-day LC50’s twelve dispersant/No. 2B fuel oil (1:1) mixtures ranged from 35 to 300 mg/litre. Six dispersants passed the toxicity criteria with 4-day LC50’s greater than 1000 mg/litre for the dispersant and 100 mg/litre for the dispersant/oil mixture. Effectiveness tests were conducted with No. 2B fuel, Largo Medio crude oil, and medium and heavy Bunker oils. Twelve dispersants passed the effectiveness criterion by dispersing greater than 65 percent of one or more types of oil. Effectiveness of dispersants varied with oil type and with temperature and salinity of the water. The dispersants BP1100X, Corexit 8666, Drew Chemical OSE 71, Drew Chemical OSE 72, Oilsperse 43, and Sugee #2 passed both the toxicity and effectiveness criteria and were placed on the Canadian standard list of acceptable oil spill dispersants. Acute lethal toxicity tests with BP1100X and Sugee #2 showed that rainbow trout in fresh water were more sensitive than two marine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus and Menidia menidia, while fourth stage larval lobsters, Homarus americanus, were the least sensitive
© ASTM International. Used with permission of ASTM InternationalAn oil spill dispersant testing program was initiated in 1973 to evaluate the toxicity and dispersing effectiveness of dispersants submitted to Fisheries and Environment Canada for approval prior to use in Canadian waters. Screening toxicity tests with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were performed initially on 19 dispersants. Thirteen were considered sufficiently nonacutely toxic to justify further evaluation using methods and criteria of the Canadian Guidelines on the use and acceptability of oil spill dispersants. Twelve of the 13 dispersants had 4-day LC50’s to rainbow trout ranging from 50 to 39 360 mg/litre, while the 4-day LC50’s twelve dispersant/No. 2B fuel oil (1:1) mixtures ranged from 35 to 300 mg/litre. Six dispersants passed the toxicity criteria with 4-day LC50’s greater than 1000 mg/litre for the dispersant and 100 mg/litre for the dispersant/oil mixture. Effectiveness tests were conducted with No. 2B fuel, Largo Medio crude oil, and medium and heavy Bunker oils. Twelve dispersants passed the effectiveness criterion by dispersing greater than 65 percent of one or more types of oil. Effectiveness of dispersants varied with oil type and with temperature and salinity of the water. The dispersants BP1100X, Corexit 8666, Drew Chemical OSE 71, Drew Chemical OSE 72, Oilsperse 43, and Sugee #2 passed both the toxicity and effectiveness criteria and were placed on the Canadian standard list of acceptable oil spill dispersants. Acute lethal toxicity tests with BP1100X and Sugee #2 showed that rainbow trout in fresh water were more sensitive than two marine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus and Menidia menidia, while fourth stage larval lobsters, Homarus americanus, were the least sensitive
Doe, K.G.; Harris, G.W.; Wells, P.G. 1978. A Selected Bibliography on Oil Spill Dispersants, Halifax, N.S: Environmental Protection Service (Atlantic), Fisheries and Environment Canada. 98p. ISBN: 0662015738.
Dominguez-Laseca, L.F.; Bergueiro-López, J.R.; Garcia, R.J.A. 1986. Biodegradation in emulsions of crude oil (type Kirkuk) and non-ionic dispersants. In Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar. Seminar Sponsored by Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, June 10-12, 1986, Edmonton, Alberta, Ottawa, Ont: Beauregard Press. pp. 652-660. ISBN: 0662148126.
Dowden, B.F. 1965. Toxicity of commercial waste-oil emulsifiers to Daphnia magna. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 34 (10): 1010-1014. ISSN: 0043-1303.
Dowsett, B.O.; Cormack, D. 1986. Position Paper on Application of Dispersants at Sea: Prepared for the Committee on Effectiveness of Oil Spill Dispersants, Marine Board of the U.S. National Research Council of the U.K, London: Marine Pollution Control Unit. 17p.
Drewa, G.; Zbytniewski, Z.; Pautsch, F. 1977. The effect of detergent “solo” and crude oil on the activities of cathepsin D and acid phosphatase in hemolymph of Crangon crangon L. Polskie Archiwum Hydrobiologii, 24 (2): 279-284. ISSN: 0032-3764.
Duke, N.C.; Burns, K.A.; Dalhaus, O. 1998. Effects of oils and dispersed-oils on mangrove seedlings in planthouse experiments: a preliminary assessment of results two months after oil treatments. The APPEA Journal, 38 631-363. ISSN: 1326-4966.
Duke, N.C.; Burns, K.A.; Ellison, J.C.; Rupp, R.J.; Dalhaus, O. 1998. Effects of oil and dispersed-oil mixtures on mature mangrove in field trials at Gladstone, The APPEA Journal. 38 637-645. ISSN: 1326-4966.
Duke, N.C.; Ellison, J.C.; Burns, K.A. 1998. Surveys of oil spill incidents affecting mangrove habitat in Australia: a preliminary assessment of incidents, impacts on mangroves, and recovery of deforested areas. The APPEA Journal, 38 644-654. ISSN: 1326-4966.
This database consists of citations found in journals, conference proceedings, government reports and gray literature covering over 40 years of published research on oil spill dispersants. Citations were collected from 1960 through June 2008. This bibliography was compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON, and funded by a grant from the Louisiana Applied and Educational Oil Spill Research and Development Program (OSRADP).
EFFECTS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Quarterly Issues
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Compilations
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- Biology
- Ecological, anatomical, and physiological effects of oil and/or gas, Species as biomarkers, PAH uptake and bioaccumulation, etc.
- Chemistry/Geochemistry/Geology
- Biochemistry, Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Hydrocarbon degradation, Environmental sampling, Soil contamination, etc.
- Engineering/Physics
- Technological advancements in facility/equipment design and use, Spill response and recovery equipment, Physical properties of oil and gas, etc.
- Environment/Ecosystem Management/Spills
- Environmental assessment and management, Oil and/or gas spill description and analysis, etc.
- Socioeconomic/Regulation/General
- Social and economic ramifications, Politics, Governmental policy and legislation, Organizational policy, General interest, etc.
Giessing, Anders M. B.; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Forbes, Thomas L. 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide as the major aqueous pyrene metabolite in tissue and gut fluid from the marine deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003;
Volume 22 (5): 1107-1114. ISSN: 0730-7268.
Phase I and phase II metabolites were identified in a species of polychaete after exposing the organism to pyrene. It is believed that 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide, the only phase I metabolite of pyrene in this species, is a useful biomarker for PAH exposure.
Lichtfouse, E.; Eglinton, T.I. 13C and 14C evidence of pollution of a soil by fossil fuel and reconstruction of the composition of the pollutant. Organic Geochemistry, October 1995;
Volume 23 (10): 969-973. ISSN: 0146-6380.
Researchers use 13C/12C ratios, the 14C age and relative concentrations to assess the origins of n-alkanes in a polluted soil
Johannesen, J. et al. 3D oil migration modelling of the Jurassic petroleum system of the Stratfjord area, Norwegian North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 2002;
Volume 8 (1): 37-50. ISSN: 1354-0793.
This modelling study enabled researchers to determine the vertical and lateral migration of hydrocarbons over time, and to conclude that present-day resources are the result of a multi-layered, multi-directional migrating system originating from three separate fields.
Kong, Vincent W. T.; Smethurst, J.; Chiem, B. H.; Stewart, R. C.; Teh, G. H. 3D marine exploration seismic survey in shallow water area, offshore Sabah. Warta Geologi [Newsletter of the Geological Society of Malaysia], 1989;
Volume 15
Rowson, Chris. 4C seismic technology makes mark in Caspian Sea. Offshore, 2003;
Volume 63 (5): 50. ISSN: 0030-0608.
Continued investments in oil exploration in the Caspian Sea and the surrounding region has resulted in the use of modern exploration methods. Geophysical surveys that consist of (4C) 3D seismic surveys are being used to improve imaging of the subsurface.
Schmidt, Victor A. 2-D seismic vessels for 3-D missions: old 2-D vessels can be used in new, more productive ways, serving vessel owners, oil companies. Sea Technology, September 1994;
Volume 35 (9): 15-22. ISSN: 0093-3651.
Schmidt reports on the status of the geophysical exploration industry and examines the 2-D versus 3-D vessel problem
1993 final work plan: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration, Anchorage, AK. The Trustees: [1993];
A plan of action is outlined regarding remediation of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill
LaBelle, R. P.; Galt, J. A.; Tennyson, E. J.; McGrattan, K. B. 1993 Spill off Tampa Bay, a candidate for burning?. Proceedings: Seventeenth Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program Technical Seminar, Ottawa. Environment Canada: 1994;
Volume 1 635-649.
Authors describe the general behavior and movements of the spilled oil and the sea and weather conditions during and following the August 10, 1993 collision of the Tank Barge Ocean 255 and the Tank Barge Bouchard B-155 with the freighter Balsa 37 in Tampa Bay, Florida. In addition, discussed is the possibility of removing the oil by in-situ burning, and the results of smoke plume model runs
3D seismic yields more oil for Oryx off Texas. Oil and Gas Journal, 8-Nov-93;
Volume 91 33. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Reported is confirmation of a 25-30 million bbl oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico by Oryx Energy, Dallas, employing a 3D seismic survey
1991 Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, March 1991, American Petroleum Institute: 1991;
Volume American Petroleum Institute Publications (4529):
1991 oil spill conference papers sought. Ocean Science News, April 10, 1990;
Volume 32 (10): 5.
1971 oil pollution compensation fund wound up. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000;
Volume 40 (12): 1068. ISSN: 0025-326X.
A protocol was recently signed for the ending of the IOPC Fund, which is replaced by a Fund agreed on in 1992. The latter Fund allows for higher compensation for parties affected by oil pollution.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1991 state/federal natural resource damage assessment and restoration plan for the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Juneau, AK. Trustee Council: 1991;
Anon. 700,000 gallons of oil spilled in Texas. Environmental Protection News, September 8, 1990;
Volume 5 (17): 4.
Cedar-Southworth, Donna. 1995 promises good opportunities for offshore operators. MMS Today, Feb-95;
Volume 5 (1): 7-Jun.
Hank Bartholomew, Deputy Associate Director for Offshore Operations, discusses some of the high priorities for 1995, including interaction with states on oill spill response, OHMSETT plans, and training and safety programs
Hull, Jennifer Pallanich. 40 rigs at work in water depths over 1,000 feet. Offshore, 2001;
Volume 61 (2): 16. ISSN: 0030-0608.
The Minerals Management Service sees the amount of deepwater drilling activity as a good indication for potential economic growth in the Gulf of Mexico region.
Knott, D. 10 years on from Exxon Valdez spill. Oil & Gas Journal, March 22, 1999;
Volume 97 (12): 45. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Greenpeace campaigner, Matthew Spencer, told Oil & Gas Journal that 10 years after the Exxon Valdez spill the important issue was whether or not the politicians were doing a better job of regulating the oil industry. Archie Smith, Chief Executive of Oil Spill Response Ltd. of the U.K., said 'the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 which arose because of the Exxon Valdez spill, increased the industry's understanding of the risks and preparedness for dealing with spills'
Neil, Chris. 2003 shows spot cargoes, tankers to dictate US LNG supplies, not terminal
capacities. Oil & Gas Journal, 2004;
Volume 102 (12): 70-72. ISSN: 0030-1388.
Data presented in this article shows an increase in LNG spot cargo imports to the US for 2002 and 2003. Analysts predict that this trend will not continue for 2004 and 2005 based on the costs of regasification versus market prices for gas.
U.S. Geological Survey, National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team. 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: overview of the 1995 National Assessment of Potential Additions to Technically Recoverable Resources of Oil and Gas--Onshore and State Waters of the United States. Denver, CO. USGS Information Services: 1995;
Volume Circular 1118 20 p..
This circular is the fourth in a series of systematic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas in the United States
This bibliography is a quarterly compilation of current publications (citations with abstracts) from a wide variety of electronic and print information sources relating to offshore oil and gas development. It is compiled and edited by John Conover, Associate Librarian at LUMCON. Items listed may or may not be available at the LUMCON Library. Items without annotations were unavailable for perusal prior to publication.
All questions about using library facilities, locating library resources, or searching LUMCON catalogs should be directed to the Librarian.